Handbook of nanoscience, eningeering, and technology

Handbook of

NANOSCIENCE,

ENGINEERING,

and TECHNOLOGY

THIRD EDITION

Handbook of

NANOSCIENCE, ENGINEERING,

and TECHNOLOGY

Handbook of

NANOSCIENCE, ENGINEERING,

and TECHNOLOGY

THIRD EDITION

6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW

Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487

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K12751

Goddard

•

Brenner

•

Lyshevski

•

Iafrate

Edited by

William A. Goddard, III • Donald W. Brenner

Sergey E. Lyshevski • Gerald J. Iafrate

THIRD

EDITION

In his 1959 address, “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” Richard P. Feynman speculated

about manipulating materials atom by atom and challenged the technical community “to find

ways of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.” This visionary challenge has now

become a reality, with recent advances enabling atomistic-level tailoring and control of materials.

Exemplifying Feynman’s vision, Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, Third Edition

continues to explore innovative nanoscience, engineering, and technology areas. Along with updating

all chapters, this third edition extends the coverage of emerging nano areas even further. Two entirely

new sections on energy and biology cover nanomaterials for energy storage devices, photovoltaics, DNA

devices and assembly, digital microfluidic lab-on-a-chip, and much more. This edition also includes

new chapters on nanomagnet logic, quantum transport at the nanoscale, terahertz emission from Bloch

oscillator systems, molecular logic, electronic optics in graphene, and electromagnetic metamaterials.

Features

• Examines the use of state-of-the-art materials, such as nanodiamond particles, graphene,

and electromagnetic metamaterials, in industrial and biomedical applications

• Describes experimental advances in the synthesis, fabrication, and processing of nanostructures

• Explores tools that that allow characterization at the nanoscale

• Discusses theory and simulation based on first principles

With contributions from top scientists and researchers from around the globe, this color handbook

presents a unified, up-to-date account of the most promising technologies and developments in

the nano field. It sets the stage for the next revolution of nanoscale manufacturing—where scalable

technologies are used to manufacture large numbers of devices with complex functionalities.

NANOSCIENCE

K12751_COVER_FINAL.indd 1 3/22/12 11:36 AM

Handbook of

NANOSCIENCE,

ENGINEERING,

and TECHNOLOGY

THIRD EDITION

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Edited by

William A. Goddard, III

California Institute of Technology

Donald W. Brenner

North Carolina State University

Sergey E. Lyshevski

Rochester Institute of Technology

Gerald J. Iafrate

North Carolina State University

Handbook of

NANOSCIENCE,

ENGINEERING,

and TECHNOLOGY

THIRD EDITION

MATLAB® and Simulink® are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. The MathWorks does

not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® and Simulink®

software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular peda￾gogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® and Simulink® software.

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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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For my terrific wife Yvonne, our 4 children (William IV, Susan, Cecelia,

and Lisa), and our 13 grandchildren (Max, Amie, Chloe, Nicky, Katy,

Lily, Nico, Sophia, Liam, Lucia, Joey, Brody, and Riley) for their love

and patience, and for my research group for their outstanding record

of innovation and achievement for which I get so much credit.

William A. Goddard III

With respect for and in appreciation and admiration of the ingenious pioneers,

founders, and discoverers of subatomic, atomic, and molecular science,

engineering, and technologies, namely, to Leucippus and Democritus, and to

Michael Faraday, John Dalton, Joseph Thomson, Max Plank, Nikola Tesla, and

other scientists and engineers who not only revealed an incredible world of nano,

but also discovered a way of using it to contribute to prosperity and welfare.

Sergey Edward Lyshevski

For my wife, Kathy, and my family for their loving support and patience.

Gerald J. Iafrate

For my wife, Karen, for her dedication and love, and for Sophie and Maxwell.

Donald W. Brenner

vii

Contents

Preface....................................................................................................................... xi

Acknowledgments.................................................................................................. xiii

Editors....................................................................................................................... xv

Contributors............................................................................................................ xix

Part I Nanotechnology Overview

1 There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom: An Invitation to Enter

a New Field of Physics........................................................................................ 3

Richard P. Feynman

2 Room at the Bottom, Plenty of Tyranny at the Top........................................ 13

Karl Hess

3 Twenty Years to Develop Nanotechnology: 2000–2020.................................. 21

Mihail C. Roco

Part II Molecular and Nanoelectronics

4 Nanomagnet Logic........................................................................................... 35

Michael T. Niemier and Wolfgang Porod

5 Quantum Transport at Nanoscale................................................................... 45

Richard Akis, David K. Ferry, Matthew J. Gilbert, and Stephen M. Goodnick

6 Spontaneous Emission of Bloch Oscillation Radiation

in the Terahertz Regime........................................................................... 67

