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Handbook of Research on Ubiquitous Computing Technology for Real Time Enterprises
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Handbook of Research on
Ubiquitous Computing
Technology for Real Time
Enterprises
Max Mühlhäuser
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Iryna Gurevych
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Hershey • New York
InformatIon scIence reference
Acquisitions Editor: Kristin Klinger
Development Editor: Kristin Roth
Editorial Assistants: Ross Miller, Deborah Yahnke
Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig
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Published in the United States of America by
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Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does
not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of research on ubiquitous computing technology for real time enterprises / Max Muhlhauser and Iryna Gurevych, editors.
p. cm.
Summary: "This book combines the fundamental methods, algorithms, and concepts of pervasive computing with current innovations and
solutions to emerging challenges. It systemically covers such topics as network and application scalability, wireless network connectivity,
adaptability and "context-aware" computing, information technology security and liability, and human-computer interaction"--Provided by
publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59904-832-1 (hardcover)
ISBN-13: 978-1-59904-835-2 (ebook)
1. Ubiquitous computing--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Real-time data processing--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Mühlhäuser, Max. II.
Gurevych, Iryna.
QA76.5915.H35 2007
004--dc22
2007032050
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this book set is original material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of
the publisher.
If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/reference/assets/IGR-eAccess-agreement.pdf
for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication.
Editorial Advisory Board
Erwin Aitenbichler
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Hidir Aras
University of Bremen, Germany
Gerhard Austaller
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Alexander Behring
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Dirk Bradler
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Martin Faust
University of Bremen, Germany
Iryna Gurevych
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Andreas Hartl
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Melanie Hartmann
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Andreas Heinemann
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Marc Herrlich
University of Bremen, Germany
Jussi Kangasharju
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Tobias Klug
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Tobias Limberger
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Fernando Lyardet
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Max Mühlhäuser
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Christof Müller
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Daniel Oberle
SAP Research, Germany
Andreas Petter
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Robert Porzel
University of Bremen, Germany
Sebastian Ries
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Dirk Schnelle
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Daniel Schreiber
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Julian Schröder-Bernhardi
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Jürgen Steimle
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Joachim Steinmetz
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Stefan-Georg Weber
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Markus Weimar
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Torsten Zesch
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
Detailed Table of Contents................................................................................................................viii
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ xvi
Preface ................................................................................................................................................ xix
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................xli
Chapter I
Introduction to Ubiquitous Computing / Max Mühlhäuser and Iryna Gurevych ................................... 1
Section I
Scalability: Two Issues of Global Scale
Chapter II
Bionics: Learning from “The Born” / Tobias Limberger...................................................................... 38
Chapter III
Ubiquitous Services and Business Processes / Alistair Barros............................................................. 57
Chapter IV
Ontologies for Scalable Services-Based Ubiquitous Computing / Daniel Oberle,
Christof Bornhövd, and Michael Altenhofen ........................................................................................ 88
Chapter V
Service Discovery / Gerhard Austaller............................................................................................... 107
Table of Contents
Section II
Connectivity: Tapping into Humans and Items
Chapter VI
Wireless and Mobile Communications / Jochen H. Schiller.............................................................. 133
Chapter VII
Event-Based and Publish/Subscribe Communication / Erwin Aitenbichler....................................... 152
Chapter VIII
Peer-to-Peer Systems / Jussi Kangasharju ......................................................................................... 172
Chapter IX
Opportunistic Networks / Andreas Heinemann .................................................................................. 190
Chapter X
Smart Items in Real Time Enterprises / Zoltán Nochta ...................................................................... 211
Section III
Adaptability: What is (Not) Content?
