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FM & PM-Sullivan (Ency) Vol.1.qxd 11/17/2004 2:42 PM Page i
FM & PM-Sullivan (Ency) Vol.1.qxd 11/17/2004 2:42 PM Page i
EDITORIAL BOARD
Geoffrey Alpert
University of South Carolina
Thomas Feltes
University of Applied Police Sciences, Spaichingen, Germany
Lorie A. Fridell
Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC
James J. Fyfe
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
David T. Johnson
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Peter K. Manning
Northeastern University
Stephen D. Mastrofski
George Mason University
Rob Mawby
University of Plymouth, U.K.
Mark Moore
Harvard University
Maurice Punch
London School of Economics, U.K.
Wesley G. Skogan
Northwestern University
FM & PM-Sullivan (Ency) Vol.1.qxd 11/17/2004 2:42 PM Page ii
FM & PM-Sullivan (Ency) Vol.1.qxd 11/17/2004 2:42 PM Page iii
Copyright © 2005 by Sage Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information:
Sage Publications, Inc.
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
E-mail: [email protected]
Sage Publications Ltd.
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London EC1Y 1SP
United Kingdom
Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
B-42, Panchsheel Enclave
Post Box 4109
New Delhi 110 017 India
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of law enforcement / Larry E. Sullivan, general editor.
p. cm.
A Sage Reference Publication.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7619-2649-6 (cloth)
1. Law enforcement—Encyclopedias. 2. Criminal justice, Administration of—Encyclopedias.
I. Sullivan, Larry E.
HV7921.E53 2005
363.2′0973′03—dc22
2004021803
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
04 05 06 07 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Acquisitions Editor: Jerry Westby
Associate Editor: Benjamin Penner
Editorial Assistant: Vonessa Vondera
Production Editor: Denise Santoyo
Developmental Editor: Yvette Pollastrini
Systems Coordinator: Leticia Gutierrez
Copy Editor: Liann Lech
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Indexer: Pamela VanHuss
Cover Designer: Michelle Lee Kenny
FM & PM-Sullivan (Ency) Vol.1.qxd 11/17/2004 2:42 PM Page iv
Contents
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LAW ENFORCEMENT,
VOLUME I: STATE AND LOCAL
List of Entries, vi
Reader’s Guide, ix
List of Contributors, xv
Introduction, xix
About the Editors, xxiii
ENTRIES A-Z
1–508
Master Bibliography, 509
Appendix: Law Enforcement News, A-1
Index, I-1
FM & PM-Sullivan (Ency) Vol.1.qxd 11/17/2004 2:42 PM Page v
vi
List of Entries
Accountability
Affirmative Action in Policing
Airport Security
America’s Most Wanted
Arrest
Arson Investigation
Art Theft Investigation
Assaults on the Police
Asset Forfeiture, State
Auxiliary/Reserve/Part-Time
Police
Ballistics
Body Armor
Bombs and Bomb Squads
Bondsman or Bail Agent
Bounty Hunter
“Broken Windows” or Incivilities
Thesis
Calls for Service
Campus Policing
Canine (K-9) Units
Chain of Custody
Chaplains
Chemical and Biological
Terrorism, Local Response to
Child Abduction Investigations
Child Molestation
Child Pornography
Child Welfare
Christopher Commission, The
Citizen Police Academies
Citizen’s Arrest
Civil Liability
Civil Rights Violations by Police
Civilian Complaint Review
Boards
Clearance Rates
Cold Case Investigations
Communications Interoperability
Community Policing
Community Relations
Complaints Against Police
Compstat
Computer Aided Dispatch
Computer Crime
Confessions
Consent Decrees
Coroner and Medical Examiner
Systems
Corruption/Integrity
Counterterrorism
Crime Laboratories
Crime Mapping
Crime Prevention Units
Crime Scene Investigation
Crime Statistics and Analysis
Crime Stoppers
Crisis Intervention
Crown Heights Report
Cultural Competency
Training/Sensitivity Training
Curfews
Depolicing
Detectives
Dispatch
DNA
Document Examiners
Domestic Violence
Enforcement
Drug Enforcement in the
United States
Drug Policy and Legislation
Drug Prevention Education
Drug Testing of Police
Drug Trafficking
Drunk Driving Enforcement
Duty Belt
Early Warning Systems
Education of Police
