International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science

International Encyclopedia

of Information and

Library Science

International Encyclopedia

of Information and

Library Science

Second edition

Edited by John Feather and Paul Sturges

First published 1997

Second edition published 2003

by Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

# 1997, 2003 Routledge

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted

or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,

mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter

invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any

information storage or retrieval system, without permission in

writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

International encyclopdia of information and library science/edited by

John Feather and Paul Sturges. – 2nd ed.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Information science–Encyclopedias. 2. Library science–Encyclopedias.

I. Feather, John. II. Sturges, R. P. (Rodney Paul)

Z1006 .I57 2003

0040

.03–dc21 2002032699

ISBN 0–415–25901–0

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.

ISBN 0-203-40330-4 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-40984-1 (Adobe eReader Format)

(Print Edition)

Contents

List of consultant editors

vii

List of contributors

viii

List of illustrations

xv

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgements xxi

How to use this book

xxii

List of abbreviations

xxiii

Entries A–Z

1

Index

662

Consultant editors

Christine Borgman

University of California at Los Angeles, USA

(American Consultant Editor)

Lynne Brindley

British Library, UK

Michael Koenig

University of Long Island, USA

Tamiko Matsumura

Tokyo, Japan

Julie Sabaratnam

National Library of Singapore

Peter Vodosek

Hochschule der Medien, Stuttgart, Germany

Trevor Wood-Harper

University of Salford, UK

Contributors

Alastair J. Allan

University of Sheffield, UK

J.L. Alty

Loughborough University, UK

James D. Anderson

Rutgers State University of New Jersey, USA

John Ashman

Glasgow University, UK

Raymond G. Astbury

Retired

David Avison

ESSEC Business School, France

K.G.B. Bakewell

Professor Emeritus, Liverpool

John Moores University

David R. Bender

Retired Executive Director, Special Libraries

Association

Raymond Be´rard

E´ cole Nationale supe´rieure des sciences de

l’information et des bibliothe`ques, Villeurbanne,

France

H.S. Bhola

Emeritus Professor, Indiana University, USA

Alistair Black

Leeds Metropolitan University, UK

Barry Bloomfield

Deceased, formerly of the British Library, UK

Andrew Booth

University of Sheffield, UK

R.T. Bottle

Deceased, formerly of the City University, UK

Ross Bourne

Retired, formerly of the British Library, UK

Russell Bowden

Retired

Alan Brine

Loughborough University, UK

Peter Brophy

Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Christine S. Bruce

Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Philip Bryant

Retired

Allan Bunch

Freelance writer/designer, Peterborough, UK

Juan Miguel Campanario

Universidad de Alcala, Spain

James V. Carmichael, Jnr

University of North Carolina at

Greensboro, USA

Kenneth E. Carpenter

Harvard University, USA

David Carr

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA

Roderick Cave

Retired

Tony Cawkell

Citech Ltd, Iver, UK

Andrew Chadwick

Royal Holloway, University of London, UK

Helen E. Chandler

Retired, formerly of Liverpool

John Moores University, UK

Michael Chaney

Loughborough University, UK

Liz Chapman

Taylor Institution, University of Oxford, UK

Robert W. Clarida, Esq

Partner, Cowan Liebowitz and Latman,

New York, USA

Miche`le Valerie Cloonan

Simmons College, USA

Nigel Clubb

National Monuments Record, English Heritage,

UK

John Y. Cole

Director, Center for the Book, Library of

Congress, USA

Michael Cook

Centre for Archive Studies, University of

Liverpool, UK

Alan Cooper

Library Association, UK

Gary Copitch

Manchester Community Information Network, UK

Sheila Corrall

University of Southampton, UK

Penny Craven

Independant consultant

Claire Creaser

Library and Information Statistics Unit,

Loughborough University, UK

M.J. Crump

British Library, UK

J.E. Davies

Loughborough University, UK

Maurice Davies

Deputy Director, Museums Association, UK

James Dearnley

Loughborough University, UK

Michael Dewe

Retired

Neil F. Doherty

Loughborough University, UK

Harry East

City University

Tamara Eisenschitz

City University, London, UK

Kai Ekholm

Helsinki University, Finland

David Ellis

University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK

Hilary Evans

Mary Evans Picture Library, UK

John Feather

Loughborough University, UK

