Industrial enineering and manufacturing technology

Manufacturing Technology

Industrial Engineering and

an informa business

Editor: Dawei Zheng

Editor

Zheng

IRAICS proceedings series 4 4

IRAICS

Industrial Engineering and

Manufacturing Technology

About the series

The IRAICS Proceedings series is devoted to the publication of proceedings sponsored

by the International Research Association of Information and Computer Science (IRAICS),

a registered non-profi t international scientifi c association of distinguished scholars

engaged in Information and Computer Science. The mission of IRAICS is to foster

and conduct collaborative interdisciplinary research in state-of-the-art methodologies

and technologies within its areas of expertise. The main fi elds covered by the series

are Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computational

Intelligence and Complexity, Control Engineering, Electronics & Electrical Engineering,

Energy Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Production & Process Engineering,

Robotics, Signals & Communication, Sports Engineering and Business Engineering.

The 2014 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing

Technology (ICIEMT 2014) was held July 10-11, 2014 in Shanghai, China. The objective

of ICIEMT 2014 was to provide a platform for researchers, engineers, academics as

well as industry professionals from all over the world to present their research results

and development activities in Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Technology. The

program consisted of invited sessions and technical workshops and discussions with

eminent speakers, and contributions to this proceedings volume cover a wide range of

topics in Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Technology.

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

International Research Association of Information

and Computer Science

IRAICS Proceedings Series

ISSN: 2334-0495

VOLUME 4

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY (ICIEMT 2014), SHANGHAI, CHINA, 10–11 JULY 2014

Industrial Engineering and

Manufacturing Technology

Editor

Dawei Zheng

International Research Association of Information and Computer Science,

Beijing, China

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ISBN: 978-1-138-02660-5 (Hardback)

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Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Technology – Zheng (Ed.)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-02660-5

Table of contents

Preface ix

Organizing Committee xi

A study of the effect of [BPy]PF6 as a flame retardant property on rigid polyurethane foam 1

Y.W. Li & Y.T. Dong

An effective image segmentation approach based on cellular automata principle 5

B. Duan, Y. Liu, X. Zhang & H. Liu

A markerless 3D glasses try-on system 9

X.Y. Tan, W. Ding, H.Y. Wang, M. Li & C.L. Ji

A structural analysis and optimal design of Servo Put Thread Machine 13

L. Sun, J. Wu, Q. Zou & X. Cheng

Study of a new two-component buffer 17

X. Miao, X. Zhong, Z. Qu & F. Wei

Industrial engineering applications in China’s logistics industry 21

Y. Li & Y. Ge

A centralized inventory control strategy in a dual-channel supply chain with a service level influence 25

Q. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Zhang & S. Zhang

A cellular location algorithm based on ambiguity elimination under the condition of less information 31

J. Wang, D. Wang, W. Cui & X. Yang

Matching analysis on pilot pressure of multi-way valve in excavator 35

A.L. Wang, J. Wang & J.B. Han

Effectiveness evaluation method for digital armored equipment system of systems 39

J. Ren, X. Zheng & C. Wang

The design of a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) boring & milling machine 43

W. Zhou

Research of support time estimation based on RMT parameters of equipment 47

T.P. Li, Y. Li & Y.L. Qian

A dynamic simulation for a transfer manipulator based on RecurDyn 53

J.S. Lu, G.B. Feng, H.G. Sun & Y.F. Zhang

Development of complete packaging solution for electric cooker 57

Q. Liu & H.Y. Song

Research on communication in human resource management 61

M. Zhai & D. Xiao

Research into the risks of outsourcing human resource management 65

M. Zhai & D. Xiao

Optimization method and effect of high-precision models to virtual scene 69

Y. Gao, W. Xu & F. Gao

v

Object detection from replay shot in tennis video 73

M. Zhi & X. Zhang

Changes in consumers’ risk perception after dairy safety incidents—a panel data study 77

X. Dong & Z. Li

The mathematical model of intelligent transportation system 83

H.Y. Jiao, F.C. Liang & S.F. Ma

Study on travel decision influencing factors of Chinese domestic residents to Japan 87

Y.Z. Guo, S.T. Yi, Y. Chen & X.M. Li

Applying a hybrid algorithm of immunity and ant colony in job-shop scheduling 91

H. Xue, P. Zhang & S. Wei

Research on a kind of vehicle route scheduling 95

J. Li, X. Deng, X. Yu & X. Zhu

A revenue sharing mechanism in VMI&TPL supply chain 101

Q. Qing, Z. Liu & Z. Shao

CCVDL: Comprehensive computer vulnerability formal description language based-on XML 107