Electronic Surveillance
Emergency Services Units
Ethics
Evaluation of Officers
Evidence
Exclusionary Rules
Eyewitnesses
Fingerprints
Forensic Art
Forensic Science
Fraternal Organizations
Gangs Investigation
Gays in Policing
Geographic Information System
Gun Control
Hate Crimes, Law Enforcement
Response to
Hiring Standards for Police
Homicide Investigation
FM & PM-Sullivan (Ency) Vol.1.qxd 11/17/2004 2:42 PM Page vi
List of Entries——vii
Homicide Trends in the
United States
Hostage Negotiations
Hot Spots
Housing Police
Identity Theft and Identity Crimes
Immigrants (Policy Toward)
Informants
Information Technologies
Inspectors General
Interagency Cooperation . . . or Not
Internal Affairs
Interrogation
Investigative Techniques
Juvenile Crimes/Programs/Units
Knapp Commission, The
Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration
Law Enforcement Memorials
Lie Detection
Lineups
Loitering
McCone Commission, The
Mentally Ill, Police Response
to the
Militarization of American Police
Miranda Warnings
Misdemeanors
Missing Persons Investigations
Mollen Commission, The
Morale
Municipal Policing
National Crime Victimization
Survey
National Guard
National Incident-Based
Reporting System (NIBRS)
News Media and Police
Nonlethal Weapons
Organized Crime Control
Parole Officers
Patrol Methods, Tactics, and
Strategies
Patrol Shifts
Patrol Work
Peace Officers
Performance Evaluation of
Police Departments
Perp Walk
Physical Fitness and Training
Plain View Doctrine
Police Brutality
Police Code of Silence
Police Corps
Police Discretion
Police Explorers
Police Fiction
Police Management
Police Mediation
Police Misconduct
Police Museums
Police Officer Standards and
Training Commissions
(POST Commissions)
Police Officers’ Bill of Rights
Police Pursuits
Police Residency
Requirements
Police Shootings
Police Strikes/“Blue Flu”
Police Training in the
United States
Private Policing
Probable Cause
Probation Officers
Problem-Oriented Policing
Profiling, Criminal Personality
Profiling, Drug Courier
Profiling, Geographic
Profiling, Racial
Prosecutors
Psychologists/Psychological
Services
Public Perceptions/Attitudes
Toward Police
Quality-of-Life Enforcement
Quotas (Tickets, Arrests)
Race Relations
Radar
Rampart Investigation, The
Rank Structure
Repeat Offenders
Response Time
Restorative Justice
Riots/Demonstrations
(Response to)
Rural Police
School Crime/Security/Response
Search and Seizure
Search Warrants
Serial Murder Investigation
Sex Crime Investigation
Sexual Offender Civil
Commitment
Sheriffs
Special Jurisdiction Law
Enforcement Agencies
Special Victims Units
State Police
State Witness Protection Programs
Stop and Frisk
Stress
Suicide by Cop
SWAT Teams
Task Forces
Television (Police Shows)
Terrorist Groups, Domestic
Terrorist Groups, Foreign
Theories of Policing
Traffic Enforcement
Transit Police
Tribal Policing
Truancy
Undercover Operations
Uniform Crime Reports
Unions
Use of Force
Vehicle Searches
Victims, Police Response to
Video in Patrol Cars
Vidocq Society
Vigilantes
Violent Crime Control and Law
Enforcement Act of 1994
Volunteers
Weapons
Whistle-Blowing
Women in Policing, State and
Local
Zero Tolerance
FM & PM-Sullivan (Ency) Vol.1.qxd 11/17/2004 2:42 PM Page vii
ix
AGENCIES/ASSOCIATIONS/
ORGANIZATIONS
Academy of Criminal Justice
Sciences
Airborne Law Enforcement
Association
American Society of Criminology
Burns Detective Agency
Child Welfare
Commission on the Accreditation of
Law Enforcement Agencies
Crime Stoppers
Federal Law Enforcement Officers
Association
Fraternal Organizations
Hispanic American Police Command
Officers Association
International Association of
Campus Law Enforcement
Administrators
International Association of
Chiefs of Police
International Association of Women
Police
Mothers Against Drunk Driving
National Association of Women Law
Enforcement Executives
National Black Police Officers
Association
National Native American Law
Enforcement Association
National Organization of Black Law
Enforcement Executives
National Rifle Association
National Sheriffs’ Association
Police Executive Research Forum
Police Foundation
U.S. Police Canine Association, Inc.