Tom Featherstone

Retired

Stephney Ferguson

University of the West Indies

Rosa Maria Fernandez de Zamora

Biblioteca Nacional, Universidad Nacional

Autonoma de Mexico

CONTRIBUTORS IX

Guy Fitzgerald

Brunel University, UK

Michael P. Fourman

University of Edinburgh, UK

Maurice Frankel

Campaign for Freedom of Information, UK

Marcia Freed Taylor

University of Essex, UK

Thomas J. Froehlich

Kent State University, USA

John Furlong

Director of Legal Research and Education,

Matheson Ormsby Prentice, Dublin, Ireland

Brian K. Geiger

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA

Ekaterina Genieva

M. Rudomino Library for Foreign Literature,

Russia

Alan Gilchrist

CURAConsortium, UK

Peter Golding

Loughborough University, UK

Deborah L. Goodall

Universtiy of Northumbria at Newcastle

G.E. Gorman

Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Ellen Gredley

Queen Mary and Westfield College, University

of London, UK

Jose´-Marie Griffiths

Doreen A. Boyce Chair and Professor, University

of Pittsburgh, USA

Matthew Hall

Aston University, UK

Sigru´ n Klara Hannesdo´ttir

National and University Library of Iceland

Stevan Harnad

Centre de Neuroscience de la Cognition (CNC),

Universite du Que´bec a` Montre´al, Canada

Janet Harrison

Loughborough University, UK

K.C. Harrison

Retired

R.J. Hartley

Department of Information and Communications,

Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Ross Harvey

Charles Sturt University, Australia

Peter Havard-Williams

Deceased, formerly of the University

of Botswana

Robert M. Hayes

Professor Emeritus, University of California at

Los Angeles, USA

Mark Hepworth

Loughborough University, UK

Sheila Hingley

Canterbury Cathedral, UK

Birger Hjørland

Royal School of Library and Information Science,

Copenhagen, Denmark

Peter Hoare

Formerly of the University of Nottingham, UK

Susan Hockey

University College London, UK

Edward G. Holley

Professor Emeritus, University of North Carolina,

Chapel Hill, USA

Bob Hook

English Heritage, UK

Christopher J. Hunt

Retired, formerly of the University of

Manchester, UK

X CONTRIBUTORS

David Huxley

Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Peter Ingwersen

Royal School of Library and Information Science,

Denmark

Kalervo Ja¨ rvelin

University of Tampere, Finland

Nimal Jayaratna

Curtin University of Technology, Australia

Srec´ko Jelusˇic´

University J.J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Croatia

Rosalind Johnson

Freelance Consultant, UK

Simon Jones

Loughborough University, UK

W.A. Katz

State University of New York, USA

Stella Keenan

Retired

Don Kennington

Capital Planning Information Ltd, UK

Shaban A. Khalifa

University of Cairo, Egypt

Anis Khurshid

Pakistan

Margaret Kinnell

DeMontfort University, Leicester, UK

Joyce Kirk

University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Michael Koenig

College of Information and Computer Science,

University of Long Island, USA

Hannele Koivunen

Counsellor for Cultural Affairs, Ministry of

Education, Science and Culture, Docent at

the Helsinki University, Finland

Christine M. Koontz

Florida State University, USA

Kathleen Ladizesky

Retired, UK

Monica Landoni

University of Strathclyde, UK

Derek G. Law

Head of the Information Resources Directorate,

University of Strathclyde, UK

Yves F. Le Coadic

Conservatoire National des Arts et Me´tiers,

France

Peter W. Lea

Department of Information and Communications,

Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Diane Lees

Bethnal Green Museum of Childhood, UK

Ben Light

Information Systems Research Centre, University

of Salford, UK

Paul A. Longley

University College London, UK

Peter Johan Lor

National Library of South Africa, Professor

Extraordinary, Department of Information

Science, University of Pretoria

Mary Niles Maack

Department of Information Studies, University of

California at Los Angeles, USA

Scott McDonald

University of Sheffield, UK

Alan MacDougall

King’s College, London, UK

Kevin McGarry

Retired

Cliff McKnight

Loughborough University, UK

CONTRIBUTORS XI

Paul Marett

Legal author and Barrister

Ivo Maroevic´

University of Zagreb, Croatia

Geoffrey Martin

University of Essex, UK

Stephen W. Massil

Hebraica Libraries Group, London, UK

Graham Matthews

University of Central England, Birmingham, UK

Kingo Mchombu

University of Namibia

Jack Meadows

Loughborough University, UK

Elizabeth A. Melrose

North Yorkshire County Library Service,

UK

Michel J. Menou

Department of Information Science,

City University London, UK

Anne Morris

Loughborough University, UK

Ian Murray

Loughborough University, UK

Musila Musembi

Kenya National Archives

