Digital Audio Broadcasting Principles and Applications of DAB, DAB+ and DMB, 3rd Edition

Digital Audio Broadcasting

Digital Audio Broadcasting: Principles and Applications of DAB, DAB+ and DMB, Third Edition Edited by W. Hoeg and T. Lauterbach

© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-51037-7

Digital Audio

Broadcasting

Principles and Applications

of DAB, DAB+ and DMB

THIRD EDITION

Editors

WOLFGANG HOEG

Audio Consultant, Berlin, Germany

and

THOMAS LAUTERBACH

Georg-Simon-Ohm, University of Applied Sciences, Nu¨rnberg, Germany

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication

This edition first published 2009

2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Digital audio broadcasting : principles and applications of DAB, DABþ and DMB / edited by

Wolfgang Hoeg, Thomas Lauterbach. — 3rd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-51037-7 (cloth)

1. Digital audio broadcasting. I. Hoeg, Wolfgang. II. Lauterbach, Thomas.

TK6562.D54D54 2009

621.384—dc22

2009001879

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-0-470-51037-7 (Hbk)

Set in 10/12pt Times by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.

Contents

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xix

Foreword xxiii

Abbreviations xxv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 General 1

1.2 Radio in the Digital Age 2

1.3 Benefits of the Eureka 147 DAB Systems Family 2

1.3.1 The Original DAB System 2

1.3.2 Benefits of the Upgraded System DAB+ 5

1.4 History of the Origins of DAB 5

1.4.1 Steps of Development 5

1.4.2 Organisations and Platforms 10

1.4.3 Milestones of Introduction 12

1.5 International Standardisation 13

1.5.1 Basic Requirements and System Standards 13

1.5.2 Audio Coding 13

1.5.3 Data and Multimedia Services 14

1.5.4 Network and Transmission Standards 14

1.5.5 Receiver Requirements 15

1.5.6 Guidelines for Implementation and Operation 15

1.6 Relations to Other Digital Broadcasting Systems 15

1.6.1 Satellite-based Digital Radio Systems 15

1.6.2 Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Systems 19

1.6.3 Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) 23

1.6.4 Internet Radio (Web-casting) 25

2 System Concept 29

2.1 The Physical Channel 29

2.2 The DAB Transmission System 32

2.2.1 Multicarrier Modulation 32

2.2.2 The Frame Structure of DAB 35

2.2.3 Channel Coding 36

2.2.4 Interleaving and PSK Mapping 42

2.2.5 Time Interleaving and Overall Delay 42

2.2.6 DQPSK Modulation and Frequency Interleaving 44

2.2.7 Performance Considerations 44

2.3 The DAB Multiplex 47

2.3.1 Mode-Independent Description of the Multiplex 47

2.3.2 The Main Service Channel 48

2.3.3 Transport Mechanisms 48

2.3.4 Fast Information Channel (FIC) 55

2.3.5 Transmission Frames 56

2.3.6 The Logical Structure of the DAB Multiplex 56

2.3.7 Multiplex Reconfiguration 57

2.4 Conditional Access 58

2.4.1 General Principles 58

2.4.2 System Architecture of HECA (Fraunhofer-IIS) 62

2.4.3 Conditional Access Framework for DAB 63

2.5 Service Information 66

2.5.1 Introduction 66

2.5.2 Coding of Labels 66

2.5.3 Basic Service Information 68

2.5.4 Service-related Information 70

2.5.5 Programme-related Features 74

2.5.6 Announcements 77

2.5.7 Other Ensemble Services 82

2.5.8 Tuning Aids 83

3 Audio Services and Applications 93

3.1 General 93

3.2 Audio Coding and Decoding 94

3.2.1 Perceptual Coding 94

3.2.2 MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer II 96

3.2.3 MPEG-2/4 HE AAC 101

3.2.4 Spectral Band Replication (SBR) 107

3.2.5 Parametric Stereo Coding (PS) 109

3.2.6 Audio Decoding 112

3.3 Characteristics of DAB Audio Coding 113

3.3.1 Audio Modes 114