CIVILIAN/PRIVATE
INVOLVEMENT
America’s Most Wanted
Bondsman or Bail Agent
Bounty Hunters
Burns Detective Agency
Citizen’s Arrest
Citizen Police Academies
Crime Stoppers
Militias
Pinkerton National Detective Agency
Police Explorers
Private Policing
Vigilantes
Volunteers
Wackenhut Corporation
Wells Fargo
COMMUNICATIONS
Calls for Service
Communications Interoperability
Computer-Aided Dispatch
Dispatch
Interagency Cooperation . . . or Not
Information Technologies
National Law Enforcement
Telecommunications Systems
Response Time
CRIME STATISTICS
Clearance Rates
Crime Statistics
Crime Statistics and Analysis
Homicide Trends in the
United States
National Crime Victimization
Survey
National Incident-Based Reporting
System (NIBRS)
Uniform Crime Reports
CULTURE/MEDIA
America’s Most Wanted
Law Enforcement Television
Network
Law Enforcement Memorials
National Law Enforcement
Memorial Fund
News Media and Police
Perp Walk
Police Fiction
Police Museums
Public Perceptions/Attitudes
Toward Police
Television (Cop Shows)
DRUG ENFORCEMENT
Asset Forfeiture, State
Comprehensive Drug Abuse
Prevention and Control Act
Reader’s Guide
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x——Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement: State and Local
Drug Enforcement in the
United States
Drug Enforcement Administration
Drug Policy and Legislation
Drug Prevention Education
Drug Testing of Employees
Drug Testing of Police
Drug Trafficking
Federal Drug Seizure System
Food and Drug Administration
Harrison Act
Marijuana Tax Act
Narcotics Control Act
Office of National Drug Control
Policy
Pure Food, Drink, and Drug Act
FEDERAL AGENCIES/
ORGANIZATIONS
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Police
Bureau of Immigration and Customs
Enforcement
Bureau of Industry and Security
Bureau of Land Management, Law
Enforcement
Bureau of Reclamation, Office of
Security, Safety, and Law
Enforcement
Critical Incident Response Group
Department of Health and Human
Services
Department of Homeland Security
Department of Justice
Diplomatic Security Service
Drug Enforcement Administration
Federal Air Marshal Program
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Law Enforcement Training
Center
Federal Protective Service
Financial Crimes Enforcement
Network
Fish and Wildlife Service
Forest Service, Law Enforcement
and Investigations
Inspectors General
Inspectors General, Offices of
Internet Fraud Complaint Center
Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration
Library of Congress Police
National Crime Information Center
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration
National Institutes of Health,
Department of Health and
Human Services
National Marine Fisheries Service,
Department of Commerce
National Public Safety Information
Bureau
National Security Agency
National Transportation
Safety Board
National Zoological (Smithsonian)
Park Protective Services
Nuclear Security, Department of
Energy
Office of Security, Central
Intelligence Agency
Office of Surface Mining
Reclamation and Enforcement
Pentagon Police
Secret Service
Tennessee Valley Authority Police
Transportation Security
Administration
U.S. Capitol Police
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Customs Service
U.S. Marshals Service
U.S. Postal Inspection Service
INTERNATIONAL LAW
ENFROCEMENT
Community Policing: A Caribbean
Case Study
Community Policing, International
EUROPOL
History of Police
International Criminal Justice
Mechanisms
International Police Association
International Police Cooperation
INTERPOL
Police and the U.N. Peace Missions
Police Corruption
Police Corruption, Strategies for
Combating
Police Structure:
Centralized/Decentralized
Police and Terrorism
Police Training: A Comparative
Perspective
Privatization of Police
Suicide by Cop: Comparative
Perspectives
United Nations and Criminal Justice
