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汉越是非问句对比研究

学 位 申 请 人 姓 名: 冯氏雪

申 请 学 位 学生类别: 全日制博士

申 请 学 位 学科专业: 语言学及应用语言学

指 导 教 师 姓 名: 吴振国 教授

博士学位论文

汉越是非问句对比研究

论文作者： 冯氏雪

指导教师： 吴振国 教授

学科专业： 语言学及应用语言学

研究方向： 应用语言学

华中师范大学文学院

2014 年 4 月

Dissertation

The contrastive study of yes no questions

in Chinese and Vietnamese

By

Phung Thi Tuyet

Supervisor: Professor Wu Zhen Guo

Specialty: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics

Research Area: Applied Linguistics

College of Literature

Central China Normal University

April，2014

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I

中文摘要

疑问句历来一直受到语言学者的关注。由于研究视角的不同，疑问句一般被分为不同的次

类。汉越是非问句是根据其结构及回答特点而分出来的。该类问句要么由疑问语气词，要么由

疑问语调来构成的。由于其使用频率高，而且，在交际中能表达不同的言语功能，因此对是非

问句的研究无疑是十分有意义的课题 。此外，至今为止，尚未出现有关汉越是非问句的对比研

究。为了弥补这方面的空缺，我们选择汉越是非问句作为本文研究内容。

本文除了引言、结语和后记以外，分为四章，即：第一章 汉越是非问句句法对比；第二章

汉越是非问句语义对比；第三章 汉越是非问句功能对比；第四章 越南学生习得汉语是非问句

的偏误分析。

本文在引言部分主要先对汉越疑问句以及汉越是非问句重新做了界定。同时，对汉越是非

问句的研究现状做了简单的介绍。为了能够为论文写作打下可靠的理论基础，我们借用语言类

型学理论、三维语法论及小三角论、言语行为理论、会话含义与会话关联伦、语境以及预设等

对汉越是非问句进行研究。

第一章通过疑问句的疑问标记分析，指出汉越是非问句的疑问标记类型；在对两种语言中

疑问语气词的界定的基础上，指出汉越是非问句的抽象句法模式，并进一步细化成各种类型，

从问句及答句角度对汉语是非问句的语表进行研究。

第二章首先分析汉越是非问句的疑问句焦点、疑问程度以及预设，其次对汉越是非问句的

有疑而问问句和无疑而问问句进行语义对比，最后对汉越是非问句的答句语义类型做了分析。

第三章借用 Searle 的言语行为理论对汉越是非问句进行进一步研究，指出制约是非问句直

接言语行为和间接言语行为的条件。因为该章节集中研究汉越是非问句的语值，因此我们主要

对是非问句的间接言语行为进行分类和分析。按其在交际中实现的功能将汉越是非问句分成祈

使功能是非问句、观点表达功能是非问句、情感表达功能是非问句和寒暄功能是非问句。此外，

对汉越是非问句在会话中答句的言语行为加以分析和对比。

第四章在汉越是非问句语表、语里和语值对比的基础上，结合对越南学生学习汉语和中国

学生学习越南语的考察结果，指出越南学生习得汉语是非问句时常见的偏误类型，分析偏误成

因，并且提出一些对越汉语是非问句的教学建议。

结语部分综合前四章的研究结果，指出本论文的实践价值，同时指出我们研究中的不足以

及尚待进一步解决的问题。

关键词：汉越；是非问句；对比；句法模式；语义；功能；偏误

II

Abstract

Questions have always been the focus of linguistic study. Due to various research perspectives,

questions are usually divided into different classes. Yes/No questions in the Chinese and Vietnamese

languages are classified by the syntactic features. This kind of question is formed by the use of

interrogative words or interrogative intonation. Because of its high frequency of use and its various

speech functions, Yes/No question research is worth to gain researchers‘ attention. So far, no

comparative studies of Chinese and Vietnamese have been conducted. In order to make up the gap, a

research on Yes/No questions has been chosen.

This study, besides the introduction and acknowledgement, is divided into six chapters. Chapter

One introduces the theory of Yes/No questions; chapter Two deals with the syntactic comparison of

Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese; chapter Three shows semantic contrast of Yes/No

questions in Chinese and Vietnamese; chapter Four compares the speech function; chapter Five

analyzes Vietnamese students‘ errors in using Chinese Yes/No questions; and chapter Six presents the

conclusion of the research.

The first chapter mainly introduces the main theoretical basis used to carry out this study. In

order to obtain a holistic research result, the three linguistic aspects including syntactics, semantics

and function will be carefully discussed. To lay a theoretical foundation for a reliable study, we use

the following theories language typology, Fallon and small triangle on three-dimensional language,

speech act theory, conversational implicature and conversational relevance Lun, context and

presupposition of Chinese yes no question research.

