Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology

Encyclopedia of

Information Science

and Technology, Fourth

Edition

Mehdi Khosrow-Pour

Information Resources Management Association, USA

Published in the United States of America by

IGI Global

Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)

701 E. Chocolate Avenue

Hershey PA, USA 17033

Tel: 717-533-8845

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Copyright © 2018 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in

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Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the

authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.

For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected].

Names: Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi, 1951- editor.

Title: Encyclopedia of information science and technology / Mehdi

Khosrow-Pour, editor.

Description: Fourth edition. | Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference,

[2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017000834| ISBN 9781522522553 (set : hardcover) | ISBN

9781522522560 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Information science--Encyclopedias. | Information

technology--Encyclopedias.

Classification: LCC Z1006 .E566 2018 | DDC 020.3--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017000834

This book is dedicated to the memory of my late father for the love and care that he always displayed

for his family, and for teaching me the importance of humanitarianism. Also, to my wife, Olga, and

our son, Darius, for filling my life with so much love, joy, and happiness.

Editorial Advisory Board

Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland

S. Annie Becker, Florida Institute of Technology, USA

Shirley M. Fedorovich, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA

Wen-Chen Hu, University of North Dakota, USA

Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland

In Lee, Western Illinois University, USA

James A. Rodger, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA

Ari Sigal, Catawba Valley Community College, USA

Lawrence A. Tomei, Robert Morris University, USA

John Wang, Montclair State University, USA

Liudong Xing, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, USA

Jordi Vallverdú, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain

Editorial Review Board

Mifrah Ahmad, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Bashar Shahir Ahmed, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Morocco

Daniel Alemneh, University of North Texas, USA

Salam Omar Ali, Brighton College, UAE

Paul Ankomah, North Carolina A&T University, USA

Andrea Atzeni, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Danilo Avola, Sapienza University, Italy

Ihuoma Babatope, Delta State Univeristy Abraka/ Delta State College of Physical Education,

Mosogar, Nigeria

Mihaela Badea, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania

Surajit Bag, Tega Industries South Africa Pty Ltd, South Africa

Kannan Balasubramanian, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India

Neeta Baporikar, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Nigeria

Nomathamsanqa (Thami) Batyashe, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa

Clementina Bruno, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

Claudia Cappelli, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Calin Ciufudean, Stefan cel Mare University, Romania

Ángela Coello, University of Vigo, Spain

Eduardo Contreras, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico

Caroline Crawford, University of Houston-Clear Lake, United States

Phil Crosby, Curtin University, Australia

Nicoletta Dessì, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy

Nic Dunham, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand

Christophe Duret, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada

Alexander Fridman, Russian Academy of Sciences, IIMM KSC RAS, Russia

Dražena Gašpar, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ciara Heavin, University College Cork, Ireland