3.3.2 Sampling Rate 114

3.3.3 Frame Structure 115

3.3.4 Bit Rates 115

vi Contents

3.4 DAB+ Coding Schemes 116

3.4.1 Is Audio Layer II Still Up-to-date for DAB? 116

3.4.2 DAB+ Audio Coding 117

3.5 Programme-associated Data 120

3.5.1 Dynamic Range Control (DRC) 121

3.5.2 Music/Speech Control (M/S) 122

3.5.3 Transport Mechanism of DRC and M/S Data 122

3.5.4 The Receiving End 123

3.6 Multichannel Audio with DAB 124

3.6.1 Characteristics of the MPEG-2 Multichannel Audio Coding

System 124

3.6.2 3/2-Multichannel Presentation Performance 126

3.6.3 Compatibility Aspects 128

3.6.4 MPEG Surround for HE AAC 130

3.7 Other Advanced Audio Applications 134

3.7.1 Multilingual Extension 134

3.7.2 Half Sampling Rate Coding 135

3.7.3 Audio Broadcasting for the Hearing Impaired 136

3.8 Quality of Service 139

3.8.1 Analogue vs Digital Transmission 140

3.8.2 Audio Quality vs Bit Rate 141

3.8.3 Subjective Quality Assessment 142

3.8.4 Subjective Tests for AAC Codec Family 145

3.8.5 Error Protection and Concealment 150

3.8.6 Objective Quality Assessment 158

3.9 Audio Levels 160

3.9.1 Audio Signal Level Alignment 160

3.9.2 Programme Loudness 164

4 Data Services and Applications 167

4.1 General 167

4.2 Data Application Signalling and Access 167

4.3 The Multimedia Object Transfer Protocol 170

4.3.1 General Principles 170

4.3.2 Structure of MOT 170

4.3.3 Transmission of MOT and Overhead Considerations 171

4.3.4 MOT Header Parameters 174

4.3.5 Advanced Features of the MOT Directory Mode 175

4.4 Standardised MOT User Applications 175

4.4.1 MOT Slideshow 175

4.4.2 MOT Broadcast Web Site 176

4.4.3 Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) 177

4.5 Text Based Services 177

4.5.1 Dynamic Label 177

4.5.2 Journaline 179

Contents vii

4.6 Traffic Information Services and Navigation Aids 187

4.6.1 Traffic Message Channel (TMC) 187

4.6.2 TPEG 188

4.6.3 Differential GPS 188

4.7 Other Data Transmission Mechanisms 189

4.7.1 Transparent Data Channel 189

4.7.2 IP-Tunnelling 190

5 Provision of Services 193

5.1 The DAB Service Landscape 193

5.1.1 Structure of DAB Service Organisation 193

5.1.2 DAB Main Services 195

5.1.3 Data Services 198

5.2 Use of Existing Infrastructures 200

5.2.1 Broadcasting Operation Systems 200

5.2.2 Editorial Systems 201

5.3 Need for New Infrastructure 202

5.3.1 Management of Text and Service Data 202

5.3.2 Multimedia Editorial Tools 205

5.3.3 Data Inserter 207

5.4 Relationship between DAB Data Services

and RDS 210

5.4.1 DAB SId versus RDS PI Code 210

5.4.2 Programme Type Codes 211

5.4.3 Announcements in DAB versus TA in RDS 211

5.4.4 Dynamic Label in DAB versus Radiotext in RDS 211

5.4.5 Cross-referencing DAB Services from RDS 216

5.5 Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) for DAB 220

5.5.1 General 220

5.5.2 Development of the DAB EPG 221

5.5.3 Data formatting 221

5.5.4 Transportation and Compression of the EPG 224

5.5.5 EPG Data Management 227

5.5.6 Launch of EPG services 228

5.6 Possible New Audio Services 228

5.6.1 Dynamic Reconfiguration for Temporary Service Splitting 228

5.6.2 Secondary Service Components for Main and Sub-Services 228

5.6.3 Announcement Channels for a ‘‘Near Radio on Demand’’ 229

5.6.4 Announcement Switching for Personal Preferences 229

5.6.5 Mailbox Radio 229

6 Collection and Distribution Networks 231

6.1 General 231

6.1.1 Basic Requirements 231

6.1.2 Ensemble Multiplexer 233

6.1.3 Conceptual Broadcast Network Outline 235

6.1.4 Implementation Issues 235

viii Contents

6.2 The Collection Network 237

6.2.1 The Service Transport Interface (STI) 237

6.2.2 Network Architecture 242

6.2.3 Network Operation 244

