Handbook of human factors and Ergonomics Methods

Handbook of Human Factors Half Title Page and Ergonomics Methods

TF1539_C00.fm Page i Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

TF1539_C00.fm Page ii Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

Title Page

CRC PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Neville Stanton

Alan Hedge

Karel Brookhuis

Eduardo Salas

Hal Hendrick

Handbook of Human Factors

and Ergonomics Methods

TF1539_C00.fm Page iii Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with

permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish

reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials

or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior

permission in writing from the publisher.

All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific

clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance

Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is

ISBN 0-415-28700-6/05/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted

a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works,

or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for

identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com

© 2005 by CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-415-28700-6

Library of Congress Card Number 2003012359

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The handbook of human factors and ergonomics methods / edited by Neville Stanton … [et al.].

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-415-28700-6 (alk. paper)

1. Human engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Stanton, Neville, 1960– .

TA166.H275 2004

620.8′2—dc21 2003012359

CIP

TF1539_C00.fm Page iv Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

Preface

I must confess to a love of human factors and ergonomics methods. This is a love bordering on obsession.

Ever since I was taught how to use hierarchical task analysis (HTA) almost 20 years ago, I have been

hooked. Since that time, I have learned how to use dozens of methods. Each time, it is a mini-adventure.

I sometimes wonder if I will understand a new method properly, but when it clicks, I feel euphoric. I

have also spent a good deal of time training others in the use of methods. This is an extremely rewarding

experience, particularly when a trainee presents an analysis of his/her own that shows a clear grasp of

how the method works. I have also enjoyed developing some new methods. For example, in collaboration

with Chris Baber at the University of Birmingham, I have developed an error-prediction methodology

called “task analysis for error identification” (TAFEI). As with HTA, we have sought to underpin TAFEI

with a theory of human performance. We are still discovering new aspects of the TAFEI analysis, and it

gives us both a thrill to see other people reporting their studies using TAFEI.

The inspiration for this handbook came after I wrote A Guide to Methodology in Ergonomics with Mark

Young, which was also published by Taylor & Francis. It was clear to me that, although the human factors

and ergonomics literature is full of references to methods, there are few consistent standards for how

these methods are described and reported. This handbook began in 2000 with a proposal to Taylor &

Francis. Fortunately, Tony Moore smiled on this book. With his go-ahead, I contacted experts in each of

the various domains of ergonomics methods and asked them to edit different sections of the book. I feel

very fortunate that I managed to recruit such an eminent team. To be fair, they did not take much

persuasion, as they also agreed that this project was a worthwhile undertaking. The next step was to ask

experts in the various ergonomics methodologies to summarize their methods in a standardized format.

It was a pleasant surprise to see how willingly the contributors responded.

Now, some 4 years after the initial conception, all of the contributions have been gathered and edited.

On behalf of the editorial team, I hope that you, the reader, will find this to be a useful handbook. We

hope that this book will encourage developers of methods to structure the reporting of their methods

in a consistent manner. Equally important, we hope that this handbook will encourage users of the

methods to be more adventurous.

Neville A. Stanton

August 2004

TF1539_C00.fm Page v Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

TF1539_C00.fm Page vi Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

Acknowledgments

On behalf of the editorial team, I would like to thank all of the contributors to this handbook for their

professionalism and diligence. I would also like to thank the book commissioning and production team

at Taylor & Francis and CRC Press, especially Tony Moore, Sarah Kramer, Matt Gibbons, Jessica Vakili,

Cindy Carelli, and Naomi Lynch.

TF1539_C00.fm Page vii Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

TF1539_C00.fm Page viii Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

Editors

Neville A. Stanton is a professor of human-centered design at Brunel University in the U.K. He has a

bachelor’s degree in psychology from the University of Hull as well as master and doctoral degrees in

human factors from Aston University. Professor Stanton has published over 70 peer-reviewed journal

papers and 7 books on human-centered design. He was a visiting fellow of the Department of Design at

Cornell University in 1998. He was awarded the Institution of Electrical Engineers Divisional Premium

Award for a paper on engineering psychology and system safety in 1998. The Ergonomics Society awarded

him the Otto Edholm Medal in 2001 for his contribution to basic and applied ergonomics research.