Policy
Women in Policing
INVESTIGATION
TECHNIQUES
American Society of Crime
Laboratory Directors
Ballistics
Ballistics Recognition and
Identification Systems
Combined DNA Index System
Coroner and Medical Examiner
Systems
Crime Laboratories
Crime Laboratory Accreditation
Crime Mapping
Crime Scene Investigation
Detectives
DNA
DNA Testing
Document Examiners
Encryption
Evidence
Fingerprints
Forensic Accounting
Forensic Art
Forensic Science
Geographic Information
System (GIS)
Information Technologies
Interrogation
Investigation Techniques
Lie Detection
Profiling, Criminal Personality
Profiling, Drug Courier
Profiling, Geographic
Task Forces
Undercover Operations
INVESTIGATION, TYPES OF
AMBER Alert
Arson Investigation
Art Theft Investigation
Child Abduction Investigations
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Reader’s Guide——xi
Child Molestation
Child Pornography
Cold Case Investigations
Computer Crime
Crime Scene Investigation
Domestic Violence Enforcement
Drunk Driving Enforcement
Gangs Investigation
Homicide Investigation
Identity Theft and Identity
Crimes
Missing Persons Investigations
Office of Criminal Investigations
Organized Crime Control
Serial Murder Investigation
Sex Crimes Investigation
Vidocq Society
INVESTIGATIVE
COMMISSIONS
Christopher Commission, The
Crown Heights Report
Knapp Commission, The
McCone Commission, The
Mollen Commission, The
National Advisory Commission
on Civil Disorders (Kerner
Commission)
National Commission on Law
Observance and Enforcement
(Wickersham Commission)
President’s Commission on Law
Enforcement and the
Administration of Justice
Rampart Investigation, The
LAW AND JUSTICE
Crimes, Federal Jurisdiction
Death Penalty, Federally Eligible
Crimes
Identity Fraud Complaint Center
International Criminal Justice
Mechanisms
Parole Officers
Peace Officers
Probation Officers
Prosecutors
Repeat Offenders
Restorative Justice
Theories of Policing
LEGISLATION/LEGAL ISSUES
Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act
Brady Handgun Violence
Prevention Act
Campus Safety and Security Acts
Children’s Online Privacy
Protection Act
Church Arson Prevention Act
Comprehensive Drug Abuse
Prevention and Control Act
Consent Decrees
Freedom of Information Act
Fugitive Felon Act
Gun Control
Gun Control Act
Harrison Act
Hate Crime Statutes
Hate Crimes, Law Enforcement
Response to
Hate Crimes Statistics Act
Immigrants (Policy Toward)
Mann Act
Marijuana Tax Act
Megan’s Law: Community
Notification of Registered
Sex Offenders
Motor Vehicle Theft Act
Narcotics Control Act
Omnibus Crime Control and
Safe Streets Act
Posse Comitatus Act
Privacy Act
Prohibition Law Enforcement
Pure Food, Drink, and
Drug Act
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations Act
Sex Offender Civil Commitment
USA PATRIOT Act
Violence Against Women Act
Violent Crime Control & Law
Enforcement Act (1994)
Volstead Act
MILITARY
Intelligence and Security Command,
Department of the Army,
Department of Defense
Militarization of American Police
Military Police, Department of the
Army, Department of Defense
Military Policing
National Guard
Naval Criminal Investigative
Service
U.S. Air Force Office of Special
Investigations
U.S. Air Force Security Police
U.S. Criminal Investigation
Command, Department of the
Army, Department of Defense
MINORITY ISSUES
Affirmative Action in Policing
Cultural Competency/Sensitivity
Training
Depolicing
Gays in Policing
Hate Crimes
Hate Crimes, Law Enforcement
Response to
Immigrant Law Enforcement
Immigrants (Policy Toward)
International Association of
Women Police
National Association of Women Law
Enforcement Executives
National Native American Law
Enforcement Association
National Organization of Black Law
Enforcement Executives
Profiling, Racial
Race Relations
Tribal Policing
Women in Federal Agency Law
Enforcement