Chapter XI
Context Models and Context Awareness / Melanie Hartmann and Gerhard Austaller...................... 235
Chapter XII
A Focus on Location Context / Erwin Aitenbichler............................................................................ 257
Chapter XIII
Adapting to the User / Matthias Jöst .................................................................................................. 282
Section IV
Liability: From IT Security to Liability
Chapter XIV
Accounting and Charging: Guarantees and Contracts / Burkhard Stiller, David Hausheer,
Jan Gerke, Peter Racz, Cristian Morariu, and Martin Waldburger................................................... 302
Chapter XV
Security for Ubiquitous Computing / Tobias Straub and Andreas Heinemann.................................. 337
Chapter XVI
Trust and Accountability / Sebastian Ries .......................................................................................... 363
Section V
Ease-of-Use: Natural and Multimodal Interaction
Chapter XVII
Mobile Speech Recognition / Dirk Schnelle....................................................................................... 397
Chapter XVIII
Mouth and Ear Interaction / Dirk Schnelle ......................................................................................... 421
Chapter XIX
Advanced Hands and Eyes Interaction / Michael Weber and Marc Hermann ................................... 445
Chapter XX
Intelligent User Interfaces for Ubiquitous Computing / Rainer Malaka ............................................ 470
Chapter XXI
Multimodal and Federated Interaction / Frankie James and Rama Gurram...................................... 487
Chapter XXII
Multimodal Software Engineering / Andreas Hartl............................................................................ 508
Chapter XXIII
Ambient Learning / Fernando Lyardet............................................................................................... 530
Section VI
Pilots and Trends at SAP Research
Chapter XXIV
CoBIs: Collaborative Business Items / Patrik Spieß and Jens Müller ............................................... 551
Chapter XXV
PROMISE: Product Lifecycle Management and Information Tracking
Using Smart Embedded Systems / Jürgen Anke, Bernhard Wolf, Gregor Hackenbroich,
Hong-Hai Do, Mario Neugebauer, and Anja Klein ............................................................................ 559
Chapter XXVI
Real-Time Location Tracking Mashup for Enterprise / Louenas Hamdi, Rama Gurram, ,
and Samir Raiyani............................................................................................................................... 567
Chapter XXVII
Towards Adaptive Security for Ubiquitous Computing Systems: MOSQUITO and Serenity / Volkmar
Lotz,
Luca Compagna, and Konrad Wrona ................................................................................................. 574
Chapter XXVIII
Multimodal Warehouse Project / Samir Raiyani and Matthias Winkler ............................................585
Chapter XXIX
Business Grids: Grid Computing for Business Applications / Wolfgang Gerteis............................... 591
About the Contributors ................................................................................................................... 601
Index................................................................................................................................................... 611
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................ xvi
Preface ................................................................................................................................................ xix
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................xli
Chapter I
Introduction to Ubiquitous Computing / Max Mühlhäuser and Iryna Gurevych ................................... 1
The authors briefly describe the history of ubiquitous computing. Some terms and a few important
standards are subsequently introduced. In the last part, two kinds of reference architectures for ubiquitous
computing systems are discussed by way of example.
Section I
Scalability: Two Issues of Global Scale
Chapter II
Bionics: Learning from “The Born” / Tobias Limberger...................................................................... 38
The chapter focuses on distributed approaches to address the scalability challenges in ubiquitous
computing by means of bio-analog algorithms, which draw upon the realm of biology. The author
describes the algorithms based on the phenomena found on the organism level of biological systems
and examines the algorithms imitating procedures both on the cell and the molecular levels. Bio-analog
approaches are finally extrapolated to data management as a novel field.
Chapter III
Ubiquitous Services and Business Processes / Alistair Barros............................................................. 57
The author describes service-oriented architecture (SOA) based on Web services interfaces and messaging,
and service composition through single-party process orchestration and multi-party choreography
languages. For the latter, concrete patterns are used to describe the capabilities of prospective standards.
Ways in which SOA needs to be extended to allow wider and more flexible service trading, typified in
Detailed Table of Contents
current developments through service marketplaces, are then discussed. Such extensions converge
with directions in ubiquitous computing through so-called ubiquitous service networks and service
ecosystems.
