Handbook of Human factors and Ergonomics Gavriel Salvendy

HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORS

AND ERGONOMICS

Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Fourth Edition Gavriel Salvendy

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORS

AND ERGONOMICS

Fourth Edition

Edited by

Gavriel Salvendy

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

and

Tsinghua University

Beijing, People’s Republic of China

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Handbook of human factors and ergonomics/edited by Gavriel Salvendy. — 4th ed.

Handp. cm.

HaIncludes index.

HandISBN 978-0-470-52838-9 (hardback); ISBN 978-1-118-12906-7 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-12907-4 (ebk);

ISBN 978-1-118-12908-1 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13135-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13148-0 (ebk); ISBN

978-1-118-13149-7 (ebk)

H1. Human engineering–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Salvendy, Gavriel, 1938–

HaTA166.H275 2012

Ha620.8

2–dc23

2011045254

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ABOUT THE EDITOR

Gavriel Salvendy is professor emeritus of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University and Chair Professor

and Head of the Department of Industrial Engineering at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. He is the

author or co-author of over 550 research publications, including over 300 journal papers and is the author

or editor of 42 books. His publications have appeared in seven languages. He is the major professor to 67

former and current Ph.D. students. His main research deals with the human aspects of design, operation,

and management of advanced engineering systems. Gavriel Salvendy is the founding editor of two

journals: the International Journal on Human–Computer Interaction and Human Factors and Ergonomics

in Manufacturing and Service Industries. He was the founding chair of the International Commission on

Human Aspects in Computing, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1990 he became the first member

of either the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society or the International Ergonomics Association to be

elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He was elected “for fundamental contributions to and

professional leadership in human, physical, and cognitive aspects of engineering systems.” In 1995 he

received an Honorary Doctorate from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, “for great contributions to the

development of science and technology and for the great influence upon the development of science and

technology in China.” He is the fourth person in all fields of science and engineering in the 45 years of the

Academy ever to receive this award. In 2006, he received the Friendship Award presented by the People’s

Republic of China. The award is the highest honor the Chinese government confers on foreign experts.

In 2007, he received the John Fritz Medal which is the engineering profession’s highest award for his

“fundamental international and seminal leadership and technical contributions to human engineering and

industrial engineering education, theory, and practice.” He is an honorary fellow and life member of the

Ergonomics Society and fellow of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Institute of Industrial Engineers,

and the American Psychological Association. He has advised organizations in 31 countries on the human

side of effective design, implementation and management of advanced technologies in the workplace. He

earned his Ph.D. in engineering production at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.

