Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành khoa học kỹ thuật

Louis De Plan

Ph. D., Eng

TlfiNG ANH

CHUYEN NGANH

KHOA HOC KY THUAT

• •

(E n g lish fo r S cien ce an d E n g in eerin g )

(Song nguf)

NHA XUAT BAN THE

1997

Tieng Anh Chuyen Nganh Khoa Hpc Ky Thuat

(English for Science and Engineering)

Louis D* Plan

Ph. D.t Eng

TIENG ANH

CHUYEN NGANH

KHOA HOC KY THUAT

• •

(English for Science and Engineering)

(Song nguf)

Bifen d|ch: Nguy&n V&n Dtf

Nguyin Dilng Phitfctag C&c

________ c ic ban KHKT

• Chuyfen vifen vikystf cac

ng&nh cdng chanh, xfty dtfng,

cd khi, di^n,M nekh6ne

nhA xuAt BAN TRE

1997

LCfl GlCfl THIEU

KHOA HOC KY TH UAT tOt Mu vln dUdc xem la m6t

nganh mui nhon trong c6ng cu§c xay dtfng va phat tri£n

dait nude. That vay, muon svia sang bo mat do thi, nang cap

he thong cau cong, dtfdng xa va xay dtfng nhtfng cong trinh

tarn cd co the so sanh dude vdi ntfdc ngoai, chung ta phai

nSm vilng nhtfng ky thuSt tien tien; muon thiet ke mot he

th6'ng sudi am hoSc dieu hoa khong khi hay lam lanh dat

yeu cau, chung ta cung phai dUa vao nhilng nguyen tAc cSn

ban trong quy trinh sinh nhiet, sinh han.

HcJn m2a, con nhieu van de chung ta hang quan tam va

lu6n tim ldi giai dap nhU: Stfc nang la gi? Dinh luat bao

toan nSng lUdng va Nguyen ly Carnot noi gi? May no van

hanh ra sao? Cong dung the nao? Biet bao van cfe dat ra

can dUdc giai dap ttfdng tan, nha't la do'i vdi nhilng sinh vien

ham hoc hoi va yeu thich KH KT, nhdng chuyen vien va ky

su tudng lai cua dat nirdc.

De dap dng yeu cau hoc hoi tren cua cac ban sinh vien

cung nhu de giup cac chuyen vien va ky sU khoa hoc ky

thuat co them tai lieu nghien cihi, tham khao de’ bo sung

kien thde chuyen mon cua minh, chung toi da chon lua va

cho bien dich quyen "TIEN G ANH CHUYEN NGANH KHOA

HOC KY TH UA T" (English for Science and Engineering).

Day la quyen sach co noi dung tUdng do’i phong phu, de cap

kha sau tdi tting khia canh chuyen mon cua mot so' de tai

chu yeu thuoc nganh KHOA HOC KY THUAT nhu: kien

true, cong chanh, cd khi, dien... Moi bai hoc la mot de tai

chuyen mon dude trinh bay ngan, gon va sue tich, dudi hinh

tilde mot bai doi thoai (Dialogue) hoac mot bai doc (Reading)

bao gom cac van de thiet yeu vdi cac thuat ngu KH KT lien

quan tdi de bai nham giup cac ban de dang ni&m bat nhdng

kien thde khoa hoc ky thuat mdi me va hien dai.

Ti£p theo do la phfin t$p dung thudt ngtf (Terminology

Practice) vdi nhieu cau thi du di£n hinh nham giup cac ban

nhanh chong lam quen va d£ dang nSm bat tat ca ltfdng tic

utfng va thudt ng\2 mdi, vijfa du<?c <f§ cap trong bai hpc Phan

nay that sU din thi£t cho vi£c hpc tap va tra cvhi d£ bd

sung cung nhu d£ cung c6' va nang cao kien thtfc chuyfen

m6n cua cac ban.

Cu6i m6i bai di&u co phan ki£m tra (Check-up) nham xem

lai va cung c6' nhtfng gi da ti§p thu dupe tif bai hoc.

Song cdng tac djch thuat gap khdng it kho khan, nhat la

vi cac thuat ngil K H K T bang ti£ng Vi$t chua dupe thdng

nhat, nen m ac du da c6’ gang nhffeu chac han chung toi cung

khdng sao tranh khoi nhtfng sai sot, mong doc gia nhi^t tinh

gop y xay dung de Ian tai ban tdi sach dtfdc hoan chinh

hdn.

n h A x u a t b a n t r e

CIVIL ENGINEERING

A. Dialogue

fr o Itssnr

Sludcnl

Professor

Siud* in

I’ntlessor

Sludcnl

I'roh ssor

St udcnl

I’rolcsso.

