Rèn luyện cho học sinh lớp 10 kĩ năng xây dựng Graph để hoàn thiện kiến thức chương

HiN IDYiN CHD HDC SINH mp ID Kl NANG XAY OUNG GRAPH

O ThS. NGUYEN THANH MY *

Ddi mdi chuang trinh, sdeh gido khoa Sinh

hqc (SH) hien nay dang theo hudng tdng

kenh hinh, gidm kenh chtr, kich thieh cdc hoqt

ddng sdng tqo vd tu duy logic cua hqc sinh (HS).

De dqt duqc myc tieu fren, hong qud frinh dqy

hqc, cdn phdi su dyng ede bien phdp khdc nhou,

trong dd so dd hda Id mdt hong nhtrng bien phdp

mang Iqi hieu qud coo, vi ngdn ngir so dd cd the

bieu dqt mdi quan he gitro cde khdi niem mdt

each ngdn gqn, he thd'ng vd trye quan.

«Sinh hoc ti' bdo" Id mdt ndi dung trqng tdm

eua chuong hinh SH 10 THPT. Trong dd kien thire

ve thdnh phdn hdo hqc eua te bdo Id eo sd de HS

hip thu ede phdn kien thirc khdc eua chuang trinh

SH 10. Vi vdy, viee he thdng hdo giup HS ndm

vd hieu bdn chdt khdi niem d phdn ndy ed y nghTa

ddc biet quon trqng.

1. Khdi qudt ve phuong phdp graph

Graph Id mdt tdp hqp cde dinh vd mdt tdp hqp

ede doqn thdng hoy dudng eong gqi Id cqnh. Mdi

cqnh ndi hai dinh khde nhou vd hoi dinh khde nhou

duqc ndi bdng nhilu nhdt Id mdt cqnh (1).

V l mdt li ludn dqy hqc, ngdn ngu graph viro

triru tuqng khdi qudt coo Iqi viio ed the dien dqt

bdng so dd hinh hqc cy the, trye quon. Chinh vi

the, graph cd y nghTa tuyet ddi trong viec md

hinh hdo edu true cung nhu md hinh hdo logic

phdt triln cuo cdc sy vdt, hien tuqng tu vi md di n

vT md. Ben cqnh dd, graph edn ed uu the ndi bdt

Id khd ndng dien dqt thdnh cdng hoi mdt ffnh

(edu true) vd ddng (logic phdt trien) cuo sy vdt

hien tuqng. Do nhtrng uu diem ndy, graph todn

hqc dd duqc chuyen thdnh graph dqy hqc cua

rdt nhieu mdn hqc, trong dd cd mdn SH. Graph

dqy hqc bao gdm: Graph ndi dung Id graph phdn

dnh mdt edeh khdi qudt, trye quon cdu true logic

phdt trien ben trong eua mdt tdi lieu; Graph hoqt

dqng Id mdt phuong phdp, nd duqc xdy dyng

tren co sd eua graph ndi dung ket hqp vdi cdc

thoo tdc su phqm cuo gido vien (GV) vd hoqt

ddng hqc cua HS d tren Idp; boo gdm cd viec su

dyng cde phuong phdp, bien phdp vd phuong

hen dqy hqc (1).

Graph cd uu diem: - Md hinh hdo cdu true

eua quy hinh hoqt ddng thdnh he thdng cde nhiem

vy - myc heu, cde cdng doqn thyc hien ciing vdi

nhirng yeu edu chdt ehe; - Md hinh hdo logic

trien khoi hoqt ddng, tire Id con dudng vdn ddng

tir diem bdt ddu den diem kit thuc cimg vdi nhihig

con dudng phdn nhdnh cua nd; - Tinh todn duqc

eon dudng tdi hqn vd thdi luqng tdi do phdi hodn

thdnh mdt hoqt ddng (2).

Cdc budc lap graph ndi dung:

Bude 1: Xde djnh cdc dinh cuo graph: Lyo

chqn nhtmg don vj kiln thuc eo bdn eua ndi dung,

moi don vj kiln thue se giir mdt dinh trong graph.

Budc 2: Thilt ldp cde eung: Tue Id thiet ldp cdc

mdi quan he gii/o cde dinh cua graph, de dien

td mdi quon he phy thudc gitro ndi dung ede dinh

vdi nhou Idm sao phdn dnh duqc logic phdt trien

eua ndi dung dd.

Budc 3: Hodn thien graph, Idm eho graph hung

thdnh vdi ndi dung duqc md hinh hda v l cdu triic

logic nhung Iqi giup cho HS de ddng iTnh hdi ndi

dung dd vd nd phdi ddm bdo mT thudt ve mat

trinh bdy (2).

2. phuong phdp ren luyen HS kT ndng xdy

dyng graph de hodn thien kien thuc chuong

«Thdnh phdn hda hqc cua te bdo ' (SHIO)

1) Cau twc cua chuang vd muc tieu cdn dqt.

Ve edu true eua chuong «Thdnh phdn hdo hqc

cuo te bdo" gdm cd 4 bdi: - Bdi 3: Cde nguyen

to hda hqc vd nude; - Bdi 4: Cocbohidrot vd Lipit;

- Bdi 5: Protein; - Bdi d: Axit Nucleic

Myc tieu eua chuong yeu cdu HS phdi ndm

duqc cde kien thuc sou: - Neu duqc cde nguyen

to edu tqo nen te bdo; - Phdn biet duqc cdc nguyen

'Tnrdng Dai hoc Vinh

# . Tap chi Giao due so 23 8 (ki 2 - 5/2010)