State of the Nation - South Africa 2005-2006 potx

Edited by Sakhela Buhlungu, John Daniel,

Roger Southall & Jessica Lutchman

South Africa 2005–2006

STATE

OF THE NATION

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First published in South Africa by HSRC Press

Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa

www.hsrcpress.ac.za

Published in the rest of the world by Michigan State University Press

East Lansing, Michigan, 48823-5202, United States of America

© 2006 Human Sciences Research Council

First published 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

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Contents

List of tables vi

List of figures ix

Foreword xi

Mark Orkin

Acronyms xiii

Introduction: can South Africa be a developmental state? xvii

Roger Southall

Part I: Politics

Introduction 3

1 Putting numbers to the scorecard: presidential targets and

the state of delivery 11

David Hemson and Michael O’Donovan

2 Towards a Constitution-based definition of poverty in

post-apartheid South Africa 46

Wiseman Magasela

3 Delivery and disarray: the multiple meanings of land restitution 67

Cherryl Walker

4 Assessing the constitutional protection of human rights in

South Africa during the first decade of democracy 93

Karthy Govender

5 More than a law-making production line? Parliament and its

oversight role 123

Judith February

6 The state of the national gender machinery: structural

problems and personalised politics 143

Amanda Gouws

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Part II: Economy

Introduction 169

7 Black empowerment and present limits to a more democratic

capitalism in South Africa 175

Roger Southall

8 The state of labour market deracialisation 202

Percy Moleke

9 The state of the informal economy 223

Richard Devey, Caroline Skinner and Imraan Valodia

10 Work restructuring and the future of labour in South Africa 248

Sakhela Buhlungu and Eddie Webster

11 The state of research and experimental development:

moving to a higher gear 270

Michael Kahn and William Blankley

Part III: Society

Introduction 299

12 The state of South Africa’s cities 303

Bill Freund

13 Guns and the social crisis 333

Jacklyn Cock

14 The Chinese communities in South Africa 350

Janet Wilhelm

15 Winning the Cup but losing the plot? The troubled state

of South African soccer 369

Merryman Kunene

16 The state of mathematics and science education:

schools are not equal 392

Vijay Reddy

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Part IV: South Africa in the world

Introduction 419

17 South Africa’s evolving foreign trade strategy:

coherence or confusion? 427

Jesmond Blumenfeld

18 South Africa’s relations with the People’s Republic of China: mutual

opportunities or hidden threats? 457

Sanusha Naidu

19 South Africa in Africa: scrambling for energy 484

John Daniel and Jessica Lutchman

Contributors 510

Index 513

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STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006

vi

List of tables

Table 1.1 Scorecard on the RDP 19

Table 1.2 Anticipated housing delivery and backlog 24

Table 1.3 Percentage of households with access to public electricity

supply 29

Table 1.4 Household electrification 30

Table 1.5 Incidence of malaria reported 34

Table 1.6 Actual and targeted staffing levels of SAPS 35

Table 2.1 Comparison of selected poverty lines for South Africa, 1993 54

Table 3.1 Restitution budget, 1997/98–2005/06 (R’000s) 71

Table 3.2 National progress on settling claims, April 1995–

March 2005 72

Table 3.3 Provincial breakdown for lodged claims 76

Table 3.4 Provincial breakdown of settled claims as of February 2005 77

Table 3.5 National settled claims by locality and settlement type,

February 2005 78

Table 3.6 Claims requiring settlement, by regional office of the

Commission, February 2005 78

Table 3.7 Categories and scale of land dispossession, 1960–1983 83

Table 7.1 Share ownership on the JSE by percentage of market

capitalisation 182

Table 7.2 Financial Mail’s top 20 businesspeople in South Africa,

2003 192

Table 7.3 Selected BEE deals, 2004 193

Table 8.1 Distribution of workers within sectors, by percentage, race and

skills level 206

Table 8.2 Distribution of workers in occupational groups, percentage by

race, 2001–03 208

Table 8.3 Racial distribution of managers by age groups, 2004 210

Table 8.4 Distribution of workers, percentage by race and gender within

skill levels, 2002–04 210

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vii

Table 8.5 Highest level of education among those aged 20 and older,

percentage by race, 2001 216

Table 8.6 Degrees, diplomas, and certificates awarded by public

universities, percentage by race and field of study, 2002 217

Table 8.7 Proportion of workers trained in relation to total employees by

race group and occupational category 219

Table 9.1 Formal and informal employment – definitional

differences 229

Table 9.2 Informal employment as a proportion of non-agricultural

employment 229

Table 9.3 Labour market status of workers in South Africa,

1997–2003 231

Table 9.4 Formal employment, informal employment and domestic work,

percentage by sex and race 234

Table 9.5 Labour market status of workers, February 2002 to

March 2004 239

Table 9.6 Labour market status of informal economy workers,

February 2002 to March 2004 239

Table 9.7 Shifts between informal work and other labour

market status 240

Table 10.1 Security of job tenure of Cosatu members, 2004 254

Table 10.2 Occupational category of Cosatu members surveyed,

as defined by the company 255

Table 10.3 Age profile of Cosatu members, 1994, 1998 and 2004 256

Table 10.4 Highest formal educational levels of Cosatu members 256

Table 10.5 Gender composition of Cosatu membership, 1994, 1998

and 2004 257

Table 10.6 Year in which Cosatu member joined the union 258

Table 11.1 South Africa’s percentage share of world exports in technology,

1992 and 2002 273

Table 11.2 Manufactured exports revenue ranked by South African Rands,

1992 and 2002 274

Table 11.3 R&D expenditure by sector, 2003/04 279

LIST OF TABLES

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STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006