Sludcnl

1‘rolcssor

: Have a scat What can I Ho lor you ?

: I’m going to he an engineer, hut I’m having a little

trouble deciding which field to go into. Tne Dean

suggested that I nave a talk with you ahout the work ol

a civil engineer.

W ell, I don’t know how hepllul I can be, hut I II be

glad to give vou some general idea ol the field.

: Good. lhat^s just what I want.

: One ol the better known areas is construction

engineering. It deals with the construction ol all kinds

ol structures, like bridges, factories dams, and so on.

: Does it include the design ?

: Not necessarily. The structural engineer will usually do

thiN. I I is job, ol course, is to lollow the general design

and make sure that the structures are sound. He will

have to figure stresses and strains, si/e of beams, etc.

It’s a very demanding field, because it usually involves a

great deal ol mathematics.

: I see. What about water control, in general ?

: Oh, ves. This is an important field. It includes

problems in irrigation, flood control, and water supply

Another area, not so well known, is sanitarv

engineering, which deals with sewage and industrial

waste.

: Road building must also be an important field.

: And a very complex one. Transportation engineering

doesn’t involve only roads, by tne way. For instance,

airport design and contruction is a maior concern.

2

BAI 1

NGANH CONG CHANH

V. Doi thoai

G iao sit:

Sinh vien:

G iao sit:

Sinh vien:

G iao sit:

Sinh vien:

G iao sit:

Sinh vien:

G iao sit:

Sinh vien:

G iao sit:

McJi anh ngoi. T6i co the giup dupe gi cho anh?

E m s&p lam ky stf, nhtfng dang lung tung khong biet

nen quy£t djnh theo nganh nao. Th'ay Trtfdng Khoa de

nghj la em nen noi chuyen vdi giao stf ve cong viec cua

m 6t ky sir cong chanh.

Thoi dtfdc, toi khong biet co the giup anh dupe bao

nhieu, nhtfng t6i cung s&n long cho anh biet mot vai

khai niem ve nganh nay.

Da! Do chinh la dieu em mong muon.

Ky thuat xay dtfng van la mot trong nhtfng lanh vtfc

quen thuoc hdn. No bao g6m viec xay cat moi cd sd nhtf

cau, nha may, dap ntfdc, v.v..

The co gom luon ca hoa do khong?

Khong can. Ky stf ket Ceiu mdi can lam viec do. Cong

viec cua ong ta la theo doi toan the hoa do de chSc ch&n

la cac bo phan kien tao dieu vtfng chac. Ong ta phai

phong dinh stfc ep, do bien dang va kich thtfdc nhtfng

cav da v.v. Do la mot nganh doi hoi cao, vi no thtfcJng

lien quan nhieu tdi toan hpc.

A , ra the. Con sir kieni sodl niCdc, dai khai ra sao?

A. do la mot nganh quan trong. No gom cac van de dan

thuy nhap dien, ngSn ngCfa lut loi va cung cap ntfdc.

Con mot lanh vtfc khac ntfa, khong quen thuoc lam, la

nganh ve sinh xtf ly rac rtfdi trong cong ranh va rac

cong nghiep.

Xay dap dirong 16 chic cung la mot nganh quan trong.

Va rat phtfc tap ntfa. Nganh van tai khong phai chi lien

quan tdi dtfdng xa. Chang han nhtf do an va xay cat phi

trtfdng cung la dieu can phai ltfu y

3

Student : Do civil engineers usually work with a company ?

Professor : Usuallv, yes. There are large as well as small civil

engineering firms. Their size depends on the scale ol

the project they undertake. A smaller number of civil

engineers become what are known as consultant

engineerf Thev are experts in particular fields, and

thev are consulted bv larger firms on specific projects

Student : W ell, thank vou verv much.

Prolessor : O .K . Lots of luck in vour career.

B. Terminology Practice

beam : as used here, the horizontal support of a structure

The structural engineer will have to figure the size of beams.

The load on a beam determines its size and shape.

The stress on a beam is an important structural problem

civil engineer : an engineer whose specialty is the design and

contruction ol buildings, roads, harbors, irrigation systems, and

works of a similar nature

I w ant to talk with vou about the work of a civil engineer.