Women in Federal Law Enforcement
Women in Policing, State
and Local
PERSONNEL ISSUES
Affirmative Action in Policing
Assaults on the Police
Body Armor
Cultural Competency/Sensitivity
Training
Drug Testing of Employees
Drug Testing of Police
Early Warning Systems
Education of Police
Evaluation of Officers
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xii——Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement: State and Local
Fraternal Organizations
Hiring Standards for Police
Morale
Patrol Shifts
Patrol Work
Physical Fitness and Training
Police Corps
Police Discretion
Police Management
Police Officers’ Bill of Rights
Police Residency Requirements
Police Shootings
Police Strikes/“Blue Flu”
Police Training in the
United States
Psychologists/Psychological
Services
Quotas (Tickets, Arrests)
Rank Structure
Stress
Unions
POLICE CONDUCT
Accountability
Assaults on Police
Civil Liability
Civil Rights Violations by Police
Civilian Complaint Review
Boards
Complaints Against Police
Consent Decrees
Corruption/Integrity
Early Warning Systems
Ethics
Evaluation of Officers
Internal Affairs
Police Brutality
Police Code of Silence
Police Discretion
Police Misconduct
Police Shootings
Suicide by Cop
Use of Force
Whistle-Blowing
POLICE PROCEDURES
Arrests
Canine (K-9) Units
Chain of Custody
Confessions
Duty Belt
Electronic Surveillance
Exclusionary Rule
Eyewitnesses
Hostage Negotiations
Informants
Interrogation
Lie Detection
Lineups
Miranda Warnings
Nonlethal Weapons
Plain View Doctrine
Police Discretion
Police Pursuits
Probable Cause
Search and Seizure
Search Warrants
Stop and Frisk
SWAT Teams
Undercover Operations
Use of Force
Vehicle Searches
Video in Patrol Cars
Weapons
POLICING STRATEGIES
“Broken Windows” or Incivilities
Thesis
Community Policing
Community Relations
Compstat
Curfews
Hot Spots
Loitering
Patrol Methods, Tactics, and Strategies
Performance Evaluation of Police
Departments
Police Discretion
Problem-Oriented Policing
Quality-of-Life Enforcement
Theories of Policing
Zero Tolerance
SAFETY AND SECURITY
Airport Security
Auxiliary/Reserve/Part-Time
Police
Burns Detective Agency
Campus Policing
Emergency Services Units
National Domestic Preparedness
Office
National Guard
Peace Officers
Pinkerton National Detective
Agency
Private Policing
School Crime/Security/Response
Special Jurisdiction Law
Enforcement Agencies
Wackenhut Corporation
SPECIALIZED LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
Amtrak Police
Campus Policing
Chaplains
Child Welfare
Housing Police
Inspectors General
Municipal Policing
National Guard
Peace Officers
Private Policing
Railroad Policing
Rural Policing
School Crime/Security/Response
Sheriffs
Special Jurisdiction Law
Enforcement Agencies
State Police
Transit Police
Tribal Policing
TACTICS
Arrests
Bombs and Bomb Squads
Canine (K-9) Units
Counterterrorism
Crime Mapping
Crime Prevention Units
Crisis Intervention
Duty Belt
Emergency Services Units
Geographic Information Systems
Hostage Negotiations
Juvenile Crimes/Programs/Units
Mentally Ill, Police Response to
Militarization of American Police
Misdemeanors
Nonlethal Weapons
Police Mediation
Radar
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Reader’s Guide——xiii
Riots/Demonstrations,
Response to
Special Victims Unit
Stop and Frisk
SWAT Teams
Task Forces
Traffic Enforcement
Truancy
Use of Force
Vehicle Searches
Weapons
TERRORISM
Chemical and Biological Terrorism,
Local Response to
Counterterrorism
Department of Homeland
Security
Emergency Services Units
Terrorist Groups, Domestic
Terrorist Groups, Foreign
USA PATRIOT Act
VICTIMS/WITNESSES
Crisis Intervention
Eyewitnesses
Federal Witness Protection Program
Lineups
National Crime Victimization
Survey
Special Victim Units
State Witness Protection Programs
Victims, Police Response to
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xv
Acker, James R.