The second chapter provides the signs to identify Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese

through the analysis of question identification signs. Based on the definition of Yes/No questions,

general syntactic patterns are suggested and smaller patterns are introduced as well. Additionally,

general syntactic patterns of answers to Yes/No questions are also presented.

The third chapter analyzes the focus in Yes/No questions and presupposition first, then makes a

semantic comparison between direct and indirect Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese. After

that a semantic analysis of answers to Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese is conducted.

The fourth chapter uses Searle's direct and indirect speech act to study Yes/No questions in

Chinese and Vietnamese. These study results help to build up the regulations to have successful

direct and indirect speech act of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese. This chapter focuses

mainly on pragmatics of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese, therefore an analysis and a

III

comparison of direct and indirect speech act of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese are paid

more attention. In this chapter, a detailed analysis of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese

showing imperatives, opinions, feelings and emotions, and dialogues is presented. In addition, a

comparative analysis of speech act of answers to Yes/No questions is carried out.

In the fifth chapter, based on the results of investigation of syntactics, semantics and pragmatics

of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese combining with an analysis of Vietnamese students‘

errors in using Chinese Yes/No questions, errors are classified and analyzed to find out the reasons

and solutions

In the last chapter, Chapter Six, all the research results of the five previous chapters are

summarized; the practical value, the weakness of the thesis and problems to be solved are presented.

Keywords: Chinese and Vietnamese; Yes/No questions; comparison; syntactic pattern; semantics,

function; error

IV

目 录

中文摘要·······················································································································································I

Abstract ·······················································································································································II

术语缩略表···················································································································································1

0.引言 ····························································································································································1

0.1 研究对象······························································································································· 1

0.1.1 疑问句的界定和分类 ····································································································· 1

0.1.2 是非问句的界定············································································································· 5

0.2 相关研究综述 ······················································································································· 8

0.2.1 汉语是非问句的研究 ····································································································· 8

0.2.2 越南语是非问句的研究·································································································· 9

0.2.3 汉越是非问句对比研究································································································ 10

0.3 研究任务和意义···················································································································11

0.3.1 研究任务 ························································································································11

0.3.2 研究意义 ·······················································································································11

0.4 研究方法及语料来源·········································································································· 12

0.4.1 主要运用的研究方法 ··································································································· 12

0.4.2 语料来源 ······················································································································ 12

0.5 相关理论背景·······································································································································13

0.5.1 语言类型学理论··············································································································· 13

0.5.2 三维语法论及小三角论 ··································································································· 13

0.5.3 言语行为理论··················································································································· 14

0.5.3.1 塞尔对施事行为的分类····························································································· 14

0.5.3.2 直接言语行为和间接言语行为 ················································································· 15

0.5.4 会话含义与会话关联伦 ··································································································· 16

0.5.4.1 会话含义···················································································································· 16

0.5.4.2 会话关联论················································································································ 17

0.5.5 语境·································································································································· 17

0.5.6 预设·································································································································· 18

0.5.7 小结··································································································································· 19

1.汉越是非问句句法对比·························································································································20

1.1 汉越是非问句的句法结构 ·································································································· 20

1.1.1 疑问句的疑问标记······································································································· 20

1.1.2 是非问句的疑问标记类型···························································································· 21

1.1.3 疑问标记复用··············································································································· 22

1.2 汉越疑问语气词是非问句的句法模式对比········································································ 23

1.2.1 汉语是非问句的语气词································································································ 23

1.2.2 越南语是非问句的语气词···························································································· 24

1.2.3 汉越含有疑问语气词是非问使用模式对比································································· 26

1.3 汉越语调是非问句使用模式对比······················································································· 34

1.3.1 汉语语调是非问句类型································································································ 34

1.3.2 越语语调是非问句类型································································································ 35

1.4 汉越附加型是非问句使用模式对比··················································································· 39

1.4.1 汉语附加型是非问句 ··································································································· 39

1.4.2 越南语附加型是非问句································································································ 40

1.5 汉越特指型是非问句使用模式对比··················································································· 44

1.5.1 汉语特指型是非问句模式···························································································· 44

1.5.2 越南语特指型是非问句模式························································································ 44

1.6 汉越是非问句的答句表达模式对比··················································································· 45

1.6.1 汉语是非问句的答句 ··································································································· 45

1.6.2 越南语是非问句的答句································································································ 50

1.7 本章小结······························································································································ 54

2.汉越是非问句语义对比·························································································································55

2.1 疑问焦点····························································································································· 55

2.1.1 疑问焦点类型··············································································································· 56

2.1.2 凸显焦点的机制··········································································································· 58

2.2 疑问程度····························································································································· 60

2.2.1 汉语是非问句的疑问程度···························································································· 60

2.2.2 越南语是非问句的疑问程度························································································ 64

2.3 是非问句的预设·················································································································· 65

2.3.1 问句预设与焦点··········································································································· 65