6.2.4 STI Implementation Levels 248

6.2.5 Integration of Non-STI Service Providers 250

6.2.6 Advanced Features and Further

Development 251

6.3 The Distribution Network 251

6.3.1 The Ensemble Transport Interface (ETI) 251

6.3.2 Network Architecture 253

6.3.3 Network Operation 254

6.4 Example of Implementation 256

6.4.1 Operational Scenario 256

6.4.2 The Service Provider Profile 257

6.4.3 Equipment in Use 258

7 The Broadcast Side 263

7.1 General 263

7.2 Introduction to DAB Networks 263

7.2.1 Difference between FM and DAB Networks 263

7.2.2 Single Frequency Networks 264

7.3 Particularities of Single Frequency Networks (SFNs) 267

7.3.1 Review of COFDM Principles 267

7.3.2 Time and Frequency Synchronisation 267

7.3.3 Network Gain 267

7.3.4 Self-Interference in DAB Networks 268

7.3.5 Optimised Coverage of SFNs 268

7.3.6 Closure of Coverage Gaps Using Gap Fillers 269

7.3.7 Application of the TII Feature in SFNs 271

7.4 DAB Transmitters 272

7.4.1 General Aspects 272

7.4.2 Signal Processing Blocks of a COFDM Modulator 273

7.4.3 Digital-to-analogue Conversion 274

7.4.4 RF Upconversion 276

7.4.5 Amplification and Filtering 276

7.5 Radio Frequency Propagation Aspects 278

7.5.1 The Impaired RF Channel 278

7.5.2 Propagation and Channel Models 282

7.6 Coverage Planning 288

7.6.1 Reception Modes 288

7.6.2 Planning Criteria 289

7.6.3 Interference Considerations 293

7.6.4 Delay Considerations 295

7.6.5 Coverage Prediction 298

7.6.6 Further Planning Considerations 299

Contents ix

7.6.7 Example of an SFN in Band III 300

7.6.8 Example of an SFN in L-Band 301

7.7 Coverage Evaluation and Monitoring of SFNs 303

7.7.1 Parameters for DAB Coverage Evaluation 303

7.7.2 A Closer Look at Bit Error Ratio Measurements 305

7.7.3 Timing Adjustment of SFNs 307

7.7.4 Monitoring of SFNs 307

7.8 Frequency Management 307

7.8.1 General Aspects 307

7.8.2 The Frequency Planning Conferences for DAB in Europe 309

7.8.3 The Frequency Plan for DAB in Canada 310

7.8.4 Allocation of Frequencies and Practice of Coordination 311

8 The Receiving Side 319

8.1 General 319

8.1.1 Normative Receiver Requirements 320

8.1.2 Discussion of the Minimum Receiver Requirements 321

8.1.3 Receiver Architecture Overview 323

8.2 RF Front-end 324

8.2.1 Requirements 324

8.2.2 Analogue Front-end Concepts and Architectures 329

8.2.3 Trends and Future Developments 333

8.3 Digital Baseband Processing 334

8.3.1 Digital Front-end 334

8.3.2 OFDM Demodulation 335

8.3.3 DQPSK Demodulation 336

8.3.4 Deinterleaving 337

8.3.5 Viterbi Decoding 338

8.3.6 Synchronisation 338

8.4 Audio Decoder 339

8.4.1 Layer II Audio Decoder Architecture 340

8.4.2 Reed-Solomon Decoding and Virtual Deinterleaving 340

8.4.3 AAC Audio Decoder Architecture 342

8.4.4 Normative Requirements 343

8.5 Interfaces 344

8.6 Integrated Circuits for DAB 345

8.6.1 Overview of DAB Chip-sets 345

8.6.2 History of DAB Chip-sets – the JESSI Programme 346

8.6.3 D-FIRE Chip-set (Bosch) 348

8.7 Receiver Overview 354

8.7.1 History of Receiver Development 355

8.7.2 Receiver Categories 355

8.7.3 Receiver Market 356

8.8 Receiver Features 357

8.8.1 General Aspects 357

x Contents

8.8.2 Examples of Receiver Features 358

8.8.3 Future Trends 360

9 Mobile Television and Multimedia 363

9.1 Overview 363

9.1.1 History and Requirements 363

9.1.2 Situation of Mobile TV in Different Parts of the World 365

9.1.3 Spectrum Resources 365

9.1.4 Integration of Mobile TV Services in DAB/DAB+ Radio

Ensembles 366

9.1.5 Transport Mechanisms with Improved Robustness 367

9.1.6 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream 367

9.1.7 Commonalities of DAB-DMB and DAB-IPDC 369