Valeriy N. Sokolov and Gerald J. Iafrate

7 Molecular and Biomolecular Processing: Solutions, Directions,

and Prospects................................................................................................. 125

Sergey Edward Lyshevski

8 Spin Field Effect Transistors: Pros and Cons................................................ 179

Supriyo Bandyopadhyay and Marc Cahay

viii Contents

9 Optical Behavior of Periodic Nanostructured Media: A Classical

Electromagnetic (Mesoscopic) Approach...................................................... 193

Waleed S. Mohammed and Gabor L. Hornyak

10 Theory of Ballistic Electron Transport in n+–i–n+ Diodes: Properties

in THz Frequency Range................................................................................ 239

V.V. Korotyeyev, V.A. Kochelap, G. Sabatini, H. Marinchio, C. Palermo, and L. Varani

Part III Manipulation and Assembly

11 Nanoparticle Manipulation by Electrostatic Forces..................................... 279

Michael Pycraft Hughes

12 Biological- and Chemical-Mediated Self-Assembly of Artificial

Micro- and Nanostructures............................................................................313

S.W. Lee and R. Bashir

13 Introduction to Nanomanufacturing............................................................ 351

Ahmed Busnaina

14 Molecules on Semiconductors: Toward Molecular Logic............................. 367

Marek Oszajca, Agnieszka Podborska, and Konrad Szaciłowski

Part IV Functional Structures

15 Carbon Nanotubes......................................................................................... 399

M. Meyyappan

16 Dendrimers: Synthetic Science to Controlled Organic Nanostructures

and a Window to a New Systematic Framework for Unifying

Nanoscience.................................................................................................. 413

D.A. Tomalia and M.S. Diallo

17 Design and Applications of Photonic Crystals.............................................. 469

Dennis W. Prather, Ahmed S. Sharkawy, Shouyuan Shi, and Mathew J. Zablocki

18 Carbon Nanostructures and Nanocomposites.............................................. 513

Yanhong Hu, Zushou Hu, Clifford W. Padgett, Donald W. Brenner,

and Olga A. Shenderova

19 Thermal Transport in Nanostructured Materials......................................... 545

Aleksandr Chernatynskiy, David R. Clarke, and Simon R. Phillpot

20 Electron Optics in Graphene......................................................................... 573

Hyungjun Kim, Min Seok Jang, Harry A. Atwater, and William A. Goddard III

21 Electromagnetic Metamaterials as Artificial Composite Structures........... 595

Salvatore Campione, Shiji Pan, S. Ali Hosseini, Caner Guclu, and Filippo Capolino

22 Bulk Nanostructured Materials..................................................................... 683

C.C. Koch and Donald W. Brenner

Contents ix

Part V Nano Energy

23 Nanostructured Materials for Energy Storage Device.................................. 713

Hansu Kim, Ungyu Paik, and Taeseup Song

24 High-Density Nanoenergetic Gas Generators............................................... 739

Karen S. Martirosyan

25 Photovoltaic Fundamentals........................................................................... 759

Roger A. Messenger

Part VI NanoBio, Medicine, and Life Sciences

26 Nanodiamond Particles: Properties and Perspectives

for Bioapplications................................................................................... 789

Amanda M. Schrand, Suzanne A. Ciftan Hens, and Olga A. Shenderova

27 Error-Tolerant Digital Microf luidic Lab-on-Chip........................................ 867

Yang Zhao, Krishnendu Chakrabarty, and Tao Xu

28 Ion Pore Formation in Membranes due to Complex Interactions

between Lipids and Antimicrobial Peptides or Biomolecules...................... 893

Md. Ashrafuzzaman and J.A. Tuszynski

29 Multiscale, Multiparadigm Modeling for Nanosystems

Characterization and Design......................................................................... 935

Andres Jaramillo-Botero, Jamil Tahir-Kheli, Paul von Allmen,

and William A. Goddard III

30 Quasiparticle Tunneling in Neurotransmitter Release................................. 983

Danko D. Georgiev and James F. Glazebrook

31 DNA-Directed Assembly of Multicomponent Single-Walled Carbon

Nanotube Devices.........................................................................................1017

Si-ping Han and William A. Goddard III

32 DNA Crystals, Constructs, and Devices......................................................1037

Nadrian C. Seeman, Jens J. Birktoft, Ruojie Sha, Hongzhou Gu, Tong Wang, Jianping