G. Zhang, Z. Tian, C. Wang, W. Duan & L. Dong

Multi-criteria group decision-making method with multi-granular intuitionistic linguistic

fuzzy information 111

C. Wang & J. Wang

Steelite’s market entry mode strategies to India 117

X.W. Huang

Why did WFOEs replace EJVs as the most popular means of entering China? 121

X.W. Huang

The evaluation indexes of online shopping logistics service quality based on consumers’

perception and their empirical tests 127

H. Wei & H. Wan

Literature review on increasing association of modern-day leadership with charisma and inspiration 131

J. Li & J. Shao

Research on integrated management of schedule and cost in construction projects based on critical chain 135

Z.J. Jiang & Y.X. Tang

Multi-dimensional attributes based service trust specification in grid resource transactions 139

L. Pan, H. Wang, R. Li & Y. Cao

Effects of macroeconomic information on bond yields and excess return in China: An affine model 143

N. Cheng, L. Fan & J. Qiang

The research on a risk prediction network model with hybrid random and fuzzy 149

Q. Liao, Q.J. Wu & B. Zhang

Military expenditure and security dilemma in China 153

L. Li, R. Huang & D. Wang

Optimal resource utilization with performance analysis in BWA communication networks 159

L. Pan, H. Wang, R. Li & Y. Cao

The mechanism and effect of financial promotion in the process of industrial agglomeration

and cluster development in China: A discussion based on the economics literature 163

X. Yang & J. Xu

The relevant research of audit fee and earnings management 169

Y.J. Li

Application of sustainable building technologies in solar houses 175

J. Lu, W. Li, J. Wang & J. Guo

Study on reform of innovative teaching curriculum system on major of environmental engineering 179

J. Zhang, X.L. Xu, C.C. Li, Y. Wang & N. Liu

vi

A quaternary four-point approximating subdivision scheme 183

G.Y. Tong, J.Q. Tan & J.Z. Sun

Influences of Chinese and English thinking patterns on Chinese students’ translation 189

L. Wang & J. An

A study of cheating at university, and the exam system reform in China 193

P. Guo, C. Jiang & J. Zhang

Multiple regression analysis of county agro-innovation performance: An empirical research

based on a Chinese special public plan 197

S.H. Zhao, Y.F. Du, Z.B. Li & B.M. Hu

Applying the decision making theory to a Chinese energy case: CNPC Shenzhen LNG project 201

C. Qin & C. Zhang

Instrumental translation between Chinese and English from the perspective of skopos theory 205

H.F. Li & Y.Y. Liu

Analyzing the decision making process of Three Gorges Dam project based on western theory 209

C. Zhang & C. Qin

A case study of expanding business from the US to China: Addressing cross-cultural management 213

C. Qin & C. Zhang

Author index 217

vii

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Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Technology – Zheng (Ed.)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-02660-5

Preface

We cordially invite you to attend the conference in Shanghai, China on July 10–11, 2014.The main objective of the

conference was to provide a platform for researchers, engineers, academicians as well as industry professionals

from all over the world to present their research results and development activities in Industrial Engineering

and Manufacturing Technology. This conference provided opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas

and experiences face to face, to establish business or research relations and to find global partners for future

collaboration.

The conference received over 140 submissions which were all reviewed by at least two reviewers. As a result of

our highly selective review process, 50 papers have been retained for inclusion in the conference proceedings, less

than 40% of the submitted papers. The program of the conference consisted of invited sessions, and technical

workshops and discussions covering a wide range of topics. This rich program provided all attendees with

opportunities to meet and interact with one another. We hope your experience was a fruitful and long lasting

one. With your support and participation, the conference will continue to be successful for a long time.

The conference was supported by many universities and research institutes. Many professors played an impor￾tant role in the successful holding of the conference, so we would like to take this opportunity to express our

sincere gratitude and highest respects to them. They have worked very hard in reviewing papers and making valu￾able suggestions for the authors to improve their work. We also would like to express our gratitude to the external

reviewers, for providing extra help in the review process, and to the authors for contributing their research results

to the conference. Special thanks go to our publisher. At the same time, we also express our sincere thanks for

the understanding and support of every author. Owing to time constraints, imperfection is inevitable, and any

constructive criticism is welcome.