State University of New York–Albany
Agatino, Daniel
Munmouth University
Almeida, Bryant Daniel
New York County District
Attorney’s Office
Alpert, Geoffrey P.
University of South Carolina
Amendola, Karen L.
Police Foundation
Bailey, Frankie Y.
State University of New York–Albany
Bartlett, Dennis Alan
NABIC
Belcher, Ellen H.
John Jay College
Blumstein, Alfred
Carnegie Mellon University
Bracey, Dorothy H.
John Jay College
Braga, Anthony A.
Harvard University
Brooks, Marvie
John Jay College
Brotherton, David
John Jay College
Burke, Tod W.
Radford University
Byrne, Dara N.
John Jay College
Canavan, Francis P.
Pact Training LLC
Capeci, Jerry
The New York Sun
Carrel, Barbara Goldman
John Jay College
Carter, David L.
Michigan University
Chermak, Steven
Indiana University
Clear, Todd R.
City University of
New York
Clowers, Marcia
John Jay College
Cohen, John D.
PS Comm LLC
Cole, Simon A.
University of California–Irvine
Collica, Kimberly
Monroe College
Collins, Judith M.
Michigan State University
Curro, Isabelle L.
John Jay College
Curtis, Ric
John Jay College
De Forest, Peter
John Jay College
DeMaio, Enrico
St. John’s University
Diamond, Drew
Police Executive Research Forum
Dine, Kim C.
Frederick, Maryland Police Dept.
Donovan, Pamela
Bloomsberg University
D’Ovidio, Rob
Drexel University
Doyle, James R.
Guidance Software
Drylie, James J.
West Orange, New Jersey, Police
Department
List of Contributors
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xvi——Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement: State and Local
Dulin, Adam
Sam Houston State University
Dunham, Janice K.
John Jay College
Edge, Christine Ivie
Georgia Southern University
Egger, Steven A.
University of Houston–Clear Lake
Feinberg, Lotte E.
John Jay College
Forst, Brian
American University
Fridell, Lorie
Police Executive Research Form
Frost, Natasha A.
State University of
New York–Westbury
Fyfe, James J.
John Jay College
Geberth, Vernon J.
P.H.I. Investigative Consultants, Inc
Giblin, Matthew J.
York College of Pennsylvania
Gibson, Camille
Prairie View A&M University
Goldstock, Ronald
New York University
Gormley, Paula
John Jay College
Grant, Heath B.
John Jay College
Green, Nicole R.
John Jay College
Greenberg, Martin Alan
State University of New York–Ulster
Greene, Dana
John Jay College
Gross, Gretchen
John Jay College
Jeff Gruenewald
Indiana University
Haberfeld, Maria (Maki)
John Jay College
Hadfield, Karyn
John Jay College
Hecht, Michelle R.
Indiana University
Heffernan, William C.
John Jay College
Hemmens, Craig
Boise State University
Henry, Vincent E.
Pace University
Herman, Susan
National Center for Victims of Crime
Holden, Richard N.
Central Missouri State University
Holland, Kim
University of Arkansas–Little Rock
Horan, James J.
John Jay College
Horne, Peter
Mercer County Community College
Hummer, Don
University of Massachusetts–Lowell
Hurban, Holly
John Jay College
Ijames, Steve
Springfield, Missouri, Police
Department
Jacobson, Michael
John Jay College
Jones-Brown, Delores D.
John Jay College
Jordan, Casey
Western Connecticut State University
Kaminski, Robert J.
University of South Carolina
Karmen, Andrew
John Jay College
Kelling, George
Rutgers University
Kenney, Dennis
John Jay College
Kessler, Rachel A.
John Jay College
King, Joseph F.
John Jay College
Kiriakova, Maria
John Jay College
Kleinig, John
John Jay College
Klinger, David A.
University of Missouri–St. Louis
Klockars, Carl B. (deceased)
University of Delaware
Kobilinsky, Lawrence
John Jay College
Kraska, Peter B.
Eastern Kentucky University
Lab, Steven P.
Bowling Green State University
Latzer, Barry
John Jay College
LeBeau, James L.
Southern Illinois
University–Carbondale
Levine, James P.
John Jay College
Linn, Edith
Kean State University
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