9.2 DAB-DMB 369

9.2.1 Overview 369

9.2.2 Transport 370

9.2.3 PSI/SI Signalling 371

9.2.4 DMB-Radio 372

9.2.5 Overhead of Low Rate Applications 372

9.2.6 DMB Implementations 374

9.3 DAB-IPDC 374

9.3.1 Overview 374

9.3.2 Transport 375

9.3.3 PSI/SI Signalling 377

9.3.4 Application ‘Mobile TV’ 378

9.4 Application Standardisation 380

9.5 Conclusions 380

Appendix 1 DAB Parameters for Modes I, II, III and IV 383

Appendix 2 Frequencies for Terrestrial and Satellite DAB Transmission 387

Appendix 3 DAB System Protocol Stack 393

Bibliography 395

Index 413

Contents xi

List of Contributors

Editors

Wolfgang Hoeg, Dipl.-Ing., AES Fellow, Berlin, Germany, graduated from the

University of Technology, Dresden, in electrical engineering and joined the RFZ

(Research and Development Centre of Deutsche Post) in 1959. Since 1991 he has been

with Deutsche Telekom, and became head of the audio systems division with Deutsche

Telekom’s research company Berkom, Berlin. He has worked in various fields of audio

engineering, such as psycho-acoustics, two-channel and multi-channel audio, DAB and

other new broadcast technologies. As a member of the standardisation bodies of OIRT,

ITU-R and EBU, he was acting as chairman of several project groups. He also con￾tributed to Eureka 147/DAB Working Groups and chaired the Task group DRC. After

retiring from Deutsche Telekom in 1999, he became an audio consultant. He edited or

contributed to several expert books in the field of audio and communications technology.

(Contributed to all of the editions, Chapters 1, 3 and 5)

Thomas Lauterbach, Prof. Dr. rer. nat., Nu¨rnberg, Germany, received his Diplom￾Physiker degree and PhD from Erlangen University. In 1992 he joined Robert Bosch

GmbH, where he became involved with the development of DAB. In 1997 he became

head of a multimedia systems development department. He was with several Eureka 147/

DAB Working Groups, the German DAB platform and Euro-DAB/WorldDAB and

contributed to ETSI. He also coordinated the MEMO (ACTS) project. Since 1997 he has

been with Georg-Simon-Ohm-Hochschule Nu¨rnberg – University of Applied Sciences as

a Professor of Physics. He is currently involved in the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)

project. In 1996 he edited one of the first books on DAB in German. (Contributed to all

of the editions, Chapters 1, 2, 4 and 7)

Contributors

Stephen Baily, MA (Cantab), London, United Kingdom, joined the British Broadcasting

Corporation in 1985. For the last few years he has worked for BBC Research and

Development on various aspects of digital broadcasting, with a particular focus on the

transmission aspects. He has designed experimental and operational transmission

equipment for DAB, and has also worked in the areas of satellite delivery, spectrum

planning and the design of broadcast systems. He has been a contributor to several

Eureka 147/DAB Working Groups, Task Forces and the Executive Committee.

(Contributed to the 2nd edition, Chapter 7)

Birgit Bartel-Kurz, Dipl.-Math., Erlangen, Germany, studied mathematics at University

of Applied Science, Darmstadt and at University of Namur and earned her degree in

1987. She worked for Robert Bosch GmbH in the telecommunications sector and

lectured at the University of Cooperative Education, Mannheim. Currently Birgit is

with the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, working in the area of digital

broadcast applications and multimedia security technologies. Birgit was engaged in

several technical working groups of WorldDMB. There she chaired the Task Force

Conditional Access Framework. (Contributed to the 3rd edition, Chapter 2)

