Luận văn thạc sĩ toxicological impact and histopathological response of tilapia after lead (ii)

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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

MENDOZA, JIMLEA NADEZHDA A.

TOXICOLOGICAL IMPACT AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF

TILAPIA AFTER LEAD (II)-NITRATE (Pb (NO3)2) CONTAMINATION

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management

Faculty : International Training and Development Center

Batch : 2012-2016

Thai Nguyen, September 2016

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DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student name : Mendoza, Jimlea Nadezhda A.

Student ID : DTN1353110555

Thesis Title : TOXICOLOGICAL IMPACT AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL

RESPONSE OF TILAPIA AFTER LEAD (II)-NITRATE

(Pb(NO3)2) CONTAMINATION

Supervisor (s): Krisna MURTI, MD., M. Biotech. Stud., Ph.D.

Duong Van Thao, Ph.D.

Abstract: To investigate the effects of environmental contaminants, histopathological

response of fish exposed to pollutants have been used as sensitive biomarkers. The

present study was conducted to assess the histopathological alterations in the gills,

heart, dorsal muscles and liver of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus which were kept in

aqueous solution of lead nitrate of two concentrations of 0.2 mg/l, 1.0 mg/l for 2 days

under laboratory conditions. The resultant histopathological changes in the gills, heart,

dorsal muscles and liver were recorded by light microscope. The observed changes in

the treated groups were disintegration of secondary lamellae, atrophy, curling and

shortening of secondary lamellae, swelling/ inflammation, desquamation, epithelial

lifting, curling bend of secondary lamellae and necrosis in gills. Atrophy and splitting

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of muscle fibers are recognized as common changes recorded in the heart of

experimental fish. Atrophy in dorsal muscles and splitting of dorsal muscle fibers,

necrotic damage and degradation of muscle fibers were an interesting observation in

dorsal muscle tissue of experimental fish. Examination of liver sections after exposure

showed sinusoidal dilatation and leukocyte infiltration in central veins and in

peripheral areas occurred after exposure. The damages in histology of gills, heart,

dorsal muscles and liver depend on the exposure concentrations tolead (II)-nitrate (Pb

(NO3)2). As the exposure concentrations increased, the more adverse damage occurred

in the organs. Therefore, the present investigation gives a brief account of the toxic

effects of heavy metals on fish. The present review illustrates that these

histopathological alterations would contribute an important role in assessing the

harmful effects of lead nitrate. As such, fish are used as bio-indicators, providing

useful purpose in monitoring heavy metals contamination. Hence, implementation of

regulations regarding the conservation of aquatic environments must be taken into

consideration.

Keywords: LEAD (II)-NITRATE (Pb (NO3)2), histopathology,

Oreochromis niloticus.

Number of Pages: 56

Date of Submission: September, 2016

Supervisor’s

signature

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

From bottom of my heart, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all

those who provided me the opportunity to complete this research.

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep

regards to my supervisors: Dr. Phil. Arinafril of Sriwijaya University, Indralaya,

Indonesia and Krisna MURTI, MD., M. Biotech. Stud., Ph.D. in the Department of

Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University/Dr. Mohammad

Hoesin Public Hospital who kindly assisted me with the histopathological detection in

this dissertation and was very patient with my knowledge gaps and in guiding me

wholeheartedly when I implemented this research.

I also want to express my thanks to Dr. Duong Van Thao, the second

supervisor, for his supervision, encouragement, advice, and guidance in writing this

thesis.

Besides my supervisors, I would like to thank Ms. Fadila Mutmainnah from

Pascasarjana Program Sriwijaya University, Ms. Mirna Fitrani, Ms. Sefti Heza

Dwinanti and Ms. Ade Dwi Sasanti of Aquaculture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture,

Sriwijaya University, Dr. Imelda Mendoza Moreno, Mrs. Aimee Ciriaco from Laguna

State Polytechnic University, Siniloan Campus, Siniloan Laguna for providing me an

additional knowledge about Lead nitrate, water quality and fish histology.

In addition, formal thanks should be offered to the Rector of Sriwijaya

University, Prof. Badia Perizade, for granting my internship acceptance.

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I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation to the Dean of

Faculty of Medicine in Sriwijaya University, Dr. Mohammad Zulkarnain M. Med. Sc,

PKK., who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary

materials to conduct my research in Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of

Medicine, Sriwijaya University/Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Public Hospital.

Special thanks to Mrs. Ana Nyayu, Mr. Mohammad Zainuri, and other staffs

and students in Aquaculture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University

for helping and providing me necessary equipment as well as knowledge for fish

anatomy.

I wish to thank the technicians who work in Department of Anatomical

Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University/Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Public

Hospital for their help in tissue preparation namely: Mrs. Fitri Faurianty and Madi

Santoso, without them, this research could not be accomplished on time.

My sincere thanks also go to Duong Hong Ngoc, Keraia Vince Geronimo,

Phonevilay Soukhy, Tran Cong Phong, Nguyen Thi Van and Do Manh Dung, Jose

Alberto Dunca for helping me finish this study.

Of course, I would like to thank to my Indonesian friends – Rotua Febriani,

Hendra Edison and others for their invaluable support and encouragement when I

stayed in Palembang.

Finally, special thanks to my family, my friends for their love and moral

support throughout my study.

Thai Nguyen, 20

th September, 2016

Student

Mendoza, Jimlea Nadezhda A.

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Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... 1

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ 2

PART I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 3

1.1. Background and rationale..................................................................................... 3

1.2. Objectives............................................................................................................. 5

1.3. Research questions and hypotheses...................................................................... 5

1.3.1. Research Questions........................................................................................ 5

1.3.2. Hypotheses..................................................................................................... 6

PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 8

2.1. Lead Compound- Lead (II) Nitrate....................................................................... 8

2.2. Toxic effects of Lead on organisms ..................................................................... 9

2.2.1. Toxicity .......................................................................................................... 9

2.2.2. Histopathological Effects............................................................................. 12

2.3. Test species -Oreochromis niloticus................................................................... 16

PART III. MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................. 17

3.1. Time and Place ................................................................................................... 17

3.2. Materials............................................................................................................. 17

3.3. Equipment........................................................................................................... 17

3.4. Methods.............................................................................................................. 19

3.4.1. Toxicity testing............................................................................................. 19

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