Masoud Hemmatpour, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria

Shigeru Ikuta, Otsuma Women’s University, Japan

Giuseppe Iurato, University of Palermo, Italy

George Jamil, Informações em Rede, Brazil

Jurgen Janssens, TETRADE Consulting, Belgium

Michael Josefowicz, Nemetics Institute Kolkata, USA

Prateek Kalia, I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, India

Yefim Katz, Chestnut Hill College, USA

Nadim Akhtar Khan, University of Kashmir, India

Maria Koleva, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria

Raghuraman Koteeswaran, SASTRA University, India

Priya Krishnamoorthy, SASTRA University, India

Sefer Kurnaz, Istanbul Esenyurt University, Turkey

Trent Larson, North Carolina A&T University, USA,

Elvira Locuratolo, ISTI, Italy

Ronald Lofaro, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA

Geetha Mariappan, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, India

M.K. Marichelvam, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India

Gilberto Marzano, Rezekne University of Applied Sciences, Latvia

Lincy Mathews, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, India

Karim Mezghani, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Tunisia

Emilia Mikolajewska, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus

University in Torun, Poland

Dariusz Mikolajewski, Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland

Vardan Mkrttchian, HHH University, Australia

Jessina Muthee, Kenyatta University, Kenya

Antonio Osorio, University of Minho, Portugal

Leo Paschoal, Federal University of Cruz Alta, Brazil

Prantosh Paul, Raiganj University, India

Danilo Piaggesi, FRAmericas, International Knowledge Economy Program (IKEP), USA

Diana Presada, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania

Mohd Rahman, Aligarh Muslim University, India

N. Raghavendra Rao, FINAIT Consultancy Services, India

José Rascão, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal

Filipa Ribeiro, University of Porto, Portugal

Gerasimos Rigatos, Industrial Systems Institute, Greece

John Robinson, Bishop Heber College, India

Juan Rodriguez, UNICEN CONICET, Argentina

Isabel Romero, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain

Roya Rouzbehani, University of Tehran, Iran

John C. Sandvig, Western Washington University, USA

Francesca Sgobbi, University of Brescia, Italy

Huma Shah, Coventry University, UK

Dolly Sharma, PEC University of Technology, India

Teay Shawyun, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Zeljko Stojanov, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Apostolos Syropoulos, Greek Molecular Computing Group, Greece

Safiye Turgay, Sakarya University, Turkey

Immanuel Umukoro, Lagos Business School, Pan Atlantic University, Nigeria

Tugba Ucma Uysal, Mugla Sitki Koçman University, Turkey

JT Velikovsky, University of Newcastle, Australia

Laura Vettraino, Learning Community, Italy

Revathi Viswanathan, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, India

Ye Wang, Zhejiang Gongshang University, China

Tingshao Zhu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

List of Contributors

A, Vadivel / National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.............................................................. 212

Abad, Lalaine P. / Department of Education, Philippines.............................................................. 2466

Abdelhafez, Hoda Ahmed / Suez Canal University, Egypt............................................................... 406

Abdou, Tamer / Suez Canal University, Egypt............................................................................... 7399

Abdrakhmanova, Gulnara / National Research University Higher School of Economics,

Russia ......................................................................................................................................... 4704

Aboud, Sattar J. / University of Bedfordshire, UK.......................................................................... 4898

Adhikari, Arnab / Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, India................................................. 7234

Adibfar, Alireza / University of Florida, USA.................................................................................. 539

Agrawal, Shaila / Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, India ............................ 4872

Agrey, Renae / The University of Queensland, Australia ............................................................... 5433

Aguilar-Moreno, Estefanía / Universitat Jaume I of Castellón, Spain.......................................... 3473

Agwae, Uruemu / Carleton University, Canada............................................................................. 1684

Ahmad, Mifrah / Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia...................................................... 3337

Ahmed, Bashar Shahir / University Abdelmalek Essaadi (LEROSA Laborator), Morocco .......... 1616

Ahmed, Rukhsana / University of Ottawa, Canada....................................................................... 6083

Akahane-Yamada, Reiko / Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International

(ATR), Japan .............................................................................................................................. 3850

Akalan, Nazif Ekin / Istanbul University, Turkey ............................................................................. 298

Akhtar, Saliha / Seton Hall University, USA.................................................................................. 7181

Akolkar, Rajshree Tushar / Zeal College of Engineering and Research, India............................. 4099

Akyuz, Goknur Arzu / University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Turkey ........................... 5285

Alba-Elías, Fernando / Universidad de La Rioja, Spain................................................................ 1934

Alberg, Dima / Shamoon College of Engineering (SCE), Israel ...................................................... 364

Alemneh, Daniel G. / University of North Texas, USA.................................................................... 6748

Alharbi, Ali H. / Qassim University, Saudi Arabia ................................................................ 1249,3448

Ali, Salam Omar / Brighton Collage Al Ain, UAE.......................................................................... 7647

Al-Khalifa, Hend S. / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia ............................................................ 4652

Al-Marzouqi, Mohamed / UAE University, UAE .......................................................................... 3043

Almeida, Fernando / Polytechnic Institute of Gaya, Portugal ......................................................... 800

Almeida, Gustavo de Oliveira / Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .............. 754

Almunawar, Hasan Jawwad / P. T. Tegar Kupas Mediatama, Indonesia ...................................... 1101

Almunawar, Mohammad Nabil / Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei................... 1101,5908,7369

Alnowibet, Khalid / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.............................................................. 1570

Al-Rousan, Thamer / Isra University, Pakistan............................................................................. 7549