The term "civil engineer" was set up as a distinction from

the military engineer.

The civil engineer has often done work of pioneering nature.

consultant engineer : an expert in a specific field of engineering

whose function is to provide professional advice and services.

A small percentage of civil engineers become consultant

engineers. It is important that a consultant engineer be familiar

with modern developments.

It is often necessary for a firm to hire a consultant engineer.

dam : a barrier across water controlling its flow

What about dams?

The strength of a dam is an important design consideration

Dams can greatly affect wide geographical areas.

industrial waste : material left over from industrial production

Sanitary engineering deals with industrial wastes.

Strict laws govern tne handling of industrial wastes.

Industrial wastes often make our rivers impure.

4

Sinh vien: Ky sU cdng chanh c6 thtfdng lam vi£c cho mQt hang

n io khdng?

Giao sU: C6 chd. C6 rfit nhidu cdng ty thudc nganh cdng chanh

ldn cung nhu nho. Qui m6 cua cac cdng ty phu thuQc

vao quy md cua nhtfng dtf an ma cac ky sU dam nhi£m.

Mdt sd' it ky sU cdng chanh nd’i tid'ng mdi trc( thanh ky

su c 6 v£h. Hp la chuydn vidn gioi trong nhtfng lanh vtfc

chuydn mdn, vh hp thudng dupe cac cdng ty ldn hoi y

kidn vd nhtfng du an dac bi£t.

Sinh vien: Da, xin cam dn giao sU rat nhieu.

Giao sU: 0 . Chuc anh gap nhieu may man trong nghid.

B. Tap dung Thuat ngtf:

c&y da: dupe dung d day la cay dd ngang cua m§t cd scl xay cat.

Ky stf ke't cau phai phong djnh kich thudc cua nhtfng cay da.

Stfc nang tren cay da xac djnh kich thudc va hinh dang cua

cdy da do.

Stfc ep len cay da la nipt va'n de quan trpng trong kien true,

ky stf cdng chanh: ky sU chuydn ve do an va xay cat, hai eang,

hp thong dan thuy nhap dfen va nhtfng cdng trinh nha ctfa,

dudng xa co tinh chat tUdng tu.

Tdi muon trao doi vdi ong ve cdng viec cua mot ky sU cdng

chanh.

Thuat ngtf "ky su cdng chanh" dupe dat ra de phan biet vdi

cdng binh.

Ky su cong chanh thtfdng lam nhtfng cdng vipc cd tinh cha't

tien phong.

ky stf co v a n : chuyen vien cua m6t nganh ky thuat chuyen nganh

co nhiem vu dua ra y kien va nhtfng cdng viec trong nghe.

Chi mot ty le nho ky su cdng chanh trd thanh ky su co' v£h.

Dieu quan trpng la mot ky sU co' van phai am hieu nhtfng tien

bo nidi.

Xi nghiep thtfdng can phai thue ky su co' van.

d ap nufdc: mot btfc chan ngang de kiem che' dong nude.

Con cac dap nude the nao?

Do ben cua mot dap nUdc la diem lUu y quan trpng trong do

an.

Dap ntfdc anh htfdng ldn tdi cac mien dia du rong ldn.

r a c cd n g n g h ie p : vat lieu bo di trong ky nghp san xua't.

Nganh ve sinh xu ly rac cdng nghiep.

Co nhtfng luat le chat che xu: ly rac cdng nghiep.

Rac cong nghiep thtfdng lam 6 nhiem song ngoi chung ta.

5

irrigation the artificial watering ol land

ll includes problems in irrigation.

Irrigation plays an important role in agriculture.

Moods can sometimes be helplul lo irrigation,

sanitary engineering : a branch of civil engineering dealing with

sewage and waste problems

Another area, not so well-known, is sanitary engineering

The need to control disease was one ol the reasons lor tFie

development ot sanitary engineering.

Sanitarv engineering grew out ol a combination ol physical

and biological sciences,

sewage waste matter usuallv disposed ol In drains

Sanitary engineering deals with sewage.

The handling ol sewage is important in civic planning

Sanitary anrfstorm sewage sometimes lorm two separate

systems.

strain the chau^col shape or si/e of a body through the action ol a

lorce.

I le will have to figure strains

The strain of a body is sometimes also called the

deformation'

How much strain will occur in this case?

stress lorce between touching surfaces ol bodies, due to external

lorce

He will have to figure stresses.

