Tài liệu Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) Data Report 2007 October 2008

Acid Deposition Monitoring Network

in East Asia (EANET)

Data Report 2007

October 2008

Network Center for EANET

Table of Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1

2. Network Description 5

3. Wet Deposition Monitoring 13

3.1 Method 15

3.1.1 Field Operation 16

3.1.2 Laboratory Operation 16

3.1.3 Data Management 16

3.1.4 Meteorological Measurements 17

3.1.5 Overview of the Statistics and Definitions 18

3.1.6 Terms and Abbreviations 21

3.1.7 Monitoring Sites 22

3.2 Results of Monitoring 25

4. Dry Deposition (Air Concentration) Monitoring 129

4.1 Method 131

4.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Method 131

4.1.2 Filter Pack Method 131

4.1.3 Monitoring Sites 131

4.2 Results of Monitoring 136

5. Soil and Vegetation Monitoring 171

5.1 Method 173

5.1.1 Field Operation 173

5.1.2 Laboratory Operation 175

5.1.3 Monitoring Sites 176

5.2 Results of Monitoring 176

6. Inland Aquatic Environment Monitoring 189

6.1 Method 191

6.1.1 Selection of Sampling Sites 191

6.1.2 Field Operation 191

6.1.3 Laboratory Operation 192

6.1.4 Monitoring Sites 193

6.2 Results of Monitoring 194

Appendix : Meteorological Statics at the Monitoring Sites 231

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1. Introduction

The Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) was established as an

initiative for regional cooperation among the participating countries, creation of a common

understanding on the state of acid deposition problems and for providing useful inputs to policy

makers at various levels.

Monitoring activities started during the preparatory phase activities of EANET from March

1998 to December 2000. Regular monitoring of acid deposition started from January 2001 with

the participation of 10 countries, namely China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia,

Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Cambodia, with Lao PDR and

Myanmar joining EANET in 2001, 2002 and 2005 respectively, there are currently 13 countries

participating in EANET activities.

Acid deposition monitoring of EANET covers four environmental items – wet deposition, dry

deposition (air concentration), soil and vegetation, and inland aquatic environment. Monitoring

of wet and dry deposition has been implemented in order to measure atmospheric concentrations

and to evaluate fluxes of acidic substances to the land surface, while monitoring for

soil/vegetation and inland aquatic environment was carried out to assess adverse impacts on

terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The monitoring data was used to evaluate the state of acid

deposition as well as impacts on ecosystems.

Participating countries are required to submit the data and related information obtained from the

monitoring activities conducted at the EANET sites in their respective countries to the Network

Center of EANET (NC) by the end of June of each calendar year based on the guidelines of

EANET. The NC had prepared and presented a draft Data Report 2007, which contains the

monitoring data from the participating countries at the Eighth Session of Scientific Advisory

Committee (SAC8), held in October 2008. The draft Data Report was considered at SAC8 by

the experts from participating countries. Following the comments and guidance at SAC8, NC

has elaborated and finalized the report.

The Data Report 2007 contains the data obtained from monitoring activities carried out in2007.

CHAPTER 2

Network Description

2. Network Description

2.1 Classification of Monitoring Sites

EANET monitoring sites are classified into two basic categories, namely acid deposition

monitoring sites and ecological survey sites. Acid deposition monitoring sites are sites

collecting fundamental data on the temporal and spatial distribution of acid deposition, and they

are further classified into 3 sub-categories: remote sites, rural sites and urban sites for the

objectives of the monitoring. Ecological survey sites are those that provide basic data for

assessing the effects of acidification on terrestrial ecosystems, and they are further classified

into 2 sub-categories: survey sites and ecosystem analysis sites. The criteria used for

classification of the sites are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Classification of Monitoring Sites

Site Category Site Classification Main Purpose and Siting Criteria

Acid Deposition Monitoring

Site

for wet deposition and dry

deposition monitoring

Urban Site

- Assessment of the state of acid deposition in

urban areas

- Urbanized and industrial areas, and the areas

immediately outside the urban area

- Data can be used for evaluation of acid deposition

effect on buildings and historical monuments or

human health

Rural Site - Assessment of the state of acid deposition in rural

areas and/or hinterlands

- Data can be used for the evaluation of acid

deposition on agricultural crops, forests and etc.

- More than 20km apart from large pollution

sources like cities, power plants and highways

Remote Site - Assessment of the state of acid deposition in

background areas

- Data can be used for evaluation of long-range

transport and deposition models

- More than 50km apart from large pollution

sources like cities, power plants and highways

- More than 500m apart from main roads (more

than 500 vehicles per day)

Ecological Survey Site

for soil and vegetation

monitoring and Inland aquatic

monitoring

Basic survey site

- Accumulation of basic data on soil, forest, and

inland aquatic environment and disclose trends in

their properties

- In the vicinity of the acid deposition monitoring

site

Ecosystem analysis site - Assessment of acid deposition impacts on whole

ecosystem through application of terrestrial

ecosystem analysis and/or catchment analysis

- Sensitive Areas to changes in atmospheric acidity

and ecologically conserved area

2.2 Monitoring activities in 2007

Thirteen EANET countries, namely, China, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea and Russian

Federation of the North-East Asian region, and Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Lao

PDR, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam participated in monitoring of acid deposition in 2007.

