Thư viện tri thức trực tuyến
Kho tài liệu với 50,000+ tài liệu học thuật
© 2023 Siêu thị PDF - Kho tài liệu học thuật hàng đầu Việt Nam
Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology
Nội dung xem thử
Mô tả chi tiết
Signals and Communication Technology
Walter Fischer
Digital Video
and Audio
Broadcasting
Technology
A Practical Engineering Guide
Fourth Edition
Signals and Communication Technology
Series Editors
Emre Celebi, Department of Computer Science, University of Central Arkansas,
Conway, AR, USA
Jingdong Chen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
E. S. Gopi, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National
Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Amy Neustein, Linguistic Technology Systems, Fort Lee, NJ, USA
H. Vincent Poor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University,
Princeton, NJ, USA
This series is devoted to fundamentals and applications of modern methods of
signal processing and cutting-edge communication technologies. The main topics
are information and signal theory, acoustical signal processing, image processing
and multimedia systems, mobile and wireless communications, and computer and
communication networks. Volumes in the series address researchers in academia
and industrial R&D departments. The series is application-oriented. The level of
presentation of each individual volume, however, depends on the subject and can
range from practical to scientific.
“Signals and Communication Technology” is indexed by Scopus.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4748
Walter Fischer
Digital Video and Audio
Broadcasting Technology
A Practical Engineering Guide
Fourth Edition
123
Walter Fischer
Rohde&Schwarz GmbH & Co KG
Training Center
Munich, Germany
ISSN 1860-4862 ISSN 1860-4870 (electronic)
Signals and Communication Technology
ISBN 978-3-030-32184-0 ISBN 978-3-030-32185-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32185-7
1st
–3rd editions: © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004, 2008, 2010
4th edition: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Eight years have elapsed since the last edition of this book, and the appearance of the first English edition dates even further back to 1.5 decades
from now. In both periods many amazing technical innovations were introduced. The most important invention in the last decades was the smart
phone and the tablet PC. Both products have changed the world in general
and also the world of broadcasting. Movies, as well as TV and audio
broadcast services are now transported via both traditional transmission
techniques and smart phones or tablet PCs. Especially the young generation uses more and more the IP-based broadcast technology called
”streaming“.
This current version of the book has been completely revised and extended to the current broadcast technology standards. Practical examples
from the introduction phase of DVB-T2 are included as well as new standards like 3DTV, HbbTV, HEVC/H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding,
UHDTV Ultra High Definition, 4K, DOCSIS3.1, OTT/streaming,
ATSC3.0 and LTE/5G-based broadcast. Concerning audio broadcasting,
both its digital aspect such as DAB/DAB+ and its analog form like FM are
described.
When the first edition of this book was published, analog television systems represented the technology of the era and nearly all the TV sets in the
living rooms were heavy cathode ray tube equipment, featuring big dimensions with a typical screen diameter not wider than 32 inches. Now we are
using big flat screens whose diameters often reach up to 60 inches, but are
typically not smaller than 40 inches. Such flat screens are no longer heavy
and they can also display ultra high definition pictures. Accordingly, the
typical program materials are mostly distributed in high definition television resolution.
This work has been published in English and in German languages, and
some editions have been even translated into Hungarian and Spanish languages. Many people all over the world on all continents have read this
book, giving a lot of positive feedback.
Many participants in my numberless broadcast seminars all over the
world have used this book as an additional source of information. On the
other hand, I have included many inputs from my seminars, lessons at the
V
VI Preface to the Fourth Edition
Munich University of Applied Sciences and the Deggendorf Institute of
Technology (DIT, THD), as well as experiences and results from field trials and laboratory tests in this book.
Let me express my deep thanks to everybody who helped me to complete this book and who gave me feedback. I would like to express my
special thanks to my colleagues at Rohde & Schwarz and to Springer. I am
also very pleased to have met Csaba Szombathy from Budapest – he and
his translation agency helped me to translate and correct some new chapters. I have also further extended my experience via intensive communication with different broadcasters and broadcast network providers all over
the world.