Zheng, Jie Chao, Pam Constantinou, Baoquan Ding, and Chengde Mao

xi

Preface

The first and second editions of the Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, published in

2003 and 2008, respectively, exemplified the progress in nanoscience toward the vision put forward by

Richard Feynman in his 1959 address, “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” In his address, Feynman

speculated about manipulating materials atom by atom, challenging the technical community “to find

ways of manipulating and controlling things on a smallscale.” Inspired by the vision of Feynman, nanosci￾ence istoday defined asthe manipulation and control of materials at the spatialscale of a fewhundred ang￾stroms (one-thousandth of the width of a human hair) or less. The extraordinary progress in nanoscience

overthe last decade nowallowsforthe tailoring and combining of the physical, biological, and engineering

properties of matter at the atomistic level of nature’s architectural building blocks. Critical to progress in

nanoscience has been the stunning advances in synthesis, fabrication, and processing to achieve designed

nanostructures complemented by nanoscale resolution tool development that allows characterization at

the nanoscale. Simultaneous with these experimental advances, theory and simulation based on first prin￾ciples has advanced from hundreds of atoms to the millions of atoms involved in a nanodevice of 20nm

dimensions. These developments are now beginning to enable atomistic-level tailoring and control of

materials. This sets the stage for the next revolution of nanoscale manufacturing, where scalable technolo￾gies are used to manufacture large numbers of devices each with complex functionalities.

Over 50 years later, driven by federal executive orders of Presidents W. J. Clinton and G. W. Bush, and

a recently enacted Twenty-First Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, the visionary

challenge put forth by Feynman in 1959 is well on its way to becoming a reality. As a testimonial to this

reality, the first two editions of the handbook included broad categories of innovative nanoscience, engi￾neering, and technology that were emerging in the 2003 and 2008 timeframe. The third edition extends

the portfolio of innovative nano areas further, including additional chapters on nanoenergy, quantum

transport on the nanoscale, terahertz emission from Bloch oscillator systems, molecular logic, elec￾tronic optics in graphene, metamaterials, nanomaterials for energy storage devices, photovoltaics, DNA

devices and assembly, digital microfluidic lab-on-a-chip, and more. This edition also updates select

chapters that appeared in the second edition.

MATLAB® and Simulink® are registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information,

please contact:

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Web: www.mathworks.com

xiii

Acknowledgments

Professor Goddard would like to thank the many coworkers responsible for the progress in nano￾technology research, from the early work done by Charles Musgrave, Tahir Cagin, Yuejin Guo, Naoki

Karasawa, Jason Perry, Yue Qi, Quanhua Chen, and Guanghua Gao, to the advances made by Weiqiao

Deng, Seung Soon Jang, Yun Hee Jang, Jeung Ku Kang, Hoon Kim, Gyeong Hwang, and Mamadou

Diallo, to the present-day contributions by Si-Ping Han, Hyungjun Kim, and Andres Jaramillo-Botero.

Early financial support from Asahi Kasei, Asahi Glass, Seiko-Epson, and Chevron and from DOE￾ECUT, ARO-MURI, and DARPA was very important. The support from various NSF-NIRT programs

established by Mike Roco and Intel, among others, and the current support from the Microelectronics

Advanced Research Corporation (MARCO) and its Focus Center Research Program (FCRP) on

Functional Engineered NanoArchitectonics (FENA) have also been of immense help. The NSF Scalable

Nanomanufacturing Program, Samsung, and the WCU (NRF R-31-2008-000-10055-0) Program

funded by the Korea Ministry of Education, Science and Technology in the Energy Environment Water

Sustainability (EEWS) graduate school at KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea, are also acknowledged.

Dr. Brenner would like to thank his current and former colleagues for their intellectual stimula￾tion and personal support. He also wishes to thank the Office of Naval Research, the National Science

Foundation, the NASA-Ames and NASA Langley Research Centers, the Army Research Office, the Air

Force Office of Scientific Research, and the Department of Energy for past and continuing support of

his research group.

Dr. Lyshevski would like to thank the many people who contributed to this book. He would first like

to express his sincere gratitude to all the contributors. He would also like to acknowledge the help that

the editors received from many people in the preparation of this book. Finally, he would like to acknowl￾edge the outstanding efforts of the team at CRC Press, especially Nora Konopka and Jessica Vakili, for

providing valuable feedback.

Dr. Iafrate acknowledges the career support and encouragement from colleagues, the Department

of Defense, the University of Notre Dame, and North Carolina State University.