Chapter IV
Ontologies for Scalable Services-Based Ubiquitous Computing / Daniel Oberle,
Christof Bornhövd, and Michael Altenhofen ........................................................................................ 88
Ontologies are proposed to address the scalability problems in ubiquitous computing, such as: (i)
identifying relevant services for deployment, (ii) verifying a composition by a logical rule framework,
and (iii) enabling the mapping of required services to the “best” available device. The authors focus
on the ontology languages emerging from the corresponding W3C Semantic Web Activity. The pros and
cons of ontologies are contrasted at a general level and the benefits and challenges in concrete smart
items middleware are demonstrated.
Chapter V
Service Discovery / Gerhard Austaller............................................................................................... 107
The chapter briefly discusses the attributes that define SOA and the roles of the participants in a service
oriented environment. In essence, SOA permits clients in open systems to use services offered by a
service provider in the context of a workflow or complex task. Services are offered with a description at
well-known “places” (also called registries, repositories), where clients choose services according to
their needs. The chapter discusses several approaches to describing services and to searching for them.
Moreover, some well-known systems and current related research are discussed.
Section II
Connectivity: Tapping into Humans and items
Chapter VI
Wireless and Mobile Communications / Jochen H. Schiller.............................................................. 133
The chapter focuses on different wireless and mobile communication systems that form the technological
basis for ubiquitous computing applications. Depending on many parameters, such as transmission
range, desired data rates, cost, mobility, power consumption, scalability in the number of users, and
so forth, different communication systems have been developed. They are surveyed and compared and
future directions are highlighted.
Chapter VII
Event-Based and Publish/Subscribe Communication / Erwin Aitenbichler....................................... 152
The chapter introduces a taxonomy of communication models and emphasizes the event-based model and
publish-subscribe paradigm that will supersede the client-server paradigm in the ubiquitous computing
era. The relevant aspects of the publish-subscribe paradigm are introduced along with known approaches.
The inner working of distributed event-based systems is thoroughly treated.
Chapter VIII
Peer-to-Peer Systems / Jussi Kangasharju ......................................................................................... 172
Wide-spread and novel application domains for peer-to-peer technology are described; challenges for
appropriate support of the latter are pointed out. Unstructured peer-to-peer networks and their variants
are contrasted with structured ones. The suitability and open issues in the context of ubiquitous computing
are highlighted.
Chapter IX
Opportunistic Networks / Andreas Heinemann .................................................................................. 190
Opportunistic networks support an increasingly interesting class of ubiquitous computing applications,
which deliberately limit connectivity to physical proximity of users. This application class and its variants
are described and contrasted with wireless ad hoc networks and mobile peer-to-peer systems. Important
human factors are treated, in particular privacy conservation and incentive schemes. Pertinent approaches
are introduced by way of examples.
Chapter X
Smart Items in Real Time Enterprises / Zoltán Nochta ...................................................................... 211
This chapter deals with the idea of how smart items, that is, electronically labeled and augmented physical
entities, can contribute to the overall vision of the real time enterprise by utilizing different ubiquitous
computing technologies. The main components of the smart items middleware are described.
Section III
Adaptability: What is (Not) Content?
Chapter XI
Context Models and Context Awareness / Melanie Hartmann and Gerhard Austaller...................... 235
This chapter gives an overview of how knowledge of the current context, that is, information characterizing
the situation, can be represented and how this knowledge can be used for enhancing applications. The
definitions of “context” and “context-aware applications” are given. The authors present guidelines
on how to build a context-aware application and some challenges in using context information are
discussed.
Chapter XII
A Focus on Location Context / Erwin Aitenbichler............................................................................ 257
With respect to the important ubiquitous computing issue “context awareness,” location is presently
considered the most important and best supported context. Accordingly, the chapter starts with an overview
of relevant location determination technologies. A thorough treatment of the physical and mathematical
foundations of location determination follows. Both indoor and outdoor position are treated in detail.
The chapter also provides insight into a broad range of available positioning systems.
Chapter XIII
Adapting to the User / Matthias Jöst .................................................................................................. 282
Adaptation is needed to handle the increasing complexity in today’s computing environments. The chapter
focuses on the aspect of adaptation that puts the user into focus. It thus provides an important complement
to the adaptation via context-awareness that is emphasized in the ubiquitous computing community and
in the two preceding chapters. It introduces different adaptation types possible in ubiquitous computing,
like interaction, content, and presentation. Basic requirements for appropriately modelling the users
and approaches to personalize applications are presented.