The stress developed per unit ol area is c alled unit stress.

The study ol stresses is essential to an engineer

structure something construe ted, usually ol large si/e, the manner

ol construction; tne part of a construction responsible for its

strength

His job is to make sure that the structures are sound.

I hat bridge has an impressive- and beautiful structure.

The root structure ol this building is too we ak

transportation engineering the brancli of c ivil engineering draling

with the design and construction ol highways, railroads,'airports,

etc.

( )ne ol the- better know n areas is transportation engineering

The design ol roads is an important lield ol transportation

engineering.

I conomic and human problems are often involved in

transportation engineering.

1 n r u ifi boldface type (I'liCr m i t n i i i see o/o.v.Mri

6

d&n thuy nhap difen: cach thtfc nhfin tao dem ntfdc vao rudng

da't.

C6ng vi§c nay bao gom cac vfin <S& d in thuy nhap difen.

D in thuy nhap dien dong m6t vai tro quan trpng trong n6ng

nghiep.

Lut l$i d6i khi co the co ich cho viec d in thuy nhap dien.

nganh vfe sinh: m 6t nganh cua nganh c6ng chanh phu trach ve

' cong ranh va nhtfng vd'n de rac rtfdi.

MOt lanh vtfc khac, khong quen thupc lam, la nganh vp sinh.

Nhu cau kiem soat benh tat la m^t trong nhtfng ly do phai md

mang nganh ve sinh.

Nganh ve sinh phat sinh ttf stf ph6'i hop cua khoa vat ly va sinh

hpc.

rac trong cfeng ranh: chat thai thtfdng do cong ranh xtf ly.

Nganh ve sinh giai quyet rac trong cd'ng ranh.

Viec xtf ly rac trong cong ranh la mot ke hoach dan sU quan

trpng.

Nganh ve sinh va nganh vet rac trong cong ranh doi khi tach

ra thanh hai he thon^ rieng bipt.

stf bifen d a n g : stf bien doi hinh dang hay kich thtfdc cua mot v&t

do tac dung cua mot ltfc.

Ong ta se phai phong dinh stf bien dang.

Stf bien dang cua mot vat doi khi con gpi la stf meo mo.

Trong trtfdng hdp nay do bien dang xay ra la bao nhieu?

ap ltfc: ltfc d gitfa nhtfng be mat tiep xuc cua cac vat do nhtfng

ngoai ltfc tac dung len.

Ong ta se phai phong djnh ap ltfc.

Ap ltfc len mot ddn vi dien tich gpi la ddn vi ap ltfc.

Viec khao sat ve ap ltfc rat c&n thiet doi vdi mot ky stf.

c&'u tru e : mot cai gi dtfdc xay cat, thtfdng co kich thudc ldn; cach

thtfc xay c£t, thanh phin cua kien true chiu trach nhiem ve

do chac chan cua no.

Cong viec cua ong ay la bao dam rin g cac cau true deu chac

chan.

Cay cau kia co lo'i kien true nguy nga va dep.

Kien true mai cua ngoi nha cao tang nay yeu qua.

n g a n h v an ta i: mot nganh cua nganh cong chanh lien quan tdi

viec thiet ke va xay cat xa lo, dudng xe ltfa, phi trtfdng v.v...

Mot. trong nhtfng lanh vtfc rat. quen thuoc la nganh van tai.

Thiet ke dudng lo la mot nganh quan trpng trong nganh van

tai.

Nhtfng van de kinh te va nhan stf thtfdng lien quan den nganh

van tai

7

C. Check - Up (Kiem tra)

Insert the proper terms in the blanks

irrigation transportation engineer

sanitary engineering strain

consultant engineer industrial wastes

dam beams

1. This firm needs advice on a new project.

They’re hiring a ....................

2. This field deals with the disposal ol wastes.

It’s called ...............

S. The building didn’t have enough horizontal support.

T h e ............... were not strong enough.

4. That part of the country is ouite dry.

* ...............would make much ol it usable for agriculture.

5. Thev want to control the flow of water in that river.

They’re going to build a .............

6. The weight has changed the shape of this iron bar.

It has undergone a lot o f ...............

7. Thev re hiring a man to

He’s a ...........

8. The factories have made the river impure.

It’s full o f .............

s /

f .4

design an airport.

