State of the nation - South Africa 2007 pdf

South Africa 2007

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SoN 2007 Half Title 2.pdf 10/6/2006 1:06:05 PM

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South Africa 2007

Edited by Sakhela Buhlungu, John Daniel,

Roger Southall & Jessica Lutchman

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Published by HSRC Press

Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa

www.hsrcpress.ac.za

First published 2007

ISBN 978-0-7969-2166-6

© 2007 Human Sciences Research Council

The views expressed in this publication are those of the

authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies

of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or

indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors.

In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to

attribute the source of the information to the individual

author concerned and not to the Council.

Copyedited by Vaun Cornell and Lee Smith

Typeset by Christabel Hardacre

Cover photograph by Mandla Mnyakama of Iliso Yabantu

Print management by comPress

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Contents

List of tables viii

List of figures x

Foreword xiii

Acronyms xv

Introduction

The ANC state, more dysfunctional than developmental? 1

Roger Southall

Part 1: Politics

Introduction 27

1 The state of the African National Congress 35

Anthony Butler

2 Taking to the streets: has developmental local government

failed in South Africa? 53

Doreen Atkinson

3 ‘Things fall apart, can the centre hold?’ The state of coalition

politics in the Cape Metropolitan Council 78

Zwelethu Jolobe

4 Municipal elections 2006: protests, independent candidates

and cross-border municipalities 95

Mcebisi Ndletyana

5 A silent revolution: South African voters, 1994–2006 114

Collette Schulz-Herzenberg

6 Local government budgets and development: a tale of two towns 146

Neva Seidman Makgetla

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Part II: Economy

Introduction 171

7 Disability and welfare in South Africa’s era of

unemployment and AIDS 179

Nicoli Nattrass

8 The ANC, black economic empowerment and state-owned

enterprises: a recycling of history? 201

Roger Southall

9 Technological choices in South Africa: ecology, democracy

and development 226

David Fig

10 Old victories, new struggles: the state of the National Union

of Mineworkers 245

Andries Bezuidenhout and Sakhela Buhlungu

11 Rainbow, renaissance, tribes and townships: tourism and

heritage in South Africa since 1994 266

Heather Hughes

12 The promise and the practice of transformation in

South Africa’s health system 289

Helen Schneider, Peter Barron and Sharon Fonn

13 Public hospitals in South Africa: stressed institutions,

disempowered management 312

Karl von Holdt and Mike Murphy

Part III: Society

Introduction 345

14 ‘Some of us know nothing except military skills’:

South Africa’s former guerrilla combatants 351

Lephophotho Mashike

15 The state of South Africa’s prisons 379

Julia Sloth-Nielsen

16 ‘Truck and trailer’: rugby and transformation in South Africa 402

Ashwin Desai and Zayn Nabbi

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17 Violence against women in South Africa 425

Lisa Vetten

18 Kingdom deferred? The churches in South Africa, 1994–2006 448

Anthony Egan

19 Improving learner achievement in schools: applications

of national assessments in South Africa 470

Anil Kanjee

Part IV: South Africa in Africa

Introduction 503

20 South Africa in Africa: trends and forecasts in a changing

African political economy 508

John Daniel, Jessica Lutchman and Alex Comninos

21 South Africa in the DRC: renaissance or neo-imperialism? 533

Claude Kabemba

22 The Zimbabwean community in South Africa 552

Elinor Sisulu, Bhekinkosi Moyo and Nkosinathi Tshuma

Contributors 575

Index 576

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List of tables

Table 1 Racial composition of the civil service, 1993 and 2003 7

Table 5.1 Aggregate electoral results, 1994–2004 116

Table 5.2 Registration, turnout and percentage of voting age population

(VAP) voting for governing party and opposition 117

Table 5.3 ANC identifiers in each social group, by percentage 128

Table 5.4 Opposition identifiers in each social group, by percentage 128

Table 5.5 Independents in each social group, by percentage 129

Table 5.6 Government performance evaluations: identifiers vs.

non-identifiers among black Africans by percentage, 2000 131

Table 5.7 Comparison of turnout as percentage of registered voters 136

Table 5.8 Provincial turnout at local elections as percentage of

registered voters 137

Table 6.1 Average expenditure per person per year by quintile of

municipalities, 2004 150

Table 6.2 Racial composition of population by municipality income

quintile, 2001 151

Table 6.3 Municipal employment by groups of province, 2003 153

Table 6.4 The cost of senior municipal management, 2004 155

Table 6.5 Access to water and sanitation by percentage within quintiles of

municipalities, 2001 156

Table 6.6 Percentage of households with access to selected services by

district-council quintile, 1996 and 2004 158

Table 6.7 Incomes, employment and household expenditure by

district-council quintile, 2004 159

Table 6.8 Access to free basic services by district-council quintile, 2003 159

Table 7.1 The negative impact on household income of the cancellation

of a disability grant in rand, different scenarios 193

Table 10.1 NUM membership data by region and sector, 2004 250

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Table 12.1 Public sector personnel in Mpumalanga and Western Cape