Section IV
Liability: From IT Security to Liability
Chapter XIV
Accounting and Charging: Guarantees and Contracts / Burkhard Stiller, David Hausheer,
Jan Gerke, Peter Racz, Cristian Morariu, and Martin Waldburger................................................... 302
For IP-based communications, charging is used as a comprehensive term for metering or monitoring,
accounting, pricing, charge calculation, and billing. These five actions are detailed in the chapter to
provide a clear view on their interdependencies as well as their relations to distributed computing. The
legal and contractual relationships between customers and providers as well as technological choices of
protocols, mechanisms, and parameters define the area of interest here. With their background purpose
of assuring and verifying exactly the flow of service provision and service remuneration intended,
the concepts described represent an important ingredient of future liability concepts for ubiquitous
computing
Chapter XV
Security for Ubiquitous Computing / Tobias Straub and Andreas Heinemann.................................. 337
The chapter motivates the need for a dedicated treatment of security in the context of ubiquitous
computing. It systematically discusses the particular security challenges and predominant security risks
in the ubiquitous computing context. The major part of the chapter is dedicated to the description of
sample solutions in order to illustrate the wealth of protection mechanisms required – and increasingly
available. An overview of cryptographic tools is given.
Chapter XVI
Trust and Accountability / Sebastian Ries .......................................................................................... 363
The chapter focuses on the concepts of trust and accountability. The author first introduces the semantics
of both concepts and then explains why trust is relevant for ubiquitous computing and what the main
issues for dealing with trust in computer science are. Then, the chapter discusses how accountability
can be achieved in distributed systems using reputation and micropayment mechanisms.
Section V
Ease-of-Use: Natural and Multimodal Interaction
Chapter XVII
Mobile Speech Recognition / Dirk Schnelle....................................................................................... 397
This chapter is considered as a prerequisite for deeper understanding of the subsequent chapter. It gives
an overview of the main architectures to enable speech recognition on embedded devices, including
their characteristic features and properties. A description of the main challenges for the use of speech
recognition on embedded devices—and thus, in the ubiquitous computing context—is given. The author
provides a solid base for the selection of the most appropriate architecture for the business case of real
time enterprises.
Chapter XVIII
Mouth and Ear Interaction / Dirk Schnelle ......................................................................................... 421
Ubiquitous computing involves users on the move, suggesting hands-and-eyes-free operation, for which
speech is an obvious choice. The chapter gives an overview of the challenges that have to be mastered
in ubiquitous computing while working with audio, which is not easy to handle as a medium. To make
things worse, mouth and ear interaction is often performed without focusing attention on the device.
The author explains why audio-based interfaces are challenging to handle and shows how to master the
challenges and to improve the quality of applications involving mouth and ear interaction.
Chapter XIX
Advanced Hands and Eyes Interaction / Michael Weber and Marc Hermann ................................... 445
While mouth-and-ears interaction is becoming more important for ubiquitous computing, hands-and-eyes
interaction, especially in novel forms, remains essential. The chapter gives an overview of the broad
range of pertinent interaction techniques. The chapter gives a short introduction to the fundamentals
of human-computer interaction and the traditional user interfaces. It then surveys multi-scale output
devices, gives a general idea of hands and eyes input, specializes them by merging the virtual and real
world, and introduces attention and affection for enhancing the interaction with computers and especially
with disappearing computers.
Chapter XX
Intelligent User Interfaces for Ubiquitous Computing/ Rainer Malaka ............................................. 470
The chapter introduces a set of general approaches for designing user interfaces with a special focus
on the specific needs for ubiquitous computing scenarios. The author learns from good interface design
for other—classical—devices and applies many of those user interface design principles to ubiquitous
computing as well. A central aspect is the design process that helps to find the right sequence of steps
in building a good user interface.