v

CONTRIBUTORS

Bashar Alyousef

Research Assistant

Industrial & Systems Engineering

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Johan Hviid Andersen

Professor

Department of Occupational Medicine

Danish Ramazzini Centre

Herning Hospital

Herning, Denmark

Margherita Antona

Coordinator of the Centre for Universal Access

and Assistive Technologies

Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Susan Archer

Senior Vice President

Alion Science and Technology

Boulder, Colorado

Grazyna Bartkowiak

Researcher, Department of Personal Protective

Equipment

Lab Manager, Protective Clothing Laboratory

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Krzysztof Baszczynski

Researcher, Department of Personal Protective

Equipment

Lab Manager, Laboratory of Safety Helmets and

Equipment Protecting against Falls from a

Height

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Kevin B. Bennett

Professor and Human Factors Area Leader

Department of Psychology

Wright State University

Dayton, Ohio

Kenneth R. Boff

Principal Scientist

Tennenbaum Institute

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia

Anna Bogdan

Researcher, Department of Ergonomics

Lab Manager, Thermal Load Laboratory

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Walter R. Boot

Assistant Professor

Department of Psychology

Florida State University

Tallahassee, Florida

Walter C. Borman

Professor

Department of Psychology

University of South Florida

and Personnel Decisions Research Institute

Tampa, Florida

Peter R. Boyce

Consultant

Canterbury, United Kingdom

Martin Braun

Senior Scientist

Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering

Stuttgart, Germany

vii

viii CONTRIBUTORS

Agnieszka Brochocka

Researcher, Department of Personal Protective

Equipment

Laboratory for Respiratory Protective Equipment

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Patrick F. Bruning

Graduate Research Assistant

Organizational Behavior and Human Resources

Krannert School of Management

School of Business

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

Michael A. Campion

Herman C. Krannert Professor of Management

Krannert Graduate School of Management

Purdue University

Weat Lafayette, Indiana

Pascale Carayon

Proctor & Gamble Bascom Professor in Total

Quality

Department of Industrial and Systems

Engineering

Director of the Center for Quality and

Productivity Improvement

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

C. Melody Carswell

Associate Professor

Department of Psychology

University of Kentucky

Lexington, Kentucky

John G. Casali

John Grado Professor

Grado Department of Industrial and Systems

Engineering

Director, Auditory Systems Laboratory

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University

Blacksburg, Virginia

Yee-Yin Choong

Research Scientist

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, Maryland

Joseph V. Cohn

Aerospace Experimental Psychologist

Office of Naval Research

U.S. Navy

Arlington, Virginia

Bradley T. Cook

Managing Engineer

Miller Engineering, Inc.

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Chris W. Coultas

Graduate Research Associate

Department of Psychology & Institute of

Simulation and Training

University of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida

Sara J. Czaja

Professor and Co-Director

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Center

on Aging Sciences

University of Miami Miller School

of Medicine

Miami, Florida

Marvin Dainoff

Director, Center for Behavioral Sciences

Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety

Hopkinton, Massachusetts

Patrick G. Dempsey

Research Industrial Engineer

National Institute for Occupational Safety

and Health

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Konstantina Doulgeraki

Research Engineer

Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Colin G. Drury

Distinguished Professor Emeritus

Department of Industrial Engineering

University at Buffalo: State University of

New York

Buffalo, NewYork

CONTRIBUTORS ix

Vincent G. Duffy

Associate Professor

School of Industrial Engineering

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

Paula J. Edwards

Director

HIMformatics

Atlanta, Georgia

Mica R. Endsley

President

SA Technologies, Inc.

Marietta, Georgia

Edna R. Fiedler

Aerospace Psychology Consultants

Tucson, Arizona

Donald L. Fisher

Professor and Head

Department of Mechanical & Industrial

Engineering

University of Massachusetts—Amherst

Amherst, Massachusetts

Arthur D. Fisk

Professor

School of Psychology

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Goergia

John M. Flach

Professor and Department Chair

Department of Psychology

Wright State University

Dayton, Ohio

Sven Fuchs

Senior Research Associate

Human-Systems Integration

Design Interactive, Inc.

Oviedo, Florida

Fredrick P. Garcia

Lab Manager/Lead Usability Specialist

Center for Usability in Design and Accessibility

Long Beach, California

Paul A. Green

Research Professor

Transportation Research Institute

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Michael J. Griffin

Professor

Human Factors Research Unit

Institute of Sound and Vibration Research

University of Southampton

Southampton, United Kingdom

Rebecca Grossman

Graduate Research Associate

Department of Psychology

Institute for Simulation & Training

University of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida

Kelly S. Hale

Senior Vice President

Design Interactive, Inc.

Oviedo, Florida

Jerry W. Hedge

Senior Research Manager

Survey Research Division

RTI International

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Martin G. Helander

Professor

School of Mechanical and Aerospace

Engineering

Nanyang Technological University

Singapore

Fabian Hermann

Competence-Center Human-Computer

Interaction

Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial

Engineering

Stuttgart, Germany

Erik Hollnagel

Professor

University of Southern Denmark

Odense, Denmark

Peter Hoonakker

Research Scientist

Center for Quality & Productivity Improvement

(CQPI)

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

x CONTRIBUTORS

Rafal Hrynyk

Assistant Researcher

Laboratory of Head and Foot Protection

Department of Personal Protective Equipment

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Emilia Irzmanska

Researcher

Laboratory of Head and Foot Protection

Department of Personal Protective Equipment

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Dan Ispas

Assistant Professor

Department of Psychology

Illinois State University

Normal, Illinois

Julie A. Jacko

Professor

School of Public Health Faculty Fellow

Institute for Health Informatics

Principal Investigator and Director

University Partnership for Health Informatics

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

J. Bern Jordan

Researcher

Industrial & Systems Engineering

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Tanja Kabel

RWTH Aachen University

Aachen, Germany

Waldemar Karwowski

Professor and Chair

Department of Industrial & Management Systems

University of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida

Halimahtun M. Khalid

Executive Director

Principal Scientist and Consultant

Damai Sciences

Kuala Lampur, Malaysia

Thitima Kongnakorn

Senior Research Associate

Center for Health Economics & Science Policy

United BioSource Corp.

