Luận văn thạc sĩ UEH impacts of migration and migrant’s gender on children’s school enrollment and

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UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES

HO CHIMINH CITY THE HAGUE

VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS

VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS

PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

IMPACTS OF MIGRATION AND MIGRANT’S GENDER

ON CHILDREN’S SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND CHILD

WORK IN VIET NAM

BY

VÕ THỊ THU HOÀI

MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

HO CHI MINH CITY, APRIL 2014

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UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES

HO CHIMINHCITY THE HAGUE

VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS

VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS

PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

IMPACTS OF MIGRATION AND MIGRANT’S GENDER

ON CHILDREN’S SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND CHILD

WORK IN VIET NAM

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

By

VÕ THỊ THU HOÀI

Academic Supervisor

Dr. TRAN TIEN KHAI

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CERTIFICATION

“I certify that the substance of this dissertation has not already been submitted for any

degree and is not currently submitted for any other degree

I certify that to the best of my knowledge and help received in preparing this dissertation

and all source used, have been acknowledged in this dissertation”

VO THI THU HOAI

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis would have not been fulfilled without special assistances from some

individuals, group, family who have contributed to my studying process.

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr.

Tran Tien Khai who continuously support of my M.A thesis by his patience, enthusiasm

and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me all the time to research and writing the

thesis.

Secondly, I would like to thank Dr. Truong Dang Thuy because of his dedicated

support in research method during the time of this thesis. All of his help strongly to find

the solution and improves this paper.

Besides, my sincere thanks also go to Dr. Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dr. Pham Khanh Nam

who supervised and motivated the Class MDE 17 to finish the course on time.

It is grateful to thank my classmates of MDE17 MDE18, VNP staffs for

stimulating discussions, for the fun time we had together.

Last and not the least, I would like to express my grateful thank to my family

who are always beside me, give me the birth and support me throughout my life

April, 2014

VO THI THU HOAI

Email: [email protected]

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ABSTRACT

Accompany with development trend in over the world, migration flow plays important

role in Vietnamese economy. It contributes to the significant income and raises the living

standard for household in the country, specially, in rural areas. This paper tries to

measure the impact of migration on children’s schooling enrollment and child work,

addition to, determine how migrant’s gender matter in this impact. The context is applied

in rural areas in Vietnam with the dataset of VHLSS 2010 by Instrument variable method

to deal with the problem of endogeneity of migration. From the first stage of migrant

indicator, it indicates that instrument historical migration network and number of male

adults will impact on migrant indicator significantly and these instruments are the strong

instruments. The results show that the presence of migrant in the household will make the

children take part in school more, at the same time make children work less. Besides, not

like others researches, gender of migrant and time of migrant using in household don’t

have meaning with children’s welfare.

Keywords: migration, migrant’s gender, children’s school enrollment, child work

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 1

1.1. Problem statement.......................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Research Objectives....................................................................................................... 3

1.3. Research question........................................................................................................... 3

1.4. Research scope................................................................................................................ 3

1.5. Structure of the research ............................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 5

2.1. Definition of key concept ............................................................................................... 5

2.2. Theoretical literature ..................................................................................................... 5

2.3. Empirical literature...................................................................................................... 12

2.4. Conceptual framework ................................................................................................ 16

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 18

3.1. Endogeneity problem................................................................................................... 18

3.2. Endogeneity of migration ............................................................................................ 18

3.3. Estimated equation....................................................................................................... 20

3.3.1. Validity of Instrument variable:.......................................................................... 20

3.3.2. IVs methods........................................................................................................... 20

3.3.3. Estimated equation:.............................................................................................. 24

3.3.4. Method to run IVs regression .............................................................................. 26

3.4. Data................................................................................................................................ 28

3.4.1. Source of data........................................................................................................ 28

3.4.2. Variables description and measurement:........................................................... 29

CHAPTER 4: OVERVIEW OF MIGRATION IN CASE OF VIETNAM........................... 36

4.1. Socio-economic setting and migration in Vietnam.................................................... 36

4.1.1. Migration aboard.................................................................................................. 36

4.1.2. Internal migration................................................................................................. 37

4.2. Characteristics of migrant........................................................................................... 39

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vii

4.2.1. International migrant........................................................................................... 39

4.2.2. Internal migrant.................................................................................................... 44

CHAPTER 5: EMPERICAL ANALYSIS................................................................................ 46

5.1. Descriptions of variables.............................................................................................. 46

5.2. Estimation results......................................................................................................... 51

5.3. Interpretation of results............................................................................................... 57

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................... 63

6.1. Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 63

6.2. Recommendations:........................................................................................................... 64

6.3. Limitations........................................................................................................................ 65

REFERENCE.............................................................................................................................. 67

APPENDIX.................................................................................................................................. 70

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework about impact of migration and migrant’s gender on

children’s welfare.................................................................................................................. 1717

Figure 3.1: Histogram of expenditure per capita a year.......................................................... 31

Figure 3.2: Histogram of natural logarithm of expenditure per capita a year ........................ 31

Figure 4.1: International migration trend from 2000 to 2010 (Department of oversea

database)................................................................................................................................... 40

Figure 4.2: Number of male and female international migrant from 2006-2010 (IOM).......... 41

Figure 4.3: Main destinations of international migrant from 2000-2010 (IOM)..................... 42

Figure 4.4: Structure of international migration labor of Viet Nam from 2006-2010 (IOM,

2011).......................................................................................................................................... 43

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Description and measurement of variables............................................................. 32

Table 5.1: T-test between household with non-migrant and household with migrant.............. 48

Table 5.2: T-test between household with male migrant and household with female migrant. 50

Table 5.3: Factors affecting migration indicator in the household (results of first stage

regression of Instrumental variables) ....................................................................................... 53

Table 5.4: Factors affecting children’s school enrollment and child work (results of second

stage regression of Instrumental variables).............................................................................. 56

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