Chapter XXI
Multimodal and Federated Interaction / Frankie James and Rama Gurram...................................... 487
The authors first introduce some of the various modalities available for human-computer interaction.
Then, they discuss how multimodality can be used both in desktop and mobile computing environments.
The goal of the chapter is to familiarize scholars and researchers with the range of topics covered under
the heading “multimodality” and suggest new areas of research around the combination of modalities,
as well as the combination of mobile and stationary computing devices to improve usability.
Chapter XXII
Multimodal Software Engineering / Andreas Hartl............................................................................ 508
Ubiquitous computing makes it necessary to supplant the desktop metaphor of graphical user interfaces
by other kinds of user interfaces for a multitude of devices and interaction modalities. The chapter
presents three different software engineering approaches that address this challenge: extensions to
Web-based approaches, abstract user interface definitions that add a level of abstraction to the user
interface definition, and model-based approaches that extend model-based application development to
integrate user interface issues as well.
Chapter XXIII
Ambient Learning / Fernando Lyardet............................................................................................... 530
Ambient learning is a new area in ubiquitous computing, dealing with the different learning processes
that occur between people and smart technology environments. The chapter provides a definition of what
ambient learning is and discusses its relevance to ubiquitous computing. It presents the learning concepts
behind ambient learning and a detailed example of training a user. The technological building blocks
behind the smart products supporting their ability to learn from each other and assemble or “compose”
their functionality are examined in detail.
Section V
Pilots and Trends at SAP Research
Chapter XXIV
CoBIs: Collaborative Business Items / Patrik Spieß and Jens Müller ............................................... 551
The chapter describes an example of ubiquitous computing technology in a corporate environment. The
goal of the pilot was reduction of the risk in handling hazardous substances by detecting potentially
dangerous storage situations and raising alarms if certain rules are violated. The lesson learnt: if
employed in a shop floor, warehouse, or retail environment, UC technology can improve real-world
business processes, making them safer and more efficient.
Chapter XXV
PROMISE: Product Lifecycle Management and Information Tracking
Using Smart Embedded Systems / Jürgen Anke, Bernhard Wolf, Gregor Hackenbroich,
Hong-Hai Do, Mario Neugebauer, and Anja Klein ............................................................................ 559
The goals and application scenarios of the PROMISE project are presented. The PROMISE project aims to
close the information loop in product lifecycle management by employing product embedded information
devices (PEIDs) in products. Special attention is given to the middleware design and implementation
well as the role of universal plug and play (UPnP) as device-level protocol.
Chapter XXVI
Real-Time Location Tracking Mashup for Enterprise / Louenas Hamdi, Rama Gurram,
and Samir Raiyani............................................................................................................................... 567
The chapter describes a new automatic vehicle location (AVL) system designed to take advantage of
technologies that are currently gaining popularity in the enterprise, namely, online maps, real time GPS
location tracking, and service-oriented architectures. The system uses a service-oriented architecture and
Ajax-style user interface technology. The authors show that for Ajax technology to be widely adopted in
the applications involving real time data updates, a server-side push mechanism is needed.
Chapter XXVII
Towards Adaptive Security for Ubiquitous Computing Systems: MOSQUITO and Serenity / Volkmar
Lotz, Luca Compagna, and Konrad Wrona ........................................................................................ 574
The authors introduce two example projects that contribute to meeting the challenges in adaptive security.
The first project focuses on an architecture that allows for adaptive security in mobile environments based
on security services whose adaptation is guided by context information derived from sensor networks.
The second project addresses engineering aspects of secure ubiquitous computing systems through
making security solutions accessible and deployable on demand and following emerging applicationlevel requirements.
Chapter XXVIII
Multimodal Warehouse Project / Samir Raiyani and Matthias Winkler...............................................585
The Multimodal Warehouse Project is presented, which aims at applying multimodal interaction to a
warehouse picking process. The authors provide an overview of the warehouse picking procedure as well
as the overall architecture of the multimodal picking application and technologies applied to design the
application. Then, they describe the execution of user tests of the picking application at a warehouse
and present the results of these tests.