Al-Salman, Abdulmalik / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia..................................................... 4652

Altun, Arif / Hacettepe University, Turkey ..................................................................................... 1441

Alves, Domingos / University of São Paulo, Brazil......................................................................... 3782

Amoros, Francisco / Miguel Hernandez University, Spain............................................................ 6894

Amroush, Fadi / Universidad de Salamanca, Spain....................................................................... 1616

Amuda, Caleb Okoro / University of Ibadan, Nigeria.................................................................... 2303

Anderson, Billie / Ferris State University, USA ............................................................................. 7140

Andrade, Maria Teresa / University of Porto, Portugal................................................................. 6031

Andreev, Rumen D. / Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information and

Communication Technologies, Bulgaria .................................................................................... 2188

Ankomah, Paul / North Carolina A&T State University, USA....................................................... 4113

Anshari, Muhammad / Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei ........................................... 5908,7369

Anton, Jose Luis Monroy / La Ribera University Hospital, Spain................................................. 5787

Antonino, Ardilio / Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Germany............................ 4560

Aragaki, Madoka / Business Breakthrough University, Japan ...................................................... 4962

Arana, Loredana / University of Phoenix, USA............................................................................. 5650

Araujo, Andre / Texas A&M University, USA.................................................................................. 720

Arias, Vladimir Santiago / Texas Tech University, USA................................................................. 7069

Arner, Tracy / Kent State University, USA..................................................................................... 6388

Arora, Richa / Regenesys Institute of Management, India ............................................................. 2882

Arshad, Noreen Izza / Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia............................................... 3337

Arslan, Yunus Ziya / Istanbul Univesity, Turkey............................................................... 298,492,7470

Artizzu, Valentino / University of Cagliari, Italy........................................................................... 3273

Arumugam, Sivasankar / Sri Venkateswara College of Education, India .................................... 2599

Askarany, Davood / University of Auckland, New Zealand ........................................................... 2166

Atzeni, Andrea / Politecnico di Torino, Italy.................................................................................. 5004

Atzori, Barbara / University of Florence, Italy .............................................................................. 5955

Aubin, Verónica Inés / Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Argentina...................................... 4643

Averweg, Udo Richard / eThekwini Municipality, South Africa..................................................... 7106

Ávila, Liliana / University of Aveiro, Portugal.................................................................................. 888

Avola, Danilo / University of Udine, Italy....................................................................................... 6195

Aymerich-Franch, Laura / CNRS-AIST JRL (Joint Robotics Laboratory), AIST, Japan ............. 4234

Azevedo, Ana / Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal................................................................. 1907

Aziz, Abdul / Usman Institute of Technology, Pakistan.................................................................... 166

Babatope, Ihuoma Sandra / Delta State College of Physical Education, Nigeria......................... 5252

Badea, Mihaela / Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania................................................. 3945

Baeva, Liudmila Vladimirovna / Astrakhan State University, Russia ........................................... 4189

Bag, Surajit / Tega Industries South Africa Pty Ltd., South Africa ................................................ 3086

Bailetti, Tony / Carleton University, Canada ................................................................................. 1684

Balamurugan B / VIT University, India .......................................................................................... 1075

Balasubramanian, Kannan / Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India ................................... 4975

Balasubramanian, Senthilarasu / National Institute of Technology, India....................................... 49

Baldini, Gianmarco / European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Italy................................ 6136

Ballesteros, Carlos / Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Spain ........................................................ 1638

Banaji, Shakuntala / LSE, UK ....................................................................................................... 3667

Banihashemi, Saeed / University of Technology Sydney, Australia ................................................. 539

Baporikar, Neeta / Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia & University of

Pune, India ................................................................................................................................. 2989

Barlow, Michael / University of New South Wales, Australia .......................................................... 156

Barrett, Diane / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA ..................................................... 1356

Bartens, Yannick / University of Hamburg, Germany ..................................................................... 601

Basham, Randy / University of Texas at Arlington, USA............................................................... 1407

Basu, Rounaq / Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India ...................................................... 7843

Bates, Paul / University of Southern Queensland, Australia .......................................................... 7869

Battistella, Gaetano / ISPRA, Italy................................................................................................. 3156

Batyashe, Thami / Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa ................................... 810