We hope you had a technically rewarding experience, and used this occasion to meet old friends and make

many new ones.

We hope all attendees had an enjoyable scientific gathering in Shanghai, China. We look forward to seeing all

of you at next year’s conference.

The Conference Organizing Committee

July 10–11, 2014

Shanghai, China

ix

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Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Technology – Zheng (Ed.)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-02660-5

Organizing Committee

General Chair

Prof. E. Ariwa, London Metropolitan University, UK

Technical Committee

Dr. D. Pathak, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic

Prof. H. Ganjidoust, Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran

Dr. M. Dehghani, Institute for Environmental research, Iran

Dr. A. Sharma, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India

Prof. M. Yazdani-Asrami, Babol University of Technology, Iran

Prof. M.N.V. Prasad, University of Hyderabad, India

Prof. I. Saha, Jadavpur University, India

Dr. S.V. Srinivasan, Central Leather Research Institute, India

Dr. S. Sabir, Aligarh Muslim University, India

Prof. B. Ayati, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

xi

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Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Technology – Zheng (Ed.)

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-02660-5

A study of the effect of [BPy]PF6 as a flame retardant property

on rigid polyurethane foam

Y.W. Li

Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, LiaoNing, China

Y.T. Dong

China Communication-First Harbour-Second Engineering Construction Limit Company, Qingdao, China

ABSTRACT: The possibility was given to study pyridinium based ionic liquids as flame retardants for rigid

polyurethane foam. The effects of ionic liquid on flame retardancy, LOI, horizontal burning rates, and thermal

degradation were investigated by means of various types and the mass percent of ionic liquid. The results show

that N-Butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate ([BPy]PF6) was the best flame retardant for rigid polyurethane

foam. LOI increased along with the ionic liquid mass percent and the LOI up to 23.91% when the ionic liquid

mass percent was 25%, the horizontal burning rate decreased to 26.4 mm/min. Thermal degradation data shows

that ionic liquid could improve the initial decomposition temperature and reminder yield of rigid polyurethane

foam. The heat released was then reduced, the decomposition controlled, and thermal stability increased.

Keywords: Ionic liquid; rigid polyurethane foam; flame retardant; thermal analysis

1 INTRODUCTION

Polyurethane foam is the most effective insulation

material of all isocyanate-based foams. Soft foam and

rigid foam are extremely flammable. In the case of fire,

they are easily ignited and flames spread rapidly with

a large number of toxic fumes being produced. Until

recently, the application of rigid polyurethane foam

was limited strictly because of its flammability and

very strict fire codes were published in transport facili￾ties and wall insulation. For all these reasons, improved

fire retardant performance can greatly extend the

application of polyurethane foam in the industrial

field [1–3]. There are numerous reported literatures

about the methods of polyurethane flame retardants.

The main flame retardants commonly used were addi￾tive flame retardants and reactive flame retardants.

The compounds added were the elements: halogen,

phosphorus, and antimony etc. These were the most

researched additive flame retardants to polyurethane

flame [4–5].

Ionic liquids, also known as Room or Ambient

Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs), are organic liq￾uid compounds composed entirely of ions at the same

or similar room temperature. Ionic liquid generally

consists of organic cations and inorganic or organic

anions. There are many varieties of ionic liquids. The

classification can be divided according to the differ￾ent ions. Depending on the composition of cations, the

ionic liquid can be divided into four classifications:

such as cationic imidazoles, pyridines, quaternary

ammonium salts and quaternary phosphonium salts

[6], Furthermore, pyridine and imidazole are the most

widely used as they are easily synthesised and low cost.

In this study, n-butylpyridinium hexafluoro phos￾phate ([BPy]PF6) was used as the flame retardant for

rigid polyurethane foam, which not only overcame the

high volatility and low heat resistance as a phosphorus

flame retardant, but also overcame the heavy smoke as

a halogenated flame retardant. Meanwhile ionic liquid

was environmentally friendly and performed the best

of the new flame retardants by being non-volatile and

non-toxic.

2 EXPERIMENTAL

2.1 Main raw materials and instruments

[BPy]PF6 (ChinaAcademy of Sciences Lanzhou Insti￾tute of Chemical Physics Centre for green chemistry);

Polyisocyanate (black material), Shenyang Metro

insulation plant; Polyether (including polyether poly￾ols, water, catalysts, surfactants and other additives,

etc., white material), Shenyang Metro insulation plant.