viii

Table 11.4 Patents of South African origin granted at the United States

Patent and Trademark Office, 1993–2003 280

Table 11.5 Researcher full-time equivalents, 1992 and 2004 282

Table 11.6 Mathematics higher-grade candidates and passes (thousands),

1997–2003 283

Table 11.7 R&D expenditure by socio-economic objective, 2001/02 288

Table 11.8 R&D expenditure by biotechnology-related research field 108,

2002 and 2004 (R millions) 289

Table 11.9 Patents registered under the PCT, 1999–2004 291

Table 16.1 Participation and performance in mathematics in 1990,

percentage by racial groups 393

Table 16.2 Public schools in Gauteng offering mathematics in 2003,

categorised by ex-racial Departments of Education and

poverty rankings 402

Table 16.3 Trend of mathematics participation in public schools

in Gauteng 404

Table 16.4 Higher-grade mathematics participation in Gauteng

(no. and % of entrants) 404

Table 16.5 Trends of schools in Gauteng offering only standard-grade

mathematics (no. and %) 405

Table 16.6 Trends of higher-grade mathematics performance in Gauteng

schools, by ex-racial department 406

Table 16.7 Trend in correlation of school quality in Gauteng for ex-DET

and ex-HoA schools 409

Table 16.8 Established and emergent schools in Gauteng 409

Table 19.1 South African exports, imports and trade balance by region,

2004 (R millions) 488

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ix

List of figures

Figure 1.1 The line of delivery in basic water 26

Figure 1.2 The sanitation backlog, 1996–2016 28

Figure 6.1 Structure and components of the national gender

machinery 148

Figure 8.1 Distribution of skill profiles within racial groups as at

March 2004 212

Figure 9.1 Labour force by type of work in South Africa, 1997–2003 231

Figure 9.2 Workers in informal enterprises by sector, March 2004 232

Figure 9.3 Incomes in informal enterprises, March 2004 233

Figure 11.1 GERD:GDP, 1983–2003 278

Figure 11.2 Expenditure on R&D by major research fields, 2003

and 2004 279

Figure 11.3 Demographics of researchers (headcounts) in the NSI,

2001/02 284

Figure 16.1 TIMSS 2003 mean mathematics scores of schools categorised

by ex-racial departments 399

Figure 16.2 TIMSS 2003 mean mathematics scores by provinces 400

Figure 16.3 Mathematics school quality in Gauteng public schools in 2003,

by ex-racial department and independent schools 407

Figure 16.4 Change in school quality in Gauteng over time (1999, 2003),

for ex-DET and ex-HoA schools 408

Figure 18.1 South Africa’s bilateral trade statistics with China 469

Figure 18.2 China–South Africa bilateral trade 469

Figure 18.3 Commodity imports from China to South Africa 470

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STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006

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Figure 19.1 South African exports by region, 2003 and 2004 488

Figure 19.2 South African imports by region, 2003 and 2004 489

Figure 19.3 South Africa’s trade balance by region, 2003 and 2004 489

Figure 19.4 South African business activity in Africa by sector,

2000–03 490

Figure 19.5 Organogram of the Central Energy Fund 496

Figure 19.6 South Africa’s involvement in the African oil and natural gas

markets, by company 504

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xi

Foreword

This is the third edition of State of the Nation, now an annual collection

of original essays upon the politics, economy, society and international

relations of contemporary South Africa. Like the previous two editions, the

present volume draws together a wide and exciting set of analyses, written by

contributors from universities, civil society organisations and the media as

well as from the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). We are confident

that it will receive as favourable a reception as the previous editions.

We are gratified at how quickly State of the Nation has become established as

part of the annual South African scholarly calendar. Coverage in the media,

international as well as South African, has been extensive; individual essays

have been cited as authoritative; controversies have been stirred; both previous

volumes have been prescribed as university texts; they have found their way

into South African embassies across the world and foreign embassies in

South Africa; and perhaps most importantly, many ordinary South Africans

have purchased the books simply to find out more about the complex and

fascinating country we live in.

The considerable success of the series rests in part upon its sure foundations:

the precedent of the South African Review series of the 1980s; the now well￾established practice of the President in delivering annual ‘State of the Nation’

speeches which, as well as indicating new directions in government strategy,

have recently established targets and invited accountability; the rigour applied

by the editors; and their brief to suitably qualified contributors that they

subject developments to thoughtful and evidence-based scrutiny ‘without fear

or favour’.