Dipl.Ing.(FH) Walter Fischer
Moosburg an der Isar, near Munich, Germany, August 2019
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ................................................................................... VII
1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
2 Analog Television .................................................................................. 11
2.1 Scanning an Original Black/White Picture ..................................... 14
2.2 Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization Pulses ............................ 16
2.3 Adding the Color Information ........................................................ 18
2.4 Transmission Methods .................................................................... 21
2.5 Distortion and Interference ............................................................. 22
2.6 Signals in the Vertical Blanking Interval ........................................ 24
2.7 Measurements on Analog Video Signals ........................................ 28
2.8 Analog and Digital TV in a Broadband Cable Network ................. 33
3 The MPEG Data Stream ...................................................................... 35
3.1 MPEG-Standards and Applications ................................................ 36
3.2 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream ...................................................... 41
3.3 The Packetized Elementary Stream (PES)...................................... 44
3.4 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet .......................................... 47
3.5 Information for the Receiver .......................................................... 51
3.5.1 Synchronizing to the Transport Stream ................................... 52
3.5.2 Reading out the Current Program Structure ............................ 53
3.5.3 Accessing a Program ............................................................... 55
3.5.4 Accessing Scrambled Programs .............................................. 55
3.5.5 Program Synchronization (PCR, DTS, PTS) ........................... 57
3.5.6 Additional Information in the Transport Stream (SI) .............. 60
3.5.7 Non-Private and Private Sections and Tables .......................... 61
3.5.8 The Service Information according to DVB (SI) .................... 69
3.6 The PSIP according to the ATSC ................................................... 83
3.7 ARIB Tables according to ISDB-T ................................................ 86
3.8 DTMB (China) Tables .................................................................... 88
3.9 Other Important Details of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream ............ 88
VII
VIII Table of Contents
3.9.1 The Transport Priority ............................................................. 88
3.9.2 The Transport Scrambling Control Bits .................................. 89
3.9.3 The Adaptation Field Control Bits .......................................... 89
3.9.4 The Continuity Counter ........................................................... 90
4 Digital Video Signal According to ITU-BT.R.601 (CCIR 601) ......... 91
5 Video Signal Formats for HDTV and UHDTV .................................. 97
5.1 Image Formats ................................................................................ 98
5.2 Uncompressed HDTV Baseband Signal ....................................... 100
5.3 Physical Video Interface Signals Up To UHDTV ........................ 103
6 Transforms to and from the Frequency Domain ............................. 107
6.1 The Fourier Transform ................................................................. 109
6.2 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) ........................................ 111
6.3 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ............................................... 113
6.4 Implementation and Practical Applications of DFT and FFT ...... 115
6.5 The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) ........................................ 115
6.6 Time Domain Signals and their Transforms in the Frequency
Domain ............................................................................................... 119
6.7 Systematic Errors in DFT or FFT, and How to Prevent them ...... 121
6.8 Window Functions ........................................................................ 124
7 Video Coding (MPEG-2, MPEG-4/AVC, HEVC) ........................... 125
7.1 Video Compression ...................................................................... 126
7.1.1 Reducing the Quantization from 10 Bits to 8 ........................ 129
7.1.2 Omitting the Horizontal and Vertical Blanking Intervals ...... 130
7.1.3 Reduction in Vertical Color Resolution (4:2:0) ..................... 131
7.1.4 Further Data Reduction Steps ................................................ 132
7.1.5 Differential Pulse Code Modulation of Moving Pictures ...... 133
7.1.6 Discrete Cosine Transform Followed by Quantization ......... 138
7.1.7 Zig-Zag Scanning with Run-Length Coding of Zero Sequ. .. 145
7.1.8 Huffman Coding .................................................................... 146
7.2 Summary ....................................................................................... 146
7.3 Structure of the Video Elementary Stream ................................... 149
7.4 More Recent Video Compression Methods .................................. 152
7.5 MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding ............................................... 152
7.6 HEVC ― High Efficiency Video Coding, UHDTV .................... 160
7.6.1. Image Formats ...................................................................... 160
7.6.2. Video Coding Methods ......................................................... 161
7.6.3. The Place of H.265 in the MPEG World .............................. 162
7.6.4. Video Coding Steps in H.265 ............................................... 164
Table of Contents IX
7.6.5. HEVC in Detail .................................................................... 166
7.6.6. Summary, Outlook, and the Path to UHDTV ....................... 174
8 Audio Coding ...................................................................................... 177
8.1 Digital Audio Source Signal ......................................................... 177
8.2 History of Audio Coding .............................................................. 178