per 100 000 population, 1994 293

Table 12.2 Supply of health professionals working in provincial

health services and percentage decline, 1996–2003 298

Table 12.3 Training of professional nurses in nursing colleges and universities

for a four-year comprehensive course, 1996–2004 299

Table 12.4 Examples of programmatic interventions since 1994 303

Table 13.1 Resource allocations at public hospitals in Gauteng,

KwaZulu-Natal and North West provinces 316

Table 15.1 Number of prisons in South Africa, 2005 382

Table 15.2 Offence profile of sentenced prisoners by number and

percentage 387

Table 18.1 Christian denominations in South Africa by size,

Census results 451

Table 19.1 Participation of South Africa in international/regional

studies 474

Table 19.2 Analysis of the literacy task at national level by different

domains 477

Table 19.3 Total number of days lost across sample schools during

the school year, by percentage 478

Table 19.4 Learner percentage scores by socio-economic status 486

Table 20.1 Rand value of South African exports by region and

percentage change, 2002–05 515

Table 20.2 Rand value of South African imports by region and

percentage change, 2003–05 516

Table 20.3 South Africa’s top ten African trading partners 517

Table 22.1 Experiences by Zimbabweans under various authorities 564

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List of figures

Figure 2.1 National transfers to local government 59

Figure 5.1 Partisans vs. non-partisans among South African voters,

1994–2004 119

Figure 5.2 Direction of partisanship among South African voters,

1994–2004 120

Figure 5.3 Partisans by racial group 122

Figure 5.4 Partisanship by urban vs. rural voters 122

Figure 5.5 Partisanship among South African voters by age group 123

Figure 5.6 Partisanship among South African voters by class group 125

Figure 5.7 ANC partisans among South African voters across

class groups 127

Figure 6.1 Access to basic water and sanitation by race, 1996 and 2004 148

Figure 6.2 Access to basic electricity for cooking and lighting by race, 1996

and 2004 148

Figure 6.3 Households with access to basic services in predominantly

homeland and other areas, 1996 and 2004 149

Figure 6.4 Shares in total municipal revenue by quintile, 2004 151

Figure 6.5 Sources of municipal revenue by quintile, 2004 153

Figure 6.6 Municipal revenue from services by quintile, 2004 154

Figure 6.7 Municipal expenditure by quintile, 2004 154

Figure 6.8 Share of district-council quintiles in new infrastructure

and expansion in social grants, 1996 to 2004 157

Figure 7.1 A comparative perspective on AIDS and unemployment 180

Figure 7.2 National strict unemployment rates 182

Figure 7.3 Labour market participation and the disabled adult 189

Figure 11.1 Foreign tourist arrivals to South Africa, 1965–2004 270

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Figure 12.1 Framework for the performance of health systems 290

Figure 12.2 Top 20 causes of death in South Africa by percentage, 2000 301

Figure 15.1 Total prison population in South Africa, 1995–2005 385

Figure 19.1 Literacy results by province for the South African MLA study 476

Figure 19.2 Literacy results by location of schools 477

Figure 19.3 Learner–classroom ratio by province 478

Figure 19.4 Grade 3 systemic evaluation results by learning area

and province 480

Figure 19.5 Access to resources at home by province 481

Figure 19.6 Language achievement by home language and province 483

Figure 19.7 National achievement levels for LOLT, mathematics

and natural sciences 484

Figure 19.8 ‘AQEE to improve learning’ model 485

Figure 19.9 School resources by province and learning area 485

Figure 19.10 Learner performance by participation in class 487

Figure 20.1 South African investments in the rest of Africa, 1997–2004 511

Figure 20.2 Selected investing countries in Africa, 1994–2004 512

Figure 20.3 South African investment in Africa by country 513

Figure 20.4 South African foreign direct investment by country

(without the Grand Inga) 513

Figure 20.5 Sectoral breakdown of South African foreign direct

investment in Africa 514

Figure 20.6 Sectoral view of South African foreign direct investment

into Africa 514

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Foreword

In February 2006, a number of researchers from the Human Sciences Research

Council (HSRC) and I had the opportunity to participate in the First International

Forum on the Social Science–Policy Nexus held under the aegis of Unesco’s

Management of Social Transformations Programme. The Forum was billed as, and

proved to be, an innovative space for dialogue between researchers, policy-makers

and policy activists from various parts of the world. In the South African context,

the fourth edition of State of the Nation continues the tradition of being a regular

contribution to such a dialogue, and a stimulus to informed and wide-ranging

debate.