2.2 Main instruments

JF-3 oxygen index determinator: NanJing Jiangning

District Analytical Instrument Factory;

CZF-3 horizontal and vertical burning determinator:

NanJing Jiangning District of Nanjing Analytical

Instrument Factory;

1

HCT-1 integrated thermal analyser: Beijing Hengjiu

Scientific Instrument.

2.3 Preparation of flame-retardant rigid

polyurethane foam

The black material and white material were accurately

weighed and poured into a different container. Next,

a certain mass percentage [BPy]PF6 (relative to white

materials) was weighed accurately and added to the

white materials. Then the black material was poured

into the white materials and mixed evenly. This was

then stirred until a foaming reaction action lasted 10 s,

before being immediately poured into a mould and

sealed. Finally, the rigid polyurethane foam was ready

after being left for twenty four hours at 90◦C.

2.4 Performance testing

The Oxygen Index determination: according to the

Code of Plastics – determination of burning behaviour

by oxygen index – Part 2: Ambient-temperature test

(GB/T 2406.2-2009). The top light method used the

instrument JF-3.

Horizontal burning speed: according to the Code

of Plastics – determination of burning characteristic￾Horizontal and Vertical test (GB/T 2408-2008), used

the instrument CZF-3.

Thermal analysis: Thermogravimetric analysis

(TG) and differential thermal analysis were done by the

instrument HCT-1. N2 atmosphere, temperature range:

22∼800◦C, heating rate: 20◦C/min.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 The effect of quantity of [BPy]PF6 on the

oxygen index of rigid polyurethane foam

The Oxygen Index is an indicator of the combustibil￾ity of polymer and the oxygen index method is

a quantitative experimental method to measure the

flame retardant properties of polymer materials [8].

This experiment studied the effect of the quantity of

[BPy]PF6 on the oxygen index of rigid polyurethane

foam. The results are shown in Figure 1.

From Figure 1, it can be seen that [BPy]PF6 has

a certain flame-retardant effect on rigid polyurethane

foam. The Oxygen Index is only 18.4% without

[BPy]PF6 being added. When [BPy]PF6 was added,

the Oxygen Index started to increase with the added

quantity of [BPy]PF6. When the mass percentage of

the additive quantity reaches 25%, [BPy]PF6 has the

Table 1. Relationship of [BMIM]PF6 additive quantity and horizontal burning rate.

Mass percent/% 0 15 20 25 30

Horizontal burning rate/ 520.8 32.5 28.7 26.4 27.3

mm · min−1

Experiment phenomena all burned, melt and drip away from the flame, extinguished itself soon,

phenomenon serious no drip phenomenon, black coke

best flame-retardant effect and the Oxygen Index can

reach 23.91%, the flame retardant performance of rigid

polyurethane foam was thus greatly improved. This is

mainly due to the [BPy]PF6 containing both phospho￾rus and halogen at the same time; they have a good

synergistic effect.

3.2 The effect of ionic liquid on the horizontal

combustion properties of rigid

polyurethane foam

Horizontal burning rates mainly measure the com￾bustion performance of material with the provisions

fire source. The horizontal burning rate of rigid

polyurethane foam was tested with different additive

quantities of [BPy]PF6. In this experiment melt, drip,

curly, coking and other experiment phenomena were

recorded, with the results shown in Table 1.

In Table 1, the horizontal burning rate is greatly

reduced with the [BPy]PF6 additive; the speed is

reduced from 520.8 mm/min to 26.4 mm/min and it

does not continue to burn once the flame ceases. It

has a good self-extinguishing performance, no curl￾ing and melt dripping, smoke is greatly reduced, and

black carbon phenomenon appeared on the surface.

This is mainly because with the increase of the additive

quantity of [BPy]PF6, the phosphorus oxides were pro￾duced increasingly in the heating process, which better

promote the foam matrix into carbon. The expanded

carbon layer can prevent the flame contacting the

foam so that the combustion rate starts to decline

until extinguished.When the additive mass percentage

exceeded 25%, the horizontal burning rate changed

inconspicuously.

Figure 1. The relationship between an added quantity of

[BPy]PF6 and the Oxygen Index.

2