Digital television fundamentals: design and installation of video and audio systems

Digita l

JERR Y WHITAKE R

SERIE S ADVISO R

Televisio n

Fundamental s

DESIG N AN D INSTALLATIO N O F

VIDE O AN D AUDI O SYSTEM S

SECON D EDITIO N

a n d CCIR-IT U standard s

Detail s SDT V an d HDT V

equipmen t compatibilit y issue s

Suggest s transitio n scenario s

fro m SDT V t o DT V

E L ROBI N an d 1 L JJJJ U iJjj j

McGraw-Hill Video & Audio Books

BARTLETT • Cable Communications

BARTLETT • Cable Television Handbook

BOSTON • DTV Survival Guide

EVEREST • Master Handbook of Acoustics

EVEREST • Sound Studio Construction on a Budget

JURGEN • Digital Consumer Electronics Handbook

LUTHER • Video Engineering, Third Edition

POHLMANN • Principles of Digital Audio, Fourth Edition

ROBIN, POULIN • Digital Television Fundamentals, Second Edition

SLONE • High Power Audio Amplifier Guidebook

SOLARI • Digital Video and Audio Compression

SYMES • Video Compression

TAYLOR • DVD Demystified, Second Edition

WEEMS • Great Sound Stereo Speaker Manual

WHITAKER • DTV, Second Edition

WHITAKER • Standard Handbook of Video and Television Engineering, Second Edition

WHITAKER • Television Engineer's Field Manual

Digita l Televisio n

Fundamental s

Design an d Installation o f Video an d Audi o Systems

Michae l Robi n

Michel Poulin

Secon d Editio n

McGraw-Hill

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Robin, Michael, date.

Digital television fundamentals : design and installation of video and audio systems /

Michael Robin, Michel Poulin.—2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 0-07-135581-2

1. Digital television. I. Poulin, Michel. II. Title.

TK6678.R63 2000

621.388—dc21 00-032904

Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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ISBN 0-07-135581-2

Content s

Preface xiii

Chapter 1. Basics of Television 1

1.1 Historical Background 1

1.2 The Eye-Brain Mechanism 2

1.2.1 The Characteristics of Visible Light 2

1.2.2 The Light Perception 2

1.2.3 Visual Acuity 3

1.2.4 Persistence of Vision 4

1.2.5 Spectral Visibility 6

1.3 The Scanning Standards 6

1.3.1 The Scanning Process 7

1.3.2 Lines Per Frame 7

1.3.3 Pictures Per Second 9

1.3.4 The Conventional Scanning Standards 9

1.4 The Resolution Concept 9

1.4.1 Vertical Resolution 10

1.4.2 Horizontal Resolution 12

1.5 The Composite Video Signal 16

1.5.1 The Video Information 16

1.5.2 The Synchronizing Information 16

1.5.3 The Makeup of the Composite Video Signal 16

1.5.4 Interface Characteristics 17

1.5.5 Blanking Intervals and Structure 20

1.6 The Spectrum of the Video Signal 25

1.7 Transmission Standards and Constraints 28

1.7.1 Video Carrier Modulation 28

1.7.2 Audio Carrier Modulation 29

1.7.3 Channel Bandwidth and Structure 30

1.7.4 Transmission Constraints 32

Chapter 2. Analog Video Fundamentals 37

2.1 Color Television 37

2.1.1 Colorimetry 38

2.1.2 Transfer Characteristics 40

2.1.3 The Basic Ingredients 41

vi Contents

2.1.4 The Color Bar Signal 43

2.2 Composite Video Jz

2.2.1 Common Characteristics

5

2.2.2 The NTSC System fj?

62

77

2.2.3 The PAL System

2.2.4 The SECAM System

2.2.5 Performance-Indicative Parameters and Measurements Concepts

2.2.6 The Distribution of Video Signals

2.2.7 The Recording of Video Signals

10 9

112

2.3 Component Video

2.3.1 The GBR Signals

2.3.2 The Y, B-Y, R-Y Signals ™

2.3.3 The Component Video Recording

1Z b

Chapter 3. Digital Video Fundamentals 131

3.1 General Considerations •**

3.1.1 Historical Background " I

3.1.2 The Typical Black Box Digital Device '32

3.1.3 Sampling the Signal

13 3

3.1.4 Quantizing the Sampled Values 134

3.1.5 The Dynamic Range and the Headroom Concept 136

3.1.6 The Quantizing Error

13 7

3.1.7 The D/A Conversion

13 9

3.2 The Composite Digital Standards

14 0

3.2.1 The 4f s c

NTSC Standard 142

3.2.2 The 4f s c

PAL Standard 151

3.2.3 Performance-Indicative Parameters and Test Concepts 162

3.2.4 Bit-Parallel 4f 8 C

Digital Signal Distribution 168

3.3 The Component Digital Standards 169

3.3.1 The Sampling Rates 171

3.3.2 The Coded Signals 174

3.3.3 The Sampling Frequencies 174

3.3.4 The Quantizing Range and the Implications 179

3.3.5 The Sampling Structure 184

3.3.6 The Time-Division-Multiplexing of Data 185

3.3.7 Timing Reference Signal 190

3.3.8 Ancillary Data 198

3.3.9 Bit-Parallel 4:2:2 Digital Signal Distribution 200

3.3.10 Review of Other Component Digital Sampling Formats 201

3.3.11 Performance-Indicative Parameters and Test Concepts 206

Chapter 4. Elements of Acoustics 213

4.1 The Sound Pressure Level 213

4.2 Loudness and Loudness Level 214

4.3 The Dynamic Range of the Ear 216

4.4 The Spectral Resolution of the Ear 216

Chapter 5. Analog Audio Fundamentals 217

5.1 Electrical Signal Levels and Units of Measurement 217

5.1.1 ThedBm 217

5.1.2 ThedBu 218

5.1.3 ThedBV 218

5.2 Typical Signal Levels and Impedances

Contents vi

5.2.1 Microphone Signal Levels and Impedances 21S

5