Monitoring data was submitted from a total of 50 monitoring sites, including 20 remote, 11 rural

and 19 urban sites. A map showing the location of these sites is provided in Figure 2.1. The

details on the location of the monitoring sites are presented in Table 2.2.

Figure 2.1 Locations of EANET Sites in 2007

(Note) “Xi’an”, “Chongqing”, “Xiamen”, and “Zhuhai” includes 2 sites, respectively. “Jakarta” includes

also nearby “Serpong” and “Bandung” sites, and “Bangkok” includes also nearby “Samutprakarn” and

“Patumthani” sites. “Metro Manila”/“Los Banos” and “Hanoi”/“Hoa Binh” are described as one point,

respectively due to map scale. Khao Lam Dam and Vachiralongkorn Dam (of earlier Data Reports in

2000-2003) were renamed into Khanchanaburi and also Mae Hia was renamed into Chiang Mai in 2004.

Danum Valley

Nakhon Ratchasima

Mt. Sto. Tomas

Tokyo

Yangon

Table 2.2 Locations of EANET Wet and Dry Deposition (Air Concentration)

Monitoring Sites

Country Name of sites Characteristics

of sites

Latitude Longitude Ht. above

sea level

Cambodia Phnom Penh Urban 11° 33’N 104° 50’E 10m

China Chongqing-Guanyinqiao

- Jinyunshan

Xi’an - Shizhan

- Jiwozi

Xiamen - Hongwen

- Xiaoping

Zhuhai - Xiang Zhou

- Zhuxiandong

Urban

Rural

Urban

Remote

Urban

Remote

Urban

Urban

29° 34’N

29° 49’N

34° 14’N

33° 50’N

24° 28’ N

24° 51’ N

22° 16’N

22° 12’N

106° 31’E

106° 22’E

108° 57’E

108° 48’E

118° 08’ E

118° 02’ E

113° 34’E

113° 31’E

262m

800m

400m

1,800m

50m

686m

40m

45m

Indonesia Jakarta

Serpong

Kototabang

Bandung

Urban

Rural

Remote

Urban

6° 11’ S

6° 15’ S

0° 12’ S

6° 54’ S

106° 50’ E

106° 34’ E

100° 19’ E

107° 35’ E

7m

46m

864m

743m

Japan Rishiri

Ochiishi

Tappi

Sado-seki

Happo

Ijira

Oki

Banryu

Yusuhara

Hedo

Ogasawara

Tokyo

Remote

Remote

Remote

Remote

Remote

Rural

Remote

Urban

Remote

Remote

Remote

Urban

45° 07’ N

43° 09’ N

41° 15’ N

38° 14’ N

36° 42’ N

35° 34’ N

36° 17’ N

34° 41’ N

33° 22’ N

26° 52’ N

27° 05’ N

35° 41’ N

141° 12’ E

145° 30’ E

140° 21’ E

138° 24’ E

137° 48’ E

136° 41’ E

133° 11’ E

131° 48’ E

132° 56’ E

128° 15’ E

142° 13’ E

139° 45’ E

40m

49m

105m

136m

1,850m

140m

90m

53m

790m

60m

230m

47m

Lao PDR Vientiane Urban 17 ° N 102° E

Malaysia Tanah Rata

Petaling Jaya

Danum Valley

Remote

Urban

Remote

04° 28’ N

03° 06’ N

04° 59’ N

101° 23’ E

101° 39’ E

117° 51’ E

1,470m

87m

427m

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar

Terelj

Urban

Remote

47° 54’ N

47° 59’ N

106゜49’ E

107° 29’ E

1,282m

1,540m

Myanmar Yangon Urban 16° 30’ N 96° 07’ E 22m

Philippines Metro Manila

Los Banos

Mt. Sto. Tomas

Urban

Rural

Remote

14° 38’ N

14° 11’ N

16° 25’ N

121° 04’ E

121° 15’ E

120° 36’ E

54m

35m

1,500m

Republic of

Korea

Kanghwa

Cheju (Kosan)

Imsil

Rural

Remote

Rural

37° 42’ N

33° 18’ N

35° 36’ N

126° 17’ E

126° 10’ E

127° 11’ E

150m

72m

Russia Mondy

Listvyanka

Irkutsk

Primorskaya

Remote

Rural

Urban

Rural

51° 40’ N

51° 51’ N

52° 14’ N

43° 42’ N

101° 0’ E

104° 54’ E

104° 15’ E

132° 07’ E

2,000m

700m

400m

84m

Country Name of sites Characteristics

of sites

Latitude Longitude Height

above sea

Thailand Bangkok

Samutprakarn

Patumthani

Khanchanaburi

(Vachiralongkorn Dam)

Chiang Mai (Mae Hia)