Bayındır, Levent / Ataturk University, Turkey................................................................................ 6286

Bayousuf, Abeer / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia................................................................. 4652

Bedesem, Pena L. / Kent State University, USA .............................................................................. 6388

Belalem, Ghalem / University of Es Senia Oran1, Algeria ............................................................ 1116

Belikov, Olga / Brigham Young University, USA............................................................................ 6779

Bellar, Wendi R. / Texas A&M University, USA.............................................................................. 6161

Ben Hamida, Ahmed / University of Sfax, Tunisia .......................................................................... 106

Ben Maati, Mohammed / University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Morocco............................................ 1616

Ben-Abdallah, Hanêne / King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia................................................. 765

Benazeer, Shahzada / University of Antwerp, Belgium.................................................................. 5317

Bennett, Sue / University of Wollongong, Australia ....................................................................... 2512

Bergenti, Federico / Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy ........................................................... 6950

Bessette, Dustin / National Graduate School of Quality Management, USA ................................. 7898

Betts, Lucy R. / Nottingham Trent University, UK ................................................................. 4168,4245

Bhanot, Neeraj / Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, India............... 587

Bharwani, Sonia / Indian School of Management and Entrepreneurship, India............................ 1529

Bhattacharya, Simanti / University of Kalyani, India ..................................................................... 466

Bhuimali, A. / Raiganj University, India ............................................................................... 4448,7201

Bhutkar, Ganesh D. / Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India................................................ 4099

Biancofiore, Giovanni / giovannibiancofiore.com, Italy ................................................................ 7671

Bielenia-Grajewska, Magdalena / University of Gdansk, Poland........................................ 2580,5085

Bihl, Trevor J. / Air Force Institute of Technology, USA................................................................. 6642

Bisht, Pankaja / B. T. Kumaon Institute of Technology, India........................................................ 6253

Bisui, Sandip / Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India................................................ 5901

Blanco, Beatriz / University of Cantabria, Spain........................................................................... 3870

Boccasini, Adele / Lega del Filo d’Oro – Termini Imerese, Italy ..................................................... 287

Bocci, Elena / Sapienza University of Rome, Italy...................................... 4038,4064,4404,7014,7044

Bodea, Constanţa-Nicoleta / Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania ............ 5158,6579

Boff, Felipe / Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Brazil ........................................................ 4797

Bonaiuti, Federica / ISPRA, Italy................................................................................................... 3156

Bond, Emma / University Campus Suffolk, UK.............................................................................. 7312

Bose, Ahana / Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, India ......................................................... 61

Bouaziz, Rafik / University of Sfax, Tunisia .......................................................................... 2043,2054

Bouck, Emily C. / Michigan State University, USA........................................................................... 266

Boudriga, Noureddine / University of Carthage, Tunisia.............................................................. 4849

Boukadi, Khouloud / University of Sfax, Tunisia............................................................................. 765

Bowers, Clint / University of Central Florida, USA................................................................ 995,3327

Braga, Adriana / Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .................................... 1186

Brahmia, Zouhaier / University of Sfax, Tunisia .................................................................. 2043,2054

Bratsas, Charalampos P. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece ....................................... 1196

Brewer, James C. / Texas Tech University, USA.............................................................................. 1499

Bringula, Rex Perez / University of the East, Philippines............................................................... 2466

Bruno, Clementina / University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy ....................................................... 3144

Bruno, Giorgio / Politecnico di Torino, Italy ................................................................................... 788

Bryan, Lisa Dotterweich / Upper Iowa University, USA................................................................ 3612

Bryl, Lukasz / Poznan University of Economics and Business, Poland ......................................... 5056

Bueno, José de Jesús Pérez / Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en

Electroquímica, Mexico.............................................................................................................. 1277

Burton, Sharon / Grand Canyon University, USA ......................................................................... 7898

Buss, Terry F. / Carnegie Mellon University, Australia.................................................................. 3526

Cabrera, Edison / University of the East, Philippines ................................................................... 2466

Cahlik, Tomas / Charles University Prague, Czech Republic & University of Economics Prague,

Czech Republic ........................................................................................................................... 4920

Calabrese, Rita / University of Salerno, Italy................................................................................. 1206

