Vấn đề bản thể luận trong triết học Phật giáo thời Trần

TRIET HOC, SO 7 (230), THAN G 7-2010

VAI\ DE BA \ THE LrAN

TIIONG TRIET HOC PHAT GIAO THdl TRAN

DO HUONG GIANG (*)

Trong bdi viit ndy, tdc gid dd ludn chdng de ldm rd rang, quan niem vi "bdn thi' cua triit

hgc Phdt gido ndi chung vd triit hgc Phdt gido thdi Trdn ndi rieng Id mdt quan niem mang tinh

ddc thil phuang Bdng, Id loqi quan niem vUdt len mgi nhi nguyen. Tuy cdc nhd thien hgc thdi

Trdn dung nhieu ten ggi khdc nhau dichi bdn thi, nhttng cd thi khdi qudt lai nhii sau: bdn the

ciing mdt ldc vita Id tdm thdc vda la vdt chdt. Bdn the ndy Id thttc tqi cudi ciing — la khdi

nguyen. Id cdi ngudn cua todn thi vu, tru. Nd xuyen sud't mgi vdt thi vdt chdt trong vu. tru vd

phdn chiiu trong tdm thdc con ngitdi dttdi dqng bd de, tue gide. TU bdn thi hay chdn nhU, do vo

minh, vgng ddng md xudt hien chiing sinh. Tdng chung sinh sau khi gidi thodt lai trd vi hba

nhdp vdi bdn thi tuyet ddi ndy. :: . t : uJ

•^) an the luan la mdt trong nhflng van de

] cd ban cfla mgi he thd'ng triet hgc nci

' ehung va tridt hgc Phat giao ndi rieng.

Nd la nen tang de giai quydt cac van de

khac cua triet hgc. Nghien cflu vi n dd ban

the luan trong triet hgc Phat giao thdi

Tran, cd the chia lam hai ngi dung ehinh:

khai niem hdn thi, md'i quan he gifla hdn

the va thi gidi hien tUdng.

1. Khai niem bdn the

Quan diem ve bdn the cfla Tri n Thai

Tdng la quan diem "Khdng". Khai.niem

"Khdng" (Sflnyata) trong quan niem ban

the eua Phat giao la thflc tai tuyet ddi, la

thflc the cfla vu tru. Nd khdng phai la mdt

tinh trang khdng ed gi ea, ma la ngudn gd'c

cfla ta't ea mgi ddi sd'ng, la cd't tfly cfla tat ca

dang hinh. Nd vfldt len nhflng khai niem

suy luan va khdng the md ta dfldc. Trong

bai tfla Phd thuyit tU scfn, dng viet: "Tfl dai

vd'n la khdng, ngfl uan cflng chang cd. Tfl

khdng khdi ra hfl vgng, tfl hfl vgng thanh ra

sac tfldng ma sac tfldng la tfl eai chan

khdng. The la hfl vgng tfl khdng, khdng lai

bieu hien thanh hu vgng, hu vgng sinh ra

mgi sac tudng"(l)- NhU vay, "Khdng" la coi

ngudn va nguyen khdi cfla toan bd the gidi

sfl vat, hien tfldng. "Khdng" d day la eai

tuyet dd'i, la thai hfl, chan te la khdng sinh

khdng hda, khdng cd tfldng eung khdng co

hinh, khdng cd diem khdi di u cflng khdng

cd diem ket thfle. Nghia la d trang thai

khdng cd dd'i lap, khdng cd mau thuan, sieu

viet len ti t ca, trang thai "vd sd tru".

Trong bai tfla Kim cUdng tam mugi kinh,

Trin Thai Tdng lai ggi 'Tain the" la "ban

tfnh", "chan tam" va da milu ta nhfl sau:

"Ban tinh sau tram, chan tam trong lang.

Khuyet trdn deu dflt, ndu khdng phai la

ngfldi trf thi khdng truy cflu den gieng mdi

eua nd. Nd khdng hdp, khdng tan, khdng mat,

khdng cdn. Mit va tai khdng the tim hinh

bdng, tieng vang cfla nd. Vi nd khdng phai

hflu cflng khdng phai vd, khdng dao cung

khdng tuc, no dgc tdn, sieu nhien, ngoai no

(*) Thac si. Trung tam Nghien eiiu Chinh tri. Vien

Phat trien ben viing viing Nam Bp.

(1) Din theo: Nguyin Hue Chi (Chi bien). Tha vdn

Ly - Trdn, t.2, quyen thiidng. Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi,

Ha Npi, 1989, tr.44. • • '!;;;i

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