Professor Stanton is on the editorial boards of Ergonomics, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, and

the International Journal of Human Computer Interaction. Professor Stanton is a chartered psychologist

and a fellow of the British Psychological Society, a fellow of the Ergonomics Society, and a fellow of the

Royal Society for the Arts.

Eduardo Salas is a professor of psychology at the University of Central Florida, where he also holds an

appointment as program director for the Human Systems Integration Research Department at the

Institute for Simulation and Training. He is also the director of UCF’s Ph.D. Applied Experimental &

Human Factors Program. Previously, he served as a senior research psychologist and head of the Training

Technology Development Branch of the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division for 15 years.

During this period, Dr. Salas served as a principal investigator for numerous R&D programs focusing

on teamwork, team training, decision making under stress, and performance assessment.

Dr. Salas has coauthored over 200 journal articles and book chapters and has coedited 11 books. He

has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Military

Psychology, Interamerican Journal of Psychology, Applied Psychology: an International Journal, International

Journal of Aviation Psychology, Group Dynamics, and the Journal of Organizational Behavior.

His expertise includes helping organizations to foster teamwork, to design and implement team

training strategies, to facilitate training effectiveness, to manage decision making under stress, to develop

performance measurement tools, and to design learning environments. He is currently working on

designing tools and techniques to minimize human errors in aviation, law enforcement, and medical

environments. He has served as a consultant in a variety of manufacturing settings, pharmaceutical

laboratories, and industrial and governmental organizations. Dr. Salas is a fellow of the American

Psychological Association (SIOP and Division 21) and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, and

he is a recipient of the Meritorious Civil Service Award from the Department of the Navy. He received

his Ph.D. degree (1984) in industrial and organizational psychology from Old Dominion University.

Hal W. Hendrick, Ph.D., CPE, DABFE, is emeritus professor of human factors and ergonomics at the

University of Southern California and principal of Hendrick and Associates, an ergonomics and industrial

and organizational psychology consulting firm. He is a certified professional ergonomist, diplomate of

the American Board of Forensic Examiners, and holds a Ph.D. in industrial psychology and an M.S. in

human factors from Purdue University, with a minor in industrial engineering. He is a past chair of USC’s

Human Factors Department, former executive director of the university’s Institute of Safety and Systems

Management, and a former dean at the University of Denver. He earlier was an associate professor at the

U.S. Air Force Academy, where he helped develop the psychology major and developed the Cooperative

MS Program in Human Factors with Purdue University. Hal is a past president of the Human Factors

and Ergonomics Society (HFES), the International Ergonomics Association, and the Board of Certification

in Professional Ergonomics. He is a fellow of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA), HFES,

TF1539_C00.fm Page ix Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

American Psychological Association, and American Psychological Society. He is a recipient of the USC

outstanding teaching award and both the HFES Jack A. Kraft Innovator Award and Alexander C. Williams,

Jr., Design Award. He is the author or coauthor of over 180 professional publications, including 3 books,

and editor or coeditor of 11 books. Hal conceptualized and initiated the subdiscipline of macroergonomics.

Alan Hedge is a professor in the Department of Design and Environmental Analysis at Cornell University.

His work focuses on the effects of workplace design on the health, comfort, and performance of people.

Recent projects have investigated alternative input device design, ergonomic chairs, and other furniture

workstation elements that can reduce musculoskeletal disorder risk factors. He also researches indoor

environmental design issues, especially air quality, ventilation, and the sick-building syndrome as well

as office lighting and computer-vision syndrome. He has coauthored a book, Keeping Buildings Healthy,

25 chapters, and over 150 professional publications. He is active in several professional societies.