8.3 Psychoacoustic Model of the Human Ear ..................................... 181
8.4 Basic Principles of Audio Coding ................................................ 185
8.5 Subband Coding in Accordance with MPEG Layer I, II .............. 187
8.6 Transform Coding for MPEG Layer III and Dolby Digital .......... 190
8.7 Multichannel Sound ...................................................................... 191
8.8 New Developments - MPEG-4 ..................................................... 192
9 Teletext, Subtitles and VPS for DVB ................................................ 195
9.1 Teletext and Subtitles ................................................................... 195
9.2 Video Program System ................................................................. 199
9.3 WSS – Wide Screen Signalling .................................................... 201
9.4 Practical examples ........................................................................ 203
9.5 Further Program Associated Data ................................................. 205
10 Physical AV Interface Signals .......................................................... 207
10.1 Physical Interfaces for Digital Video Signals ............................. 209
10.2 "CCIR 601" Parallel and Serial Interface ................................... 210
10.3 Synchronous Parallel Transport Stream Interface (TS
PARALLEL) ...................................................................................... 211
10.4 Asynchronous Serial Transport Stream Interface (TS-ASI) ....... 215
10.5 SMPTE310 Interface .................................................................. 216
10.6 ISDB-T BCMUX ........................................................................ 217
10.7 DVI Interface .............................................................................. 217
10.8 HD-SDI interface ........................................................................ 219
10.9 DVB-IP interface ........................................................................ 219
10.10 SDI over IP, AVB ..................................................................... 220
10.11 HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface ....................... 220
10.11.1 HDMI – Development Path and Versions ......................... 221
10.11.2 Mechanical Implementation .............................................. 222
10.11.3 HDMI Interface Functions ................................................. 224
10.11.4 HDMI Interface Signal Formats ........................................ 225
10.11.5 HDMI Measurement Technology ...................................... 228
10.11.6 HDMI – Summary and Outlook ........................................ 228
11 Measurements on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream ........................ 231
11.1 Loss of Synchronisation (TS_sync_loss) .................................... 233
X Table of Contents
11.2 Errored Sync Bytes (sync_byte_error) ....................................... 234
11.3 Missing or Errored Program Association Table (PAT) .............. 234
11.4 Missing or Errored Program Map Table (PMT) (PMT_error) ... 235
11.5 The PID_Error ............................................................................ 236
11.6 The Continuity_Count_Error ...................................................... 237
11.7 The Transport_Error (Priority 2) ................................................ 238
11.8 The Cyclic Redundancy Check Error ......................................... 239
11.9 The Program Clock Reference Error (PCR_Error) ..................... 239
11.10 The Presentation Time Stamp Error (PTS_Error) .................... 241
11.11 The Conditional Access Table Error (CAT_Error) .................. 242
11.12 Service Information Repetition Rate Error (SI_Repetition) ..... 243
11.13 Monitoring the NIT, SDT, EIT, RST and TDT/TOT Tables ... 244
11.14 Undefined PIDs (Unreferenced_PID) ....................................... 244
11.15 Errors in the Transmission of Additional Service Information 245
11.16 Faulty tables NIT_other_error, SDT_other_error,
EIT_other_error .................................................................................. 246
11.17 Monitoring an ATSC-Compliant MPEG-2 Transport Stream .. 246
12 Picture Quality Analysis of Digital TV Signals .............................. 249
12.1 Methods for Measuring Video Quality ....................................... 251
12.1.1 Subjective Picture Quality Analysis .................................... 252
12.1.2 Double Stimulus Continual Quality Scale Method DSCQS 253
12.1.3 Single Stimulus Continual Quality Evaluation Method
SSCQE ............................................................................................ 253
12.2 Objective Picture Quality Analysis ............................................ 253
12.3 Summary and Outlook ............................................................... 259
13 Basic Principles of Digital Modulation ........................................... 261
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 261
13.2 Mixer .......................................................................................... 263
13.3 Amplitude Modulator ................................................................. 265
13.4 IQ Modulator .............................................................................. 267
13.5 The IQ Demodulator ................................................................... 275
13.6 Use of the Hilbert transform in IQ modulation........................... 280
13.7 Practical Applications of the Hilbert Transform ........................ 282
13.8 Channel Coding/Forward Error Correction ................................ 284
13.9 A Comparison to Analog Modulation Methods ........................ 288
13.9.1 Amplitude Modulation ....................................................... 289
13.9.2 Variants of Amplitude Modulation ..................................... 293
13.9.3 Frequency Modulation ........................................................ 294
13.9.4 Phase Modulation ............................................................... 297
13.10 Band Limiting of Modulated Carrier Signals .......................... 298
Table of Contents XI
13.11 Summary ................................................................................... 301
14 Transmitting Digital Television Signals by Satellite - DVB-S/S2 . 303
14.1 The DVB-S System Parameters .................................................. 306
14.2 The DVB-S Modulator ............................................................... 308