Lexington, Massachusetts

Danuta Koradecka

Professor and Director

Researcher

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Vasilis Kouroumalis

Research Engineer

Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Steven J. Landry

Assistant Professor

School of Industrial Engineering

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

Kenneth R. Laughery, Sr.

Professor Emeritus

Department of Psychology

Rice University

Houston, Texas

K. Ronald Laughery, Jr.

President

Alion Science and Technology

Boulder, Colorodo

Christian Lebiere

Research Faculty

Department of Psychology

Carnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

John D. Lee

Professor

Industrial & Systems Engineering Department

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Mark R. Lehto

Professor and Associate Head

School of Industrial Engineering

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

CONTRIBUTORS xi

Asterios Leonides

Research Engineer

Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

James R. Lewis

Senior Human Factors Engineer

IBM Software Group

Boca Raton, Florida

Torsten Licht

RWTH Aachen University

Aachen, Germany

Holger Luczak

Professor Emeritus

Institute of Industrial Engineering and

Ergonomics

Aachen, Germany

Katarzyna Majchrzycka

Researcher

Head, Department of Personal Protective

Equipment

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Krzysztof Makowski

Assistant Researcher

Laboratory for Respiratory Protective Equipment

Department of Personal Protective Equipment

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Nicolas Marmaras

Professor

School of Mechanical Engineering

National Technical University of Athens

Athens, Greece

William S. Marras

Honda Chair Professor

Director, Biodynamics Laboratory

Director, COHAM

Executive Director, Institute for Ergonomics

Department of Integrated Systems Engineering

Ohio State University

Columbus, Ohio

Anna Marszalek

Researcher

Thermal Load Laboratory

Department of Ergonomics

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

Michael Matessa

Lead Cognitive Scientist

MA&D Operation

Alion Science and Technology

Boulder, Colorado

Christopher B. Mayhorn

Associate Professor

Department of Psychology

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Carolina

Wayne Maynard

Manager, Technical Services

Loss Control Advisory Services

Liberty Mutual Research Institute of Safety

Hopkinton, Massachusetts

Molly A. McClellan

Business Analyst

Office of Occupational Health and Safety

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Katrin Meinken

Dipl.-Biol.

Human Factors Engineering

Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial

Engineering

Stuttgart, Germany

Frederick P. Morgeson

Professor and Valade Research Scholar

Department of Management

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan

Allen L. Nagy

Professor of Psychology

Department of Psychology

Wright State University

Dayton, Ohio

xii CONTRIBUTORS

Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah

Associate Professor of Management Information

Systems

Department of Management

University of Nebraska—Lincoln

Lincoln, Nebraska

Sankaran N. Nair

Director, Research Data

Center on Aging

University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Dimitris Nathanael