Karel Brookhuis studied psychology at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, specializing in experimental psy￾chology, in 1980. He then became a research fellow (Ph.D. student) at the Institute for Experimental

Psychology, with a specialization in psychophysiology. In 1983 he became a senior researcher at the Traffic

Research Centre, which later merged into the Centre for Environmental and Traffic Psychology, at the

University of Groningen. In 1986 he became head of the Department of Biopsychological Aspects of

Driving Behaviour, later renamed the Department of Task Performance and Cognition. In 1994 he was

appointed as a research manager, responsible for the centre’s research planning and quality control. After

the centre was closed on January 1, 2000, he became associate professor (UHD) in the Department of

Experimental and Work Psychology. Since 2001, Brookhuis has served as a part-time full professor at the

Section of Transport Policy and Logistics of the Technical University of Delft.

TF1539_C00.fm Page x Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

Contributors

Torbjörn Åkerstedt

National Institute for Psychosocial

Factors and Health

Stockholm, Sweden

W.G. Allread

Ohio State University

Institute for Ergonomics

Columbus, OH

Dee H. Andrews

U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory

Warfighter Training Research

Division

Mesa, AZ

John Annett

University of Warwick

Department of Psychology

Coventry, U.K.

Amelia A. Armstrong

Klein Associates Inc.

Fairborn, OH

Christopher Baber

University of Birmingham

Computing Engineering

Birmingham, U.K.

David P. Baker

American Institutes for Research

Washington, D.C.

Natale Battevi

EPM-CEMOC

Milan, Italy

J. Matthew Beaubien

American Institutes for Research

Washington, D.C.

Artem Belopolsky

University of Illinois

Department of Psychology

Champaign, IL

Jennifer Blume

National Space Biomedical

Research Institute

Houston, TX

Gunnar Borg

Stockholm University

Department of Psychology

Stockholm, Sweden

Wolfram Boucsein

University of Wuppertal

Physiological Psychology

Wuppertal, Germany

Clint A. Bowers

University of Central Florida

Department of Psychology

Orlando, FL

Peter R. Boyce

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Lighting Research Center

Troy, NY

Karel A. Brookhuis

University of Groningen

Experimental & Work Psychology

Groningen, the Netherlands

Ogden Brown, Jr.

University of Denver

Denver, CO

Peter Buckle

University of Surrey

Robens Center for Health

Ergonomics

Guildford, U.K.

C. Shawn Burke

University of Central Florida

Institute for Simulation & Training

Orlando, FL

Pascale Carayon

University of Wisconsin

Center for Quality & Productivity

Improvement

Madison, WI

Daniela Colombini

EPM-CEMOC

Milan, Italy

Nancy J. Cooke

Arizona State University East

Applied Psychology Program

Mesa, AZ

Lee Cooper

University of Birmingham

Computing Engineering

Birmingham, U.K.

Nigel Corlett

University of Nottingham

Institute for Occupational

Ergonomics

Nottingham, U.K.

Dana M. Costar

American Institutes for Research

Washington, D.C.

Pamela Dalton

Monell Chemical Senses Center

Philadelphia, PA

Renée E. DeRouin

University of Central Florida

Institute for Simulation & Training

Orlando, FL

Dick de Waard

University of Groningen

Experimental & Work Psychology

Groningen, the Netherlands

David F. Dinges

University of Pennsylvania

School of Medicine

Philadelphia, PA

James E. Driskell

Florida Maxima Corporation

Winter Park, FL

Robin Dunkin-Chadwick

NIOSH

Division of Applied Research

& Technology

Cincinnati, OH

J.R. Easter

Aegis Research Corporation

Pittsburgh, PA

W.C. Elm

Aegis Research Corporation

Pittsburgh, PA

TF1539_C00.fm Page xi Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

Eileen B. Entin

Aptima, Inc.