Michael Bolle, Dr.-Ing., Hildesheim, Germany, received his Dr.-Ing. degree with honors

from Ruhr-Universita¨t Bochum. In 1992 he joined Robert Bosch GmbH, working in the

field of DAB receiver development. Since 1997 he has been Head of the Department

‘Advanced Development Multimedia Systems’, in which the Bosch DAB VLSI project

took place. Michael Bolle left Bosch in 1999, and was co-founder and executive VP of

engineering of Systemonic AG in Dresden. In 2002 he returned to Robert Bosch GmbH,

and is now with Bosch Car Multimedia. He holds more than 10 patents in the field of

DAB receiver technology. (Contributed to the 1st and 2nd editions, Chapter 8)

Thomas Boltze, Dr.-Ing., AES, SMPTE and IEEE, Philips Research Shanghai, received

his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Technology Hamburg. In 1995

he joined the Advanced Systems and Applications Lab of Philips Consumer Electro-nics

in The Netherlands, where he developed audio compression systems as Senior Systems

Designer and contributed to ITU, Eureka 147/DAB and the DVB project. At Visible

World, New York, he was dealing with systems architectures for DTV. He is currently a

Principal Scientist with Philips Research in Shanghai, taking care of DTV platforms and

applications. (Contributed to the 1st and 2nd editions, Chapter 3)

Roland Brugger, Dr. rer. nat., Mu¨nchen, Germany, received his Diplom-Physiker degree

and PhD from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨t, Mu¨nchen. In 1987 he joined the

Institut fu¨r Rundfunktechnik (IRT). Since 1992 he has been deeply involved in the

planning and development of digital terrestrial broadcasting (T-DAB and DVB-T).

He participated in the international planning conferences since 1995 up to 2004/2006,

for which he contributed to the development of planning methods. Since 2004 he has been

head of the frequency planning section of IRT. At present he is involved in the imple￾mentation of the GE06 frequency plan for digital terrestrial broadcasting. (Contributed

to the 3rd edition, Chapter 7)

Gerald Chouinard, P.Eng., Ottawa, Canada, graduated in electrical engineering from the

University of Sherbrooke, Canada. He started his engineering career at CBC in the field

of international technical relations related to the planning of Broadcasting Satellite

Service (BSS). He later joined the Communications Research Centre (CRC), where he

xiv List of Contributors

worked on technical and spectrum-orbit utilisation studies related to BSS. He later

became Director, Radio Broadcast Technologies Research. His current position is

manager of the Rural and Remote Broadband Access Program at CRC. (Contributed

to the 2nd edition, Chapter 7)

Detlef Clawin, Dr.-Ing., Pacifica, USA, received his Dr.-Ing. degree from Ruhr-Universita¨t

Bochum. He worked in the fields of high speed circuit design for fibre optics and RFICs for

DAB receivers at Bell Communications Research in Redbank, NJ, USA, and in Germany

at Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft IMS in Duisburg, MICRAM Microelectronics in Bochum,

and Robert Bosch GmbH, Corporate Research in Hildesheim, responsible for the devel￾opment for a single chip DAB tuner IC. Presently, he is with NXP. (Contributed to the 1st

and 2nd editions, Chapter 8)

Bernhard Feiten, Dr.-Ing., AES, Berlin, Germany, received his doctor degree in electro￾nics at the Technische Universita¨t Berlin in the field of psycho-acoustic and audio bit-rate

reduction. He worked as an assistant professor at the Technische Universita¨t Berlin in

communication science. Since 1996 he has been with Deutsche Telekom. At the research

company T-Nova Deutsche Telekom Berkom, he was head of the Audio systems division

since 1999, responsible for current research on DAB matters. He is a member of the ISO/

MPEG Audio group. (Contributed to the 1st and 2nd editions, Chapter 4)

Neil H. C. Gilchrist, BSc, C.Eng., MIET, AES Fellow, Ashtead, United Kingdom, grad￾uated from Manchester University in 1965 with a BSc honours degree in physics and

electronic engineering, and joined the BBC Research Department. He worked on broadcast

audio, including NICAM and digital audio broadcasting. Towards the end of his BBC

career he became involved in a number of European RACE, Eureka 147/DAB and ACTS

projects, and in international standardisation with CCIR (ITU-R), AES and EBU groups.