The original essays in this edition on South African politics, economy, society and

international relations are a testament to the intensity of discussion that swirls

around the major challenges that face the government and people of South Africa.

The interpretations of our situation that are offered here are hugely diverse,

including some which are strongly critical of government policies and state insti￾tutions. However, all the authors have sought to interpret their topics based upon

both historical understanding and empirical research; and the essays reflect a

nuanced take on aspects of the state of the nation. In keeping with its commitment

to ‘social science that makes a difference’ the HSRC is proud to present the selec￾tion of views contained in this edition of State of the Nation. Neither the introduc￾tory editorials nor the perspectives presented in the individual chapters represent

the views of the organisation and, as is the case with all publications from the

HSRC, the editorial independence of these publications – including the State of the

Nation – is respected and upheld as a matter of principle.

I would like to record our gratitude to the four donor organisations that continue

to provide solid support to our flagship project in the nexus of social science and

policy. Atlantic Philanthropies, the Charles Mott Foundation and the Ford

Foundation provided the generous financial assistance which enabled the compi￾lation and production of this publication. Equally important has been the contri￾bution of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation which organised and financed the

‘launch-workshops’ which allow us to engender debate well beyond the academy.

In this regard, an important initiative this year is our launch of the Isolezwe (Eyes

of the Nation) Project, whereby our cover photograph is the winner of a competi￾tion, conducted this year by Iliso Labantu (Eyes of the People). The latter are a

Cape Town-based, informal, self-help group of township street photographers and

enthusiasts who for the last four years have been working together to promote their

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members’ technical and business skills, and hence to improve their employment

opportunities. The Isolezwe Project presented participants with the challenge of

providing a photograph which, in the view of an expert panel of judges, best

depicts ‘the state of the nation’ at the present time and which could hence be used

on the cover of the volume. The photographs submitted by the competition’s

entrants were of a very high quality, and we will be proud to present the best ten

to the general public when we conduct the volume’s ‘launch-workshops’ around

the country. However, a special word of congratulation is due to Mandla

Mnyakama, the winner of our first competition, whose remarkable photograph

adorns the cover of the present collection. I would also like to thank the expert

judges who provided freely of their time and enthusiasm. On the basis of our

encouraging experience this year, we are hoping to widen the competition to other

parts of the country in the future.

The success of State of the Nation is in large measure due to the commitment and

effort of the current editorial team consisting of Sakhela Buhlungu (University of

the Witwatersrand) and John Daniel, Roger Southall and Jessica Lutchman of the

HSRC. To all of them, I express my sincere gratitude. The fact that John Daniel and

Roger Southall are also the founding editors of State of the Nation – together with

Adam Habib – speaks for itself. Thank you all for a highly successful project. Garry

Rosenberg, Mary Ralphs, Karen Bruns, and all of the staff of the HSRC Press have

also played their part in ensuring the success of the project and I convey the appre￾ciation of their colleagues.

With an eye focused on both past and future editions of State of the Nation, I would

like to quote from the Buenos Aires Declaration of the International Forum on the

Social Science–Policy Nexus:

We thus state our conviction that better use of rigorous social science

can lead to more effective policies and outcomes. Such use requires

strengthening linkages between the social sciences and policies for

social and economic development. For the knowledge that the social

sciences seek is precisely the knowledge that policy needs. The world

needs new forms of interaction between social scientists and policy

actors – and innovative spaces to make them possible.

The State of the Nation is a mechanism for dialogue and public debate in this space.

Dr Olive Shisana

President and Chief Executive Officer,

HSRC

STATE OF THE NATION: SOUTH AFRICA 2007

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Acronyms

ACDP African Christian Democratic Party

Acsa Airports Company of South Africa

AFDL Alliance des forces democratiques pour la liberation du Congo

AIC African Initiated Church

AMP African Muslim Party

AMWU African Mineworkers’ Union

ANC African National Congress

AP assessment panel

APF Anti-Privatisation Forum

Apla Azanian People’s Liberation Army

APLAMVA Apla Military Veterans’ Association

AQEE access, quality, efficiency & equity

ART antiretroviral therapy

ARV antiretroviral

ASGISA Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa

BAe British Aerospace

BEE black economic empowerment

BIG basic income grant

CASE Community Agency for Social Enquiry

CBM cross-boundary municipality

CCR Centre for Conflict Resolution

CEO chief executive officer

CGE Commission on Gender Equality

CHB Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital

CMC Case Management Committee

Cosatu Congress of South African Trade Unions

CPLO Catholic Parliamentary Liaison Office

CPN chief professional nurse

DA Democratic Alliance

DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa

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