Wodburn, MA

Elliot E. Entin

Aptima, Inc.

Wodburn, MA

Gary W. Evans

Cornell University

Department of Design &

Environmental Analysis

Ithaca, NY

Stephen M. Fiore

University of Central Florida

Institute for Simulation & Training

Orlando, FL

M.M. Fleischer

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA

Jennifer E. Fowlkes

Chi Systems, Inc.

Orlando, FL

Philippe Geslin

Institut National de la Recherche

Agronomique (INRA)

Toulouse, France

and

Université de Neuchâtel Institut

d’ethnologie

Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Matthias Göbel

Berlin University of Technology

Department of Human Factors

Engineering and Product

Ergonomics

Berlin, Germany

Thad Godish

Ball State University

Department of Natural Resources

Muncie, IN

Gerald F. Goodwin

U.S. Army Research Institute

Alexandria, VA

Paul Grossman

Freiburg Institute for Mindfulness

Research

Freiburg, Germany

J.W. Gualtieri

Aegis Research Corporation

Pittsburgh, PA

Bianka B. Hahn

Klein Associates Inc.

Fairborn, OH

Thomas R. Hales

NIOSH

Division of Applied Research

& Technology

Cincinnati, OH

George Havenith

Loughborough University

Department of Human Sciences

Loughborough, U.K.

Alan Hedge

Cornell University

Department of Design &

Environmental Analysis

Ithaca, NY

Hal W. Hendrick

Hendrick and Associates

Greenwood Village, CO

Sue Hignett

Loughborough University

Department of Human Sciences

Loughborough, U.K.

Vincent H. Hildebrandt

TNO Work & Employment

Hoofddorp, the Netherlands

and

Body@Work Research Center on

Physical Activity, Work and

Health TNO Vumc

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Hermann Hinrichs

University of Magdeburg

Clinic for Neurology

Magdeburg, Germany

Peter Hoonakker

University of Wisconsin

Center for Quality & Productivity

Improvement

Madison, WI

Karen Jacobs

Boston University Programs

in Occupational Therapy

Boston, MA

Florian Jentsch

University of Central Florida

Department of Psychology

Orlando, FL

R.F. Soames Job

University of Sydney

School of Psychology

Sydney, Australia

Debra G. Jones

SA Technologies, Inc.

Marietta, GA

David B. Kaber

North Carolina State University

Department of Industrial

Engineering

Raleigh, NC

Jussi Kantola

University of Louisville

Center for Industrial Ergonomics

Louisville, KY

Waldemar Karwowski

University of Louisville

Center for Industrial Ergonomics

Louisville, KY

Kristina Kemmlert

National Institute for Working Life

Solna, Sweden

Mark Kirby

University of Huddersfield

School of Computing and

Engineering

Huddersfield, U.K.

Gary Klein

Klein Associates Inc.

Fairborn, OH

Brian M. Kleiner

Virginia Polytechnical Institute

and State University

Grado Department of Industrial

and Systems Engineering

Blacksburg, VA

David W. Klinger

Klein Associates Inc.

Fairborn, OH

Arthur F. Kramer

University of Illinois

Department of Psychology

Champaign, IL

Guangyan Li

Human Engineering Limited

Bristol, U.K.

TF1539_C00.fm Page xii Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

Jean MacMillan

Aptima, Inc.

Wodburn, MA

Ann Majchrzak

University of Southern California

Marshall School of Business

Los Angeles, CA

Melissa M. Mallis

NASA Ames Research Center

Fatigue Countermeasures Group

Moffett Field, CA

W.S. Marras

Ohio State University

Institute for Ergonomics

Columbus, OH

Philip Marsden

University of Huddersfield

School of Computing and

Engineering

Huddersfield, U.K.

Laura Martin-Milham

University of Central Florida

Institute for Simulation & Training

Orlando, FL

Lorraine E. Maxwell

Cornell University

Design & Environmental Analysis

Ithaca, NY

Lynn McAtamney

COPE Occupational Health and

Ergonomics Services Ltd.