However, the success is also a product of the care taken by the HSRC Press.

Under Director Garry Rosenberg, assisted by Karen Bruns and Mary Ralphs,

and by the Publications Review Committee chaired by John Daniel, the Press

has rapidly emerged as one of the leading academic publishers in South

Africa. As a non-profit publisher, mandated to disseminate the work of HSRC

researchers and other social scientists in the public interest, it has played a vital

role in enabling State of the Nation to become a flagship project of the HSRC.

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STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006

xii

We are grateful for the energy and thoroughness which the Press has brought

to State of the Nation, as indeed to the impressive list of its other titles.

It would be impossible to undertake such an ambitious annual publishing

project as State of the Nation without external financial support to complement

the parliamentary funds that we allocate to it. We are deeply grateful to Atlantic

Philanthropies, the Ford Foundation and the Charles Mott Foundation, who

have all been generous and delightful partners with whom to work. We are

equally grateful to the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, which has organised

and funded ‘launch workshops’ around the country, sessions that serve to

inform the media about the book and provoke vigorous debate about its

contents. Without the backing of these supporters, State of the Nation would

have been unable to achieve the success that it has enjoyed.

Finally, I would like to congratulate the editors, John Daniel, Jessica Lutchman,

and Roger Southall, who this year have been joined in their task by

Sakhela Buhlungu of the Department of Sociology of the University of the

Witwatersrand. Theirs has been a huge effort, although State of the Nation has

evidently become more a labour of love than a burden of the workplace.

As this third edition was being prepared for printing I was concluding my

five-year term as President and Chief Executive Officer of the HSRC. I am

delighted to commend this enormously worthwhile project to my successor,

Dr Olive Shisana, and to wish State of the Nation the very best of fortune in

the years ahead. Long may it continue, as our first edition put it, to ‘celebrate

and irritate’!

Dr Mark Orkin

President and Chief Executive Officer

HSRC

August 2000–July 2005

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xiii

Acronyms

AGM annual general meeting

AGOA US African Growth and Opportunity Act

ANC African National Congress

ART anti-retroviral treatment

AU African Union

BEE black economic empowerment

BERD business and not-for-profits R&D

BIG basic income grant

BLNS Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland

BNC Bi-National Commission

C2005 Curriculum 2005

CAF Confederation of African Football

CBD central business district

CCP Chinese Communist Party

CEF Central Energy Fund

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CGE Commission on Gender Equality

Cofesa Confederation of Employers of Southern Africa

COGSI Cape Oil and Gas Supply Initiative

Comesa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

Cosatu Congress of South African Trade Unions

CSG child support grant

CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

DA Democratic Alliance

DLA Department of Land Affairs

DME Department of Minerals and Energy

DoE Department of Education

DoSD Department of Social Development

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

EC European Commission

EFTA European Free Trade Association

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STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006

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EU European Union

Fasa Football Association of South Africa

FDI foreign direct investment

FET further education and training

Fifa Federation of International Football Associations

FRD Foundation for Research Development

FTA free trade area

FTE full-time equivalent

FTP fixed tariff preference

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP gross domestic product

GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution strategy

Geda Gauteng Economic Development Agency

GEIS General Export Incentive Scheme

GERD gross expenditure on R&D

GES Global Economic Strategy

GFSA Gun Free South Africa

GHS general household survey

GNU Government of National Unity

HERD higher education R&D

HSL household subsistence level

HSRC Human Sciences Research Council

ICLS International Conference for Labour Statistics

ICT information communication technology

IDP integrated development plan

IFP Inkatha Freedom Party

ILO International Labour Organisation

IMF International Monetary Fund

Instraw International Research and Training Institute for the

Advancement of Women (United Nations)

ISD Institutions Supporting Democracy

ISS Institute for Security Studies

JMC Joint Monitoring Committee on the Improvement of the

Quality of Life and the Status of Women

JRC Joint Rules Committee

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xv

JSE Johannesburg Securities Exchange

LFS labour force survey

LSBC local business services centre

MK Umkhonto we Sizwe

MLL minimum living level

MP Member of Parliament

MRC Medical Research Council

NA National Assembly

Nafcoc National African Federated Chamber of Commerce

NCAC National Conventional Arms Control Bill

NCACC National Conventional Arms Control Committee

NCOP National Council of Provinces

Nedlac National Economic Development and Labour Council

Nepad New Partnership for Africa’s Development

NGF National Gender Forum

NFL National Football League

NGM national gender machinery

NGO non-governmental organisation

NNP New National Party

NPSL National Professional Soccer League

NSDS National Skills Development Strategy

NSI national system of innovation

NSL National Soccer League

OEM original equipment manufacture

OHS October household survey

OPEC Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

OSW Office of the Status of Women

PAC Pan Africanist Congress

PBMR pebble-bed modular nuclear reactor

PDL poverty datum line

PLAAS Programme for Land and Agrarian Settlement

PRC People’s Republic of China

PSL Premier Soccer League

QR quantitative restrictions

R&D research and experimental development

RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme

ACRONYMS

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