14.3 Convolutional Coding ................................................................. 314
14.4 Signal Processing in the Satellite ................................................ 319
14.5 The DVB-S Receiver .................................................................. 320
14.6 Influences Affecting the Satellite Transmission Link ................ 323
14.7 DVB-S2 ...................................................................................... 327
14.8 DVB-S2X – Extensions in the DVB-S2 Standard ...................... 334
15 DVB-S/S2 Measuring Technology ................................................... 341
15.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 341
15.2 Measuring Bit Error Ratios ......................................................... 342
15.3 Measurements on DVB-S Signals using a Spectrum Analyzer .. 344
15.3.1 Approximate Determination of the Noise Power N ............ 346
15.3.2 C/N, S/N and Eb/N0 ............................................................. 347
15.3.3 Finding the EB/N0 Ratio in DVB-S(1) ................................. 348
15.4 Modulation Error Ratio (MER) .................................................. 349
15.5 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation .......................................... 350
15.6 DVB-S/S2 Receiver Test ............................................................ 351
15.7 Measurements on a Satellite Antenna System ............................ 353
16 Broadband Cable Transmission According to DVB-C ................. 357
16.1 The DVB-C Standard ................................................................. 359
16.2 The DVB-C Modulator ............................................................... 361
16.3 The DVB-C Receiver ................................................................. 363
16.4 Interference Effects on the DVB-C Transmission Link ............. 364
17 Broadband Cable Transmission According to ITU-T J83B (US) . 367
17.1 J83B Transmission Parameters ................................................... 369
The transmission parameters provided in J83B are: ........................... 369
17.2 J83B Baseband Input Signals ..................................................... 370
17.3 Forward Error Correction ........................................................... 370
17.4. Calculation of the Net Data Rate ............................................... 372
17.5 Roll-off Filtering ......................................................................... 373
17.6 Fall-off-the-Cliff ......................................................................... 373
18 Measuring Digital TV Signals in the Broadband Cable ................ 377
18.1 DVB-C/J83A, B, C Test Receivers with Constellation Analysis378
18.2 Detecting Interference Effects Using Constellation Analysis .... 382
XII Table of Contents
18.2.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) .......................... 382
18.2.2 Phase Jitter ........................................................................... 385
18.2.3 Sinusoidal Interferer ............................................................ 386
18.2.4 Effects of the I/Q Modulator ............................................... 386
18.2.5 Modulation Error Ratio (MER) ........................................... 389
18.2.6 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) .......................................... 391
18.3 Measuring the Bit Error Ratio (BER) ......................................... 391
18.4 Using a Spectrum Analyzer for Measuring DVB-C Signals ...... 392
18.5 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation .......................................... 394
18.6 Measuring the Ripple or Tilt in the Channel .............................. 395
18.7 DVB-C/J83A/B/C Receiver Test ................................................ 395
19 Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (COFDM) ...... 399
19.1 Why Multi-Carrier? .................................................................... 401
19.2 What is COFDM? ....................................................................... 404
19.3 Generating the COFDM Symbols .............................................. 409
19.4 Supplementary Signals in the COFDM Spectrum ...................... 419
19.5 Hierarchical Modulation ............................................................. 423
19.6 Summary ..................................................................................... 423
20 Terrestrial Transmission of Digital Television Signals (DVB-T) . 425
20.1 The DVB-T Standard .................................................................. 427
20.2 The DVB-T Carriers ................................................................... 429
20.3 Hierarchical Modulation ............................................................. 435
20.4 DVB-T System Parameters of the 8/7/6 MHz Channel .............. 437
20.5 The DVB-T Modulator and Transmitter ..................................... 446
20.6 The DVB-T Receiver .................................................................. 449
20.7 Interference on the DVB-T Transmission Link and its Effects .. 454
20.8 DVB-T Single-Frequency Networks (SFN) ............................... 462
20.9 Minimum Receiver Input Level Required with DVB-T ............. 470
21 Measuring DVB-T Signals ............................................................... 477
21.1 Measuring the Bit Error Ratio .................................................... 479
21.2 Measuring DVB-T Signals Using a Spectrum Analyzer ........... 481
21.3 Constellation Analysis of DVB-T Signals .................................. 485
21.3.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) .......................... 486
21.3.2 Phase Jitter ........................................................................... 486
21.3.3 Interference Sources ............................................................ 486
21.3.4 Echoes, Multipath Reception ............................................... 487
21.3.5 Doppler Effect ..................................................................... 487
21.3.6 I/Q Errors of the Modulator ................................................. 487
21.3.7 Cause and Effect of I/Q Errors in DVB-T ........................... 491
Table of Contents XIII
21.4 Measuring the Crest Factor ......................................................... 500
21.5 Measuring the Amplitude, Phase and Group Delay Response ... 501