After retiring in 2002 he has become an audio consultant. He was President of the Audio

Engineering Society (AES)in 2005/2006. (Contributed to the 2nd and 3rd editions,Chapter 3)

Chris Gould, BMus (Tonmeister), London, United Kingdom, graduated from the

University of Surrey in 1994 with a BMus honours degree in Music and Sound

Recording (Tonmeister). He joined the UBC Media Group in 1994, working within the

audio facilities company, Unique Facilities Limited. He has been actively involved with

DAB Digital Radio since 1999, and chaired the DAB EPG Task force within

WorldDMB. Chris now runs his own digital radio technology company, All In Media,

and is providing digital radio data technology to leading broadcasters across the world.

(Contributed to the 2nd and 3rd editions, Chapter 5)

Frank Herrmann, Dipl.-Ing., Frankfurt, Germany, studied electrical engineering at the

Technical University of Braunschweig and then joined the European R&D centre of

Clarion. In 1994 he led his company into the Eureka 147 DAB Project. In 1996 he changed

to Panasonic R&D Europe and remained responsible for DAB. Frank chaired the

WorldDAB/WorldDMB Technical Committee from 2004 to 2007 and received the Per￾Erik-Selemark Award in 2005. In 2006 he became Panasonic’s European R&D project leader

for the second generation of DVB. (Contributed to the 3rd edition, Chapters 2 and 9)

List of Contributors xv

Frank Hofmann, Dr.-Ing., Hildesheim, Germany, received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in elec￾trical engineering from the University of Karlsruhe and his PhD from the university

Hanover, 2004. Since 1996 he has been with Robert Bosch GmbH, Corporate Research,

Hildesheim. His main focus is in the field of digital radio system design as well as RF and

baseband receiver development. Currently he works as project manager. He leads the

receiver working group of the DRM consortium and is a member of its Steering Board.

(Contributed to the 3rd edition, Chapter 8)

David Marston, B.Eng, Sussex, United Kingdom, graduated from the University of

Birmingham in 1994 with a B.Eng (honours) degree in electronic engineering. In 2000

he joined the BBC Research and Development department. He has worked on various

areas of audio research including DAB, audio and speech coding, and subjective and

objective testing. He has also been a member of various audio related EBU groups

including D/DABA and D/MAE involved in the testing of the latest audio codec designs.

(Contributed to the 3rd edition, Chapter 3)

Egon Meier-Engelen, Dipl.-Ing., Cologne, Germany, received his Dipl.-Ing. degree

in communications engineering from the Technische Hochschule Aachen in 1963.

Since then he has worked in R&D with different firms on various fields of communica￾tions technologies. In 1985 he joined the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne,

where he headed a section managing research grants for information technology by the

Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF). He directed the Eureka 147 DAB

project from 1986 to 1998. In 2001 he retired from DLR. (Contributed to the 1st edition,

Chapter 1)

Torsten Mlasko, Dipl.-Ing., Pattensen, Germany, received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in

electrical engineering from the University of Hanover in 1995. Since 1995, he has

been with Robert Bosch GmbH, Department Advanced Development Multimedia

Systems, Hildesheim, Germany. He is now with Bosch Car Multimedia. He was an active

member of Eureka 147 Working Group A and of the ISO/MPEG Audio group, and is

presently an active member of WorldDAB and DRM. (Contributed to the 1st and 3rd

editions, Chapter 8)

Hans-Jo¨rg Nowottne, Dr.-Ing., Dresden, Germany, studied electrical engineering at the

University of Technology in Dresden, and worked for a long time in R&D in the

electronics industry, focused on computer-aided design. Since 1992 he has been with

the Fraunhofer-Institute of Integrated Circuits, Dresden. He has dealt with prototype

development in the field of telecommunications and digital broadcasting (DAB, DVB)

since 2001 as a head of department. In the Eureka 147/DAB project, he was involved in

the definition of the Service Transport Interface (STI) and was with Working Group B.

Now he is retired. (Contributed to the 1st and 2nd editions, Chapter 6)

Roland Plankenbu¨hler, Dr.-Ing., Nu¨rnberg, Germany, studied electrical engineering at the

University of Erlangen. After his Diploma Degree he worked there at the ‘Lab for

Technical Electronics’. Having obtained his PhD he joined Fraunhofer IIS-A in 1990,

and became manager of the ‘Data Services’ group involved with DAB. Since 1997 he has

xvi List of Contributors