Lecturer

School of Mechanical Engineering

National Technical University of Athens

Athens, Greece

Timothy A. Nichols

User Research Engineer

Microsoft Game Studios

Microsoft Corporation

Redmond, Washington

Chris North

Associate Professor

Department of Computer Science

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Blacksburg, Virginia

Grzegorz Owczarek

Lab Manager, Eye and Face Protection

Laboratory

Researcher, Department of Personal Protective

Equipment

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

A. Ant Ozok

Associate Professor

Department of Information Systems

University of Maryland Baltimore County

Baltimore, Maryland

Nikolaos Partarakis

Research Engineer

Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Matthias Peissner

Head of Competence Center Human-Computer

Interaction

Competence Center Human-Computer Interaction

Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering

Stuttgart, Germany

Tom Plocher

Staff Scientist

Automation and Control Solutions Laboratory

Honeywell International

Golden Valley, Minnesota

Beth M. Plott

Division Manager

Development Division

Alion Science & Technology

Boulder, Colorado

Janet D. Proctor

Lead Academic Advisor, Psychology

Liberal Arts

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

Robert W. Proctor

Distinguished University Professor

Department of Psychological Sciences

Purdue University

Wet Lafayette, Indiana

Pei-Luen Patrick Rau

Director, Human Factors Institute and

Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering

Tsinghua University

Beijing, China

Valerie J. Berg Rice

General Ergonomics

Selma, Texas

Michelle Robertson

Research Scientist

Center for Behavioral Science

Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety

Hopkinton, Massachusetts

Kathleen M. Robinette

Principal Research Anthropologist

Air Force Research Laboratory

711th Human Performance Wing/RHPA

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

CONTRIBUTORS xiii

David Rodrick

Assistant Professor

Department of Industrial & Manufacturing

Systems Engineering

The University of Michigan—Dearborn

Dearborn, Michigan

Wendy A. Rogers

Professor

School of Psychology

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia

William B. Rouse

Executive Director & Professor

Tennenbaum Institute

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia

Franc¸ois Sainfort

Mayo Professor

Biomedical Health Informatics

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Eduardo Salas

Pegasus Professor & University

Trustee Chair

Department of Psychology

Institute for Simulation & Training

University of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida

Anthony Savidis

Associate Professor, Department of Computer

Science

University of Crete

Researcher

Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Dylan Schmorrow

U.S. Navy

Arlington, Virginia

E. Eugene Schultz

Chief Technology Officer

Emagined Security

San Carlos, California

Richard Schweickert

Professor of Psychological Sciences

Department of Psychology

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

Bobbie D. Seppelt

Research Associate

Industrial & Systems Engineering Department

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Joseph Sharit

Research Professor

Department of Industrial Engineering

University of Miami

Coral Gables, Florida

Walter E. Sipes

NASA Johnson Space Center

Houston, Texas

Bohdana Sherehiy

Independent Consultant

Washington, District of Columbia

Thomas B. Sheridan

Ford Professor of Engineering and Applied

Psychology Emeritus

Department of Mechanical Engineering and

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Michael J. Smith

The Duane H. and Dorothy M. Bluemke

Professor Emeritus

Department of Industrial and Systems

Engineering

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Dieter Spath

Professor and Head of Institute

Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering

Stuttgart, Germany

Sandra Sproll

Senior Scientist

Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering

Stuttgart, Germany

xiv CONTRIBUTORS

Kay M. Stanney

President

Design Interactive, Inc.

Oviedo, Florida

Constantine Stephanidis

Professor, Department of Computer Science

University of Crete

Director, Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and

Technology—Hellas (FORTH)

Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Alvaro D. Taveira

Professor and Chair

Department of Occupational and Environmental

Safety and Health

University of Wisconsin—Whitewater

Whitewater, Wisconsin

Pamela S. Tsang

Professor

Department of Psychology

Wright State University

Dayton, Ohio

Gregg C. Vanderheiden

Professor, Department of Industrial & Systems

Engineering and Department of Biomedical

Engineering Director, Trace Center

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Michael A. Vidulich

Principal Research Psychologist

Air Force Research Laboratory

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

Kim-Phuong L. Vu

Associate Professor

Department of Psychology

California State University—Long Beach

Long Beach, California

Christopher D. Wickens

Professor Emeritus, Aviation and Psychology

Institute of Aviation

University of Illinois

Senior Scientist

Alionscience

Savoy, Illinois

Glenn Wilson

Emeritus Principal Research Psychologist

Air Force Research Laboratory

Wright-Patteron Air Force Base, Ohio

Chief Scientist

Physiometrex

Keizer, Oregon

Michael S. Wogalter

Professor

Department of Psychology

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Carolina

Barbara Woolford

Manager, Space Human Factors and Habitability

Research

NASA Johnson Space Center

Houston, Texas

Anping Xie

Research Assistant and Doctoral Student

Industrial & Systems Engineering

Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement

University of Wisconsin—Madison

Madison, Wisconsin

Ji Soo Yi

Assistant Professor

School of Industrial Engineering

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

Peter Young

Professor

Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering

Colorado State University

Fort Collins, Colorado

Panayiotis Zaphiris

Associate Professor

Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts

Cyprus University of Technology

Limassol, Cyprus

Jan Zera

Lab Manager, Laboratory of Hearing Protection

Researcher, Department of Vibroacoustic Hazards

Central Institute for Labour Protection—National

Research Institute

Warsaw, Poland

PREFACE

This handbook is concerned with the role of humans in complex systems, the design of equipment

and facilities for human use, and the development of environments for comfort and safety. The first,

second, and third editions of the handbook were a major success and profoundly influenced the human

factors profession. It was translated and published in Japanese and Russian and won the Institute of

Industrial Engineers Joint Publishers Book of the Year Award. It has received strong endorsement from

top management; the late Eliot Ester, retired president of General Motors Corporation, who wrote the

forward to the first edition of the handbook, indicated that “regardless of what phase of the economy a

person is involved in, this handbook is a very useful tool. Every area of human factors from environmental

conditions and motivation to the use of new communication systems... is well covered in the handbook

by experts in every field.”