21.6 Measuring the Impulse Response ............................................... 502
21.7 Measuring the Shoulder Attenuation .......................................... 502
22 DVB-H/DVB-SH - Digital Video Broadcasting for Handhelds .... 507
22.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 507
22.2 Convergence between Mobile Radio and Broadcasting ............. 509
22.3 Essential Parameters of DVB-H ................................................. 511
22.4 DSM-CC Sections ...................................................................... 511
22.5 Multiprotocol Encapsulation ...................................................... 513
22.6 DVB-H Standard ........................................................................ 514
22.7 Summary ..................................................................................... 519
22.8 DVB-SH .................................................................................... 520
23 Digital Terrestrial TV to North American ATSC Standard ......... 523
23.1 The 8VSB Modulator ................................................................. 528
23.2 8VSB Gross Data Rate and Net Data Rate ................................. 536
23.3 The ATSC Receiver .................................................................... 538
23.4 Causes of Interference on the ATSC Transmission Path ............ 538
23.5 ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV ........................................................... 539
23.5.1 Compatibility with the Existing Frame Structure ................ 539
23.5.2 MPEG-4 Video and Audio Streaming ................................. 541
23.5.3 ATSC M/H Multiplexer ....................................................... 543
23.5.4 ATSC M/H Modulator ......................................................... 546
23.5.5 Forming Single-Frequency Networks .................................. 546
23.5.6 Summary .............................................................................. 547
23.6 Closed Captioning ...................................................................... 548
23.7 Current Status of ATSC .............................................................. 549
24 ATSC/8VSB Measurements ............................................................. 551
24.1 Bit Error Ratio (BER) Measurement .......................................... 551
24.2 8VSB Measurements Using a Spectrum Analyzer ..................... 552
24.3 Constellation Analysis on 8VSB Signals ................................... 553
24.4 Measuring Amplitude Response and Group Delay Response .... 556
24.5. Further Measurements ............................................................... 559
25 Digital Terrestrial Television according to ISDB-T....................... 561
25.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 561
25.2 ISDB-T Concept ......................................................................... 562
25.4 Forming Layers ........................................................................... 564
25.5 Baseband Encoding .................................................................... 565
XIV Table of Contents
25.6 Changes in the Transport Stream Structure ................................ 565
25.7 Block Diagram ............................................................................ 567
25.8 Channel Tables ........................................................................... 568
25.9 Performance of ISDB-T .............................................................. 569
25.10 Other ISDB Standards .............................................................. 571
25.11 ISDB-T measurements ............................................................. 571
25.12 Summary ................................................................................... 573
26 Digital Audio Broadcasting – DAB/DAB+ ...................................... 575
26.1 Comparing DAB and DVB ......................................................... 577
26.2 An Overview of DAB ................................................................. 580
26.3 The Physical Layer of DAB ....................................................... 585
26.4 DAB – Forward Error Correction ............................................... 597
26.5 DAB Modulator and Transmitter ................................................ 602
26.6 DAB Data Structure .................................................................... 606
26.7 DAB Single-Frequency Networks .............................................. 611
26.8 DAB Data Broadcasting ............................................................. 613
26.9 DAB+ ......................................................................................... 614
26.10 DAB/DAB+ Multiplex Signal Formats .................................... 616
26.11 DAB Measuring Technology .................................................... 617
26.11.1 Testing DAB Receivers ........................................................ 617
26.11.2 Measuring the DAB Signal ................................................... 618
27 DVB Data Services: MHP and SSU ................................................ 623
27.1 Data Broadcasting in DVB ......................................................... 624
27.2 Object Carousels ......................................................................... 625
27.3 The Multimedia Home Platform MHP ....................................... 627
27.4 System Software Update SSU .................................................... 629
28 T-DMB ............................................................................................... 631
29 IPTV – Television over the Internet ................................................ 633
29.1 DVB-IP ....................................................................................... 635
29.2 IP Interface Replaces TS-ASI ..................................................... 636
29.3 OTT – Over the TOP TV ............................................................ 637
30 DRM – Digital Radio Mondiale ....................................................... 639
30.1 Audio source encoding .............................................................. 643
30.2 Forward Error Correction ........................................................... 643
30.3 Modulation Method .................................................................... 644
30.4 Frame structure ........................................................................... 645
30.5 Interference on the transmission link .......................................... 646