2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A. Dialogue

Professor

Student

Prolessor

Student

Professor

\ludenl

Pri itessor

Student

Prolessor

My secTetarv tells me that you’d like to know

something about mechanical engineering. What I can

do is give vou some idea of the variety of specialties

within the field

: I'd appreciate that verv much

: One ol the oldest mechanical engineering arras is

machine design. First, we need to know the purpose of

a particular machine, whether it’s a crane or a tool or a

steam engine. Then, it we know the loads that this

machine will carrv, we can make the most efficient use

of the materials we have.

: I see. Is heating included in this field?

: Oh, ves. Heating, refrigerating, and air conditioning

rely quite a lot on thermodynamics and theories of heat

transfer. The goal is to make the most efficient use of

power. This area can be quite involved with

mathematics.

: I ve heard of the Carnot cycle. Does this concern the

mechanical engineer?

: Very much so. The whole field of internal combustion

engines is based on the principles set out bv Carnot

The mechanic al engineer deals with two and lour c\i le

engines, gasoline and diesel engines, ga.s turbines, and

the like.

Isn’t that part of automotive engineering''

Yes. This is one ol our largest industries.

10

BAI 2

NGANH CO KHI

A. Doi thoai

Giao stf: Thtf ky cua tdi cho t6i hay la anh mud'n biet ve ky

thu$t cd khi. T6i chi co th& cho anh bi£t sd qua ve cac

loai chuyen m6n trong nganh.

Sinh vien: Thtfa, em rat cam kich ve viec nay.

Giao stf: M 6t trong nhtfng lanh vtfc lau ddi nhat cua nganh cd

khi la thiet ke may moc. Trtfdc het, chung ta phai biet

muc dich cua m6t chiec may cu the nao do, du no la

may can true, may c6ng cu hay may hdi ntfde. Rbi,

neu ta biet cong s u it ma may do van hanh, ta co the

stf dung htfu hieu nhat vat lieu ta co.

Sinh vien: A, ra the. Dot nong co thuoc lanh vtfc nay khong?

Giao stf: Co chd. Lam nong, lam lanh va dieu hoa khong khi

deu phai dtfa rat nhieu vao nhi£t d6ng hpc va nhtfng

nguyen ly tai nhiet. Muc dich la stf dyng nang ltfc htfu

hi£u nhat. Lanh vuc nay lien hp rat nhieu tdi toan

hoc.

Sinh vien: Em co nghe noi tdi chu ky Carnot. Chu ky nay co lien

quan gi tdi cong vi6c cua m6t ky stf cd ldii khong?

Giao stf: Lien quan nhieu lam chd. Toan the’ lanh vuc may no

(dong cd dot trong) deu dtfa theo nguyen tie do

Carnot de xtfdng. Ky stf cd khi lam viec vdi nhtfng

dong cd hai thi va bon thi, dong cd xang, dong cd

dieden, tua-bin khi va nhtfng dong cd thuoc loai do.

Sinh vien: Cai do khong phai la thanh phan cua ky thuat xe hdi

sao?

Giao stf: Phai. Do la mpt trong nhtfng ky nghe ldn nhat cua

chung ta.

11

Student : What about the aircraft industry ?

Professor : O f course Aeronautical engineering became a very

large field with the widespread use o f airplanes. Now ,

with space travel, it promises to grow even larger

Student : W ell, you’ve been most helpful, sir.

Professor : Not at all. Come in again.

B. Terminology Practice

aeronautical : having to do with aircraft.

Aeronautical engineering became a very large field with the

widespread use of airplanes.

The government recognized the importance of aeronautical

research.

Thermodynamics is important in aeronautical design

air conditioning : the process of regulating the temperature,

humidity, and purity of air entering an enclosure.

Air conditioning relies quite a lot on themodynamics.

Air conditioning is necessary for the operation of manv

laboratories.

The hot air outlets are also used for air conditioning in the

summer

autom otive : having to do with automobiles

Isn’t that part of the automotive industry ?

Automotive engineering has a great influence on the national

economv.^

The automotive engineer is always concerned with stresses

and strains.

Carnot cycle : a thermodvnamic cycle first described bv Carnot

I've heard of the Carnot cycle.

The Carnot cvcle assumes ideal conditions.

The Carnot cycle provides the greatest efficiency for turning

heat into work.

crane a machine lor raising, lowering, and shifting heavy weights

It we know the purpose of a crane, we can make the most

efficient use of the materials we have

Cranes are necessary in the construction of tall buildings

L lectricallv powered cranes have found a variety ot uses

12