Eisuke Naito

Tokyo University, Japan

Alisande Nuttall

MDA, UK

Ann O’Brien

Loughborough University, UK

Pat Oddy

British Library, UK

Sherelyn Ogden

Minnesota Historical Society, USA

Robert E. Oldroyd

University of Nottingham, UK

Charles Oppenheim

Loughborough University, UK

David Orman

John Rylands University Library of Manchester,

UK

Elizabeth Orna

Orna Information and Editorial Consultancy, UK

Jim Parker

Registrar of Public Lending Right, UK

Nicola Parker

University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

John Pateman

Head of Libraries and Heritage, London Borough

of Merton, UK

David Pearson

Victoria and Albert Museum, UK

J. Michael Pemberton

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA

Jean Plaister

Retired

Niels O. Pors

Department of Library and Information

Management, Royal School of Library

and Information Science, Denmark

Martine Poulain

University of Paris, France

Alan Poulter

University of Strathclyde, UK

Ronald R. Powell

Wayne State University, USA

Derek J. Priest

Formerly of the University of Manchester, UK

Carol Priestley

Director, International Network for the

Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP),

UK

XII CONTRIBUTORS

Lyndon Pugh

Managing Editor, Multimedia Information and

Technology, UK

Claire Raven

Manchester Community Information Network, UK

Pamela S. Richards

Deceased, formerly of Rutgers State

University of New Jersey, USA

Mickey Risseeuw

Formerly of the International Translation Centre,

Netherlands

Louise S. Robbins

University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

William H. Robinson

US Congressional Research Service, Library of

Congress, USA

Ian Rogerson

Retired, formerly of Manchester Metropolitan

University, UK

Michael Roper

Former Keeper of the Public Records, UK

Hermann Ro¨ sch

Fachhochschule Ko¨ln/University of Applied

Sciences, Germany

Diana Rosenberg

Adviser on Books and Libraries, UK

Ian Rowlands

Centre for Information Behaviour and the

Evaluation of Research (ciber),

City University, London, UK

Julie Sabaratnam

National Library of Singapore

Goff Sargent

Loughborough University, UK

Ross Shimmon

Secretary General, IFLA, The Hague,

Netherlands

Deborah Shorley

University of Sussex, UK

David Slee

University of Hertfordshire, UK

Geoffrey Smith

Libraries and Book Trade Consultant,

UK

Inese A. Smith

Loughborough University, UK

Kerry Smith

Curtin University of Technology,

Australia

Linda M. Smith

Nottingham Trent University, UK

Marek Sroka

University of Illinois, USA

Derek Stephens

Loughborough University, UK

Valerie Stevenson

Faculty Information Consultant, Social Sciences

and Law, University of Aberdeen, UK

Frederick Stielow

Wayne State University, USA

Penelope Street

University of Liverpool, UK

John Sumsion

Loughborough University, UK

Elaine Svenonius

Professor Emeritus, Department of Information

Studies, UCLA, USA

Susan G. Swartzburg

Deceased, formerly of Rutgers State University of

New Jersey, USA

Mohamed Taher

Ontario Multifaith Center, Canada

Anne Taylor

British Library, UK

James Thomson

Retired, formerly of the University of

Birmingham, UK

CONTRIBUTORS XIII

Takashi Tomikubo

National Diet Library, Tokyo, Japan

Briony Train

University of Central England in Birmingham, UK

Daniel Traister

University of Pennsylvania, USA

Gwyneth Tseng

Retired, formerly of Loughborough University,

UK

Robert Usherwood

University of Sheffield, UK

John van Loo

University of Sheffield, UK

Sherry L. Vellucci

St John’s University, New York, USA

Waldomiro Vergueiro

University of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil

Giuseppe Vitiello

University of Venezia, Italy

Bill Webb

Retired

Sylvia P. Webb

Consultant, UK

Sheila Webber

University of Sheffield, UK

Darlene E. Weingand

Professor Emerita, University of

Wisconsin-Madison, USA

Gernot Wersig

Freie Universita¨ t Berlin, Germany

R.H.A. Wessels

Jupiter Bureau, Netherlands

Martin White

Managing Director, Intranet Focus Ltd,

UK

Andrew Whitworth

University of Leeds, UK

Wayne A. Wiegand

Florida State University, USA

Glenys Willars

Libraries and Information Service,

Leicestershire County Council, UK

Francis Wilson

University of Salford, UK

T.D. Wilson

Professor Emeritus, University of Sheffield,

UK

Kate Wood

Retired, formerly of the Library Association,

UK

Susi Woodhouse

President, International Association of

Music Libraries (United Kingdom and

Ireland Branch)

Hazel Woodward

Cranfield University, UK

Irene Wormell

Swedish School of Library and Information

Science

Patricia Jane Wortley

Retired

Zimin Wu

De Montfort University, UK

Penelope Yates-Mercer

City University, UK

XIV CONTRIBUTORS