In a literal sense, human factors and ergonomics is as old as the machine and environmental design,

for it was aimed at designing them for human use. However, it was not until World War II that human

factors emerged as a separate discipline. The field of human factors and ergonomics has developed and

broadened considerably since its inception 70 years ago and has generated a body of knowledge in the

following areas of specializations:

• Human factors profession

• Human factors fundamentals

• Design of tasks and jobs

• Equipment, workplace, and environmental design

• Design for health, safety, and comfort

• Performance modeling

• Evaluation

• Human–computer interaction

• Design for individual differences

• Selected applications

The foregoing list shows how broad the field has become. As such, this handbook should be of value

to all human factors and ergonomics specialists, engineers, industrial hygienists, safety engineers, and

human–computer interaction specialists. The 61 chapters constituting the fourth edition of the handbook

were written by 131 experts. In creating this handbook, the authors gathered information from over 7500

references and presented over 500 figures and 200 tables to provide theoretically based and practically

oriented material for use by both practitioners and researchers. In the fourth edition of the Handbook of

Human Factors and Ergonomics, the chapters have been completely, newly written. This fourth edition

xv

xvi PREFACE

of the handbook covers totally new areas that were not included in the third edition. These include the

following subjects:

• Managing low-back disorder risk in the workplace

• Neuroergonomics

• Social networking

• User requirements

• Human factors in ambient intelligent environments

• Online interactivity

• Office ergonomics

• Human factors and ergonomics in motor vehicle transportation

• Human factors and ergonomics in aviation

The main purpose of this handbook is to serve the needs of the human factors and ergonomics

researchers, practitioners, and graduate students. Each chapter has a strong theory and science base and

is heavily tilted toward application orientation. As such, a significant number of case studies, examples,

figures, and tables are utilized to facilitate usability of the presented material.

The many contributing authors came through magnificently. I thank them all most sincerely for agreeing

so willingly to create this handbook with me. I had the privilege of working with Robert L. Argentieri,

our Wiley executive editor, who significantly facilitated my editorial work with his assistant Dan Magers.

I was truly fortunate to have during the preparation of this handbook the most able contribution of Myrna

Kasdorf, editorial coordinator of the handbook, who has done a truly outstanding job.

GAVRIEL SALVENDY

January 2011

CONTENTS

1. Human Factors Function 1

1. The Discipline of Human Factors and Ergonomics 3

Waldemar Karwowski

2. Human Factors Engineering and Systems Design 38

Sara J. Czaja and Sankaran N. Nair

2. Human Factors Fundamentals 57

3. Sensation and Perception 59

Robert W. Proctor and Janet D. Proctor

4. Selection and Control of Action 95

Robert W. Proctor and Kim-Phuong L. Vu

5. Information Processing 117

Christopher D. Wickens and C. Melody Carswell

6. Cross-Cultural Design 162

Tom Plocher, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, and Yee-Yin Choong

7. Decision-Making Models, Decision Support, and Problem Solving 192

Mark R. Lehto, Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, and Ji Soo Yi

8. Mental Workload and Situation Awareness 243

Michael A. Vidulich and Pamela S. Tsang

9. Social and Organizational Foundations of Ergonomics 274

Alvaro D. Taveira and Michael J. Smith

10. Human Factors and Ergonomic Methods 298

Julie A. Jacko, Ji Soo Yi, Fran¸cois Sainfort, and Molly McClellan

11. Anthropometry for Product Design 330

Kathleen M. Robinette

12. Basic Biomechanics and Workstation Design 347

William S. Marras

3. Design of Tasks and Jobs 383

13. Task Analysis: Why, What, and How 385

Erik Hollnagel

xvii