Calmerin, Princess B. / University of the East, Philippines ........................................................... 2466

Campbell, Heidi A. / Texas A&M University, USA......................................................................... 6161

Cappelli, Claudia / Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.................................. 754

Carlos-Mancilla, Miriam A. / CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara, Mexico ................................... 6522

Carlucci, Carlo / ISPRA, Italy ........................................................................................................ 3156

Carneiro de Sousa, Catarina / Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Portugal ....................................... 4146

Carnero, María Carmen / University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain & University of Lisbon,

Portugal............................................................................................................................. 3131,3698

Caron, Franco / Politecnico di Milano, Italy ................................................................................. 5679

Carrasco-Carrasco, Rocío / University of Huelva, Spain.............................................................. 3349

Carvalho, Henrique Cyrne / Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santo António, Centro

Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal.................................................................................................... 1006

Castello, Valentina / CIOFS FP, Italy ............................................................................................ 1559

Castro, Ana / Universidade do Porto, Portugal.............................................................................. 1006

Catacutan, Annaliza E. / National University, Philippines............................................................ 2466

Celebi, Numan / Sakarya University, Turkey ................................................................................. 5490

Cella, Francesca / University of Cagliari, Italy.............................................................................. 3273

Chabukswar, Aniruddha R. / MAEER’s Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, India .................... 6767

Chakraborty, Aruna / Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, India ........... 4872,6961

Chamakiotis, Petros / University of Sussex, UK ............................................................................ 1153

Chand, Trilok / PEC University of Technology, India ..................................................................... 477

Chandan, Harish C. / Argosy University, USA............................................................................... 4358

Chang, Ni / Indiana University – South Bend, USA........................................................................ 2661

Chatterjee, D. / Seacom Skills University, India ................................................................... 4448,4723

Chaudhuri, Somnath / Maldives National University, Maldives................................................... 3403

Chedid, Marcello Fernandes / University of Aveiro, Portugal....................................................... 3963

Chen, E. Jack / BASF Corporation, USA ............................................................................... 1297,1856

Chen, Edward T. / University of Massachusetts – Lowell, USA ..................................................... 3077

Chen, Gaowei / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ........................................................... 7969

Chen, Hsin-Liang (Oliver) / University of Massachusetts Boston, USA ........................................ 7599

Chen, Jihui / Illinois State University, USA.................................................................................... 2841

Chen, Shiping / CSIRO Data61, Australia ..................................................................................... 7563

Chen, Yangjun / University of Winnipeg, Canada ................................................................ 4502,7995

Chen, Ye-Sho / Louisiana State University, USA ........................................................... 930,2686,4822

Chen, Yibin / University of Winnipeg, Canada .............................................................................. 4502

Chen, Yueguo / Renmin University of China, China ...................................................................... 1947

Cheng, Po-Keng / State University of New York, Stony Brook University, USA ................................ 71

Cheung, Benny C. F. / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong ................................. 4774

Cheung, H. H. / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ............................................................. 505

Chickerur, Satyadhyan / KLE Technological University, India ...................................................... 847

Chiluwa, Innocent / Covenant University OTA, Nigeria................................................................ 6275

Chiu, Ming M / The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .......................................... 7969

Cho, Kyong James / Texas A&M University, USA.......................................................................... 6161

Choi, S. H. / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ................................................................... 505

Chong, Alberto / Georgia State University, USA & Universidad del Pacifico, Peru..................... 7214

Chuang, Huey-Wen / National Taichung University of Education, Taiwan................................... 3434

Chunpir, Hashim / German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ), Germany .................................. 601

Cinque, Luigi / Sapienza University, Italy...................................................................................... 6195

Ciufudean, Calin / Stefan cel Mare University, Romania .............................................................. 1814

Cockrell, Susan / Austin Peay State University, USA............................................................ 5476,5516

Cohen, Yuval / Afeka Tel Aviv College of Engineering, Israel....................................................... 1627

Collins, Geri / Mercer University, USA .......................................................................................... 1432

Contreras, Eduardo C. / Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico ......................................... 2431

Contreras, Isis I. / Saltillo Institute of Technology, Mexico ............................................................ 2431

Copeland Jr., Robert L. / Howard University,USA ........................................................................ 1794