Nakhon Ratchasima

Urban

Urban

Rural

Remote

Rural

Remote

13° 46’ N

13° 44’ N

14° 02’ N

14° 46’ N

18° 46’ N

14° 27’ N

100° 32’ E

100° 34’ E

100° 46’ E

98° 35’ E

98° 56’ E

101° 53’ E

2m

2m

2m

170m

350m

418m

Vietnam Hanoi

Hoa Binh

Urban

Rural

21° 01’ N

20° 49’ N

105° 51’ E

105° 20’ E

5m

23m

Table 2.3 provides further details on the sites, including the types of measurements carried out

and the equipment used for making dry deposition (air concentration) measurements. Filter

packs are used at 34 sites for measurements of air concentrations of pollutants for determination

of dry deposition. Automatic or manual gas monitors for NOx and SO2 were used in 21 sites,

while 18 sites used automatic instruments to monitor ozone concentration. Concentrations of

particulate matter as PM10 were measured by automatic or manual instruments at 19 sites.

Meteorological conditions such as wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative

humidity, and solar radiation were measured by meteorological equipment installed at the sites

or nearby at the meteorological observatories.

Ecological survey sites established for soil and vegetation monitoring and inland aquatic

monitoring are basically located in the vicinity of the acid deposition monitoring sites.

Information on the ecological survey sites and their activities are further described in Chapters 5

and 6.

Table 2.3 Outline of Wet and Dry Deposition (Air Concentration) Monitoring

Country Name of sites Characteristics

of sites

Wet

Dep.

Dry Dep.

Automatic Filter

SO Pack 2,NOx O3 PM

Cambodia Phnom Penh Urban 3 None None None None

China Chongqing-Guanyinqiao Urban 3 None None None None

- Jinyunshan Rural 3 3 None 3 None

Xi’an - Shizhan Urban 3 None None None None

- Jiwozi Remote 3 None None None None

Xiamen - Hongwen Urban 3 3 None 3 3

- Xiaoping Remote 3 None None None None

Zhuhai - Xiang Zhou Urban 3 3 None 3 None

- Zhuxiandong Urban None None None None None

Indonesia Jakarta

Serpong

Kototabang

Bandung

Urban

Rural

Remote

Urban

3

3

3

3

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

PS

3

PS

None

Japan Rishiri

Ochiishi

Tappi

Sado-seki

Happo

Ijira

Oki

Banryu

Yusuhara

Hedo

Ogasawara

Tokyo

Remote

Remote

Remote

Remote

Remote

Rural

Remote

Urban

Remote

Remote

Remote

Urban

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

None

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

None

3

None

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

None

3

None

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

None

3

None

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Lao PDR Vientiane Urban 3 None None None None

Malaysia Tanah Rata

Petaling Jaya

Danum Valley

Remote

Urban

Remote

3

3

3

3

None

None

3

None

None

None

None

None

3

3

3

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar

Terelj

Urban

Remote

3

3

None

None

None

None

None

None

3

3

Myanmar Yangon Urban 3 None None None None

Philippines Metro Manila

Los Banos

Mt. Sto. Tomas

Urban

Rural

Remote

3

3

3

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

3

3

3

Republic

of Korea

Kanghwa

Cheju (Kosan)

Imsil

Rural

Remote

Rural

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Russia Mondy

Listvyanka

Irkutsk

Primorskaya

Remote

Rural

Urban

Rural

3

3

3

3

None

None

None

None

3

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

3

3

3

3

Country Name of sites Characteristics

of sites

Wet

Dep.

Dry Dep.

Automatic Filter

SO2,NOx O3 PM Pack

Thailand Bangkok Urban 3 3 None 3 3

Samutprakarn Urban 3 3 3 None None

Patumthani Rural 3 None None None 3

Khanchanaburi

(Vachiralongkorn Dam)

Remote 3 3 3 3 3

Chiang Mai (Mae Hia) Rural 3 3 3 3 3

Nakhon Ratchasima Remote 3 None None None 3

Vietnam Hanoi

Hoa Binh

Urban

Rural

3

3

None

None

None

None

None

None

3

3

(Note 1) PS: Passive sampler

(Note 2) Monitoring by filter pack method started at Tokyo in April, 2007, and wet deposition

monitoring started at Yangon in January, 2007.

Two new sites, Tokyo and Yangon, started the monitoring on wet (Tokyo and Yangon) and dry

deposition (Tokyo) in 2007. Outline of the new sites are as follows;

[Tokyo]

Address : 2-1 Kitanomaru Koen, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0091 Japan

Site classification : Urban

Latitude : North, 35°41’31” Longitude : East, 139°45’ 36” Altitude : 20m

Instruments : Wet-only Sampler (US-420), Filter-pack Sampler

[Yangon]

Address : Department of Meteorology and Hydrology

Mayangone, 11061, Kaba-Aye Pagoda Road, Yangon, Myanmar

Site classification : Urban

Latitude : North, 16° 30’ Longitude : East, 96° 07’ Altitude : 21.7m

Instruments : Wet-only Sampler (US-330)

CHAPTER 3

Wet Deposition Monitoring