Nottingham, U.K.

Olga Menoni

EPM-CEMOC

Milan, Italy

J. Mokray

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA

J. Steven Moore

Texas A&M University

School of Rural Public Health

Bryan, TX

Lambertus (Ben) J.M.

Mulder

University of Groningen

Experimental & Work Psychology

Groningen, the Netherlands

Brian Mullen

Syracuse University

Syracuse, NY

Mitsuo Nagamachi

Hiroshima International University

Hiroshima, Japan

Leah Newman

Pennsylvania State University

The Harold & Inge Marcus

Department of Industrial &

Manufacturing Engineering

University Park, PA

Enrico Occhipinti

EPM-CEMOC

Milan, Italy

Michael J. Paley

Aptima, Inc.

Wodburn, MA

Daniela Panciera

EPM-CEMOC

Milan, Italy

Brian Peacock

National Space Biomedical

Research Institute

Houston, TX

S.S. Potter

Aegis Research Corporation

Pittsburgh, PA

Heather A. Priest

University of Central Florida

Institute for Simulation & Training

Orlando, FL

Renate Rau

University of Technology

Occupational Health Psychology

Dresden, Germany

Mark S. Rea

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Lighting Research Center

Troy, NY

Maria Grazia Ricci

EPM-CEMOC

Milan, Italy

Hannu Rintamäki

Oulu Regional Institute of

Occupational Health

Oulu, Finland

Michelle M. Robertson

Liberty Mutual Research Institute

for Safety

Hopkinton, MA

Suzanne H. Rodgers

Consultant in Ergonomics

Rochester, NY

D. Roitman

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA

E.M. Roth

Roth Cognitive Engineering

Brookline, MA

Eduardo Salas

University of Central Florida

Department of Psychology

Orlando, FL

Steven L. Sauter

NIOSH

Division of Applied Research

& Technology

Cincinnati, OH

Steven M. Shope

US Positioning Group, LLC

Mesa, AZ

Monique Smeets

Utrecht University

Department of Social Sciences

Utrecht, the Netherlands

Tonya L. Smith-Jackson

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University

Grado Department of Industrial

and Systems Engineering

Blacksburg, VA

Kimberly A. Smith-Jentsch

University of Central Florida

Department of Psychology

Orlando, FL

Stover H. Snook

Harvard School of Public Health

Boston, MA

Neville A. Stanton

Brunel University

School of Engineering

London, U.K.

TF1539_C00.fm Page xiii Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM

Naomi G. Swanson

NIOSH

Division of Applied Research

& Technology

Cincinnati, OH

Jørn Toftum

Technical University of Denmark

International Centre for Indoor

Environment & Energy

Lyngby, Denmark

Rendell R. Torres

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

School of Architecture

Troy, NY

Susan Vallance

Johnson Engineering

Houston, TX

Gordon A. Vos

Texas A&M University

School of Rural Public Health

Bryan, TX

Guy Walker

Brunel University

School of Engineering

London, U.K.

Donald E. Wasserman

University of Tennessee

Institute for the Study of Human

Vibration

Knoxville, TN

Jack F. Wasserman

University of Tennessee

Institute for the Study of Human

Vibration

Knoxville, TN

Thomas R. Waters

NIOSH

Division of Applied Research

& Technology

Cincinnati, OH

Christopher D. Wickens

University of Illinois at Urbana￾Champaign

Institute of Aviation

Aviation Human Factors Division

Savoy, IL

Cornelis J.E. Wientjes

NATO Research & Technology

Agency

Brussels, Belgium

David Wilder

University of Tennessee

Institute for the Study of Human

Vibration

Knoxville, TN

Mark S. Young

University of New South Wales

Department of Aviation

Sydney, Australia

TF1539_C00.fm Page xiv Wednesday, December 13, 2006 7:15 AM