Cordero-Gutiérrez, Rebeca / University of Salamanca, Spain ..................................................... 3359

Cornelius, Herbert / Intel Corporation EMEA, Germany ............................................................. 4004

Correia, Eduardo / Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology (CPIT), New Zealand....... 1026

Corrin, Linda / University of Melbourne, Australia ...................................................................... 2512

Cosby, Missy D. / Michigan State University, USA ........................................................................... 266

Cotza, Alessandro / University of Cagliari, Italy ........................................................................... 3273

Coulson, Neil S. / University of Nottingham, UK ............................................................................ 3767

Cox, Sharon A. / Birmingham City University, UK.................................................................. 694,1384

Craigen, Dan / Carleton University, Canada ................................................................................. 1684

Crawford, Caroline M. / University of Houston – Clear Lake, USA............................ 1474,5149,7922

Crompton, Helen / Old Dominion University, USA....................................................................... 6347

Crosby, Phil / Curtin University, Australia..................................................................................... 5690

Crossan, Adam / Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland ...................................................... 6216

Cruz-Jimenez, Miriam Guadalupe / Institute INAOE, Mexico..................................................... 6007

Cuff, Zianne / City University of New York, USA........................................................................... 7880

Cunningham, Tamrah D. / New York University, USA .................................................................. 7880

Curcio, Davide / University of Cagliari, Italy................................................................................. 3273

Curcio, Giuseppe / University of L’Aquila, Italy ................................................................... 3296,6124

Curran, Kevin / Ulster University, UK........................................................................................... 6216

Czajkowski, Marcin / Bialystok University of Technology, Poland ............................................... 2132

D’Abundo, Michelle Lee / Seton Hall University, USA ......................................................... 5810,5820

DaCosta, Boaventura / Solers Research Group, USA.................................................................... 6361

D’Agostino, Jerome V. / The Ohio State University, USA............................................................... 5183

Daidj, Nabyla / Telecom Ecole de Management, France................................................................ 2345

Dalcher, Darren / University of Hertfordshire, UK........................................................................ 5660

Damron, Terry Stringer / Austin Peay State University, USA............................................... 5476,5516

Dantsuji, Masatake / Kyoto University, Japan............................................................................... 3850

Darmont, Jérôme / Université de Lyon, Lyon 2, ERIC EA3083, France ....................................... 1772

Das, Amit / University of Kalyani, India........................................................................................... 466

Dascalu, Maria-Iuliana / University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania ..................................... 5158

Dasso, Aristides / Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina ......................................... 1919,7609

Dattakumar, Ambica / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore......................................... 2280

David-West, Olayinka / Pan-Atlantic University, Nigeria ............................................................. 2724

Dawson, Maurice / University of Missouri – St. Louis, USA ......................................................... 7898

De Bruyn, Peter / University of Antwerp, Belgium ........................................................................ 5317

de Matta, Renato / University of Iowa, USA.................................................................................. 5503

de Mendoza, Cecilia / Ministry of Production of Argentina, Argentina......................................... 7214

de Oliveira, José Palazzo M. / Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil........... 6424

DeCoito, Isha / Western University, Canada .................................................................................. 1420

Delgado, José Carlos Martins / Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal............................................... 6566

Delgado-Pérez, Pedro / University of Cádiz, Spain........................................................................ 7459

DeLong, Ronald L. / University of Dayton, USA ............................................................................ 1366

Deng, Shuyuan / Dakota State University, USA............................................................................. 3861

Dessì, Nicoletta / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy................................................................ 455

DeWitty Jr., Robert L. / Providence Hospital, USA....................................................................... 1794

Di Marco, Giuseppe / ISPRA, Italy ................................................................................................ 3156

Diana, Barbara / Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy................................................................... 6223

Dias de Castro, Teresa Sofia Pereira / University of Minho, Portugal .......................................... 7312

Dickson-Deane, Camille / University of Melbourne, Australia ..................................................... 7599

Diković, Ljubica / Business Technical College, Serbia .................................................................. 3689

Dillen, Nicole Belinda / St. Thomas’ College of Engineering and Technology, India .................... 6961

Dimitrova, Dimitrina / York University, Canada........................................................................... 7057

Dimoulas, Charalampos A. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece .......................... 2908,6476

Dinger, Michael / University of South Carolina Upstate, USA....................................................... 8036

Dobrilovic, Dalibor / University of Novi Sad, Serbia..................................................................... 7514

Đogatović, Vesna Radonjić / University of Belgrade, Serbia ......................................................... 6546

Dolecek, Gordana Jovanovic / Institute INAOE Puebla, Mexico ............... 4746,6007,6043,6171,6234

Domínguez-Jiménez, Juan José / University of Cádiz, Spain........................................................ 7459

Doorn, Jorge Horacio / Universidad Nacional del Oeste, Argentina & Universidad Nacional de

La Matanza, Argentina.................................................................................... 4643,5127,7411,7422

Dos Santos, Leandro Rocha / In3 Inteligência de Mercado, Brazil ................................................. 961

Dounias, Georgios / University of the Aegean, Greece .................................................................... 180

Dowell, Margaret-Mary Sulentic / Louisiana State University, USA ............................................ 2326

Doyle, D. John / Cleveland Clinic, USA .......................................................................................... 5829

Drivet, Alessio / GeoGebra Institute of Torino, Italy...................................................................... 4629

Dryjanska, Laura / Sapienza University of Rome, Italy ..................................... 4038,4064,4404,7044

Dunham, Nicola / Massey University, New Zealand ...................................................................... 3839

Duong, Linh Nguyen Khanh / Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand ........................ 5335

Duret, Christophe / Université de Sherbrooke, Canada ................................................................ 4296

Durkin, Keith F. / Ohio Northern University, USA......................................................................... 1366

Duzgun, Sebnem / Middle East Technical University, Turkey........................................................ 3503

Edgeman, Rick / Utah State University, USA................................................................................... 729

Edwards, John Steven / Aston University, UK................................................................................ 5046

Egedigwe, Eges / Dallas County Community College, USA........................................................... 1129

Eichler, Marcelo Leandro / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ......................... 6376

Endo, Hiroko / Rissho University, Japan ....................................................................................... 7946

Erdt, Marius / Fraunhofer IDM@NTU, Singapore.......................................................................... 381

Erener, Arzu / Kocaeli University, Turkey ............................................................................ 3503,7831

Erickson, G. Scott / Ithaca College, USA ......................................................................................... 943

Eryılmaz, Mehmet Eymen / Uludağ University, Turkey ................................................................ 2998

Esfahanipour, Akbar / Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran ................................................ 4570

Esparza, Juan Carlos Moctezuma / Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo,

Mexico ........................................................................................................................................ 1277

Espy, Deborah D. / Cleveland State University, USA...................................................................... 5941

Essila, Jean C. / Northern Michigan University, USA..................................................................... 5345

Eteokleous, Nikleia / Frederick University Cyprus, Cyprus ................................................. 2492,6859

Eustáquio, Luís / Universidade do Porto, Portugal ....................................................................... 4146

Fadzil, Fadzlina Mohd / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia....................................................... 5378

Fahy, Patrick J. / Athabasca University, Canada............................................................................ 5829

Faily, Shamal / Bournemouth University, UK................................................................................. 5004

Fakhfakh, Sonda Bouattour / University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunisia ........................................... 7190

Fan, Qiuyan / Western Sydney University, Australia...................................................................... 3602

Fancott, Terrill / Concordia University, Canada ........................................................................... 7577

Fang, Edna Ho Chu / University of Malaya, Malaysia................................................................... 4382

Farahneh, Hasan / Ryerson University, Canada............................................................................ 6672

Farinosi, Manuela / University of Udine, Italy............................................................................... 2064

Farmer, Lesley S. J. / California State University – Long Beach, USA.......................................... 2477

Favre, Liliana Maria / Universidad Nacional Del Centro De La Provincia De Buenos Aires,

Argentina ................................................................................................................................... 7447

Fazlollahtabar, Hamed / Sharif University of Technology, Iran & National Elites Foundation,

Iran ............................................................................................................................................ 6825

Feng, Haoxian / University of Ottawa, Canada.............................................................................. 1757

Feraco, Antonio / Fraunhofer IDM@NTU, Singapore..................................................................... 381

Fernando, Xavier / Ryerson University, Canada ........................................................................... 6672

Fernando, Yudi / Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia................................................................

2802,5306,5327,5357,5378,5422,5446,5456,5465,5527,5550

Ferrari, Alberto / University of Parma, Italy ................................................................................. 2392

Ferrer, Gemma García / Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain ......................................................... 5767

Ferrero, Renato / Politecnico di Torino, Italy ................................................................................ 3989

Fessi, Boutheina / University of Carthage, Tunisia ........................................................................ 4849

Figg, Candace / Brock University, Canada..................................................................................... 3238

Figuerola, Paola / Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico ..................................................................................... 3794

Filtenborg, Jacob / Aarhus University, Denmark........................................................................... 2920

Fino, Emanuele / Psychologist, Psychometrician, Italy ................................................................. 7014

Firdhous, Mohamed Fazil Mohamed / University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka ........................ 1174,6556

Fisher, Joel / Department of State, United States Government, USA ............................................. 1017

Fisher, Robert Leslie / Independent Researcher, USA.................................................................... 4136

Fister Jr., Iztok / University of Maribor, Slovenia ......................................................................... 7348

Fister, Iztok / University of Maribor, Slovenia ............................................................................... 7348

Fitch-Hauser, Margaret / Auburn University, USA....................................................................... 6985

Flanagan, Patrick / St. John’s University, USA.............................................................................. 4619

Flanagan, Sara M. / University of Kentucky, USA ............................................................................ 266

Flor, Alexander G. / University of the Philippines, Philippines...................................................... 5077

Fokides, Emmanuel / University of the Aegean, Greece................................................................ 2616

Foresti, Gian Luca / University of Udine, Italy...................................................................... 2064,6195

Forge, John / Independent Researcher, Australia........................................................................... 3205

Forrest, Edward / University of Alaska Anchorage, USA .............................................................. 5748

Fowler, Angela / Erikson Institute, USA ......................................................................................... 7623

Fox, William P. / Naval Postgraduate School, USA......................................................................... 4594

Fragkogios, Antonios / University of Thessaly, Greece ................................................................. 5411

Franklin, Benjamin / Northumbria University, UK....................................................................... 1605

Freiman, Viktor / Université de Moncton, Canada .............................................................. 2314,7248

Fridman, Alexander Yakovlevich / Institute for Informatics and Mathematical Modelling, Kola

Science Centre of RAS, Russia ................................................................................................... 1995

Frydman, Antonia / The University of Texas at Austin, USA ........................................................ 6685

Fuchs, Matthias / Mid-Sweden University, Sweden ......................................................................... 349

Fuji, Kei / University of Tsukuba, Japan......................................................................................... 7946

Funes, Ana / Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina ................................................. 1919,7609

Furlong, Shauneen / University of Ottawa, Canada & John Moores Liverpool University,

UK .............................................................................................................................................. 3621

Galés, Maria Nieves Lorenzo / The Transformation Society, Spain............................................... 6488

Gallo, Crescenzio / University of Foggia, Italy ................................................................................ 440

Gallon, Ray / The Transformation Society, France......................................................................... 6488

Galloni, Ruggero / Square Reply S.r.l., Italy .................................................................................. 5004

Ganaie, Shabir Ahmad / University of Kashmir, India ......................................................... 2264,4515

Gandino, Filippo / Politecnico di Torino, Italy .............................................................................. 3989

Ganguly, Shromona / Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, India & Reserve Bank of India,

India................................................................................................................................... 6916,7234

Gani, Anisha Banu Dawood / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.............................................. 5306

García de Leaniz, Patricia Martínez / University of Cantabria, Spain......................................... 3183

García, Diego Marroquín / Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Mexico ..................... 1277

Garcia, Felix Buendia / Polythecnical University of Valencia, Spain............................................. 5787

García-Morales, Víctor / University of Granada, Spain ............................................................... 5775

García-Vaquero, Martín / Nebrija University, Spain .................................................................... 3020

Garg, Nishu / VIT University, India................................................................................................ 4528

Garland, Virginia E. / University of New Hampshire, USA............................................................ 2503

Garrido-Moreno, Aurora / University of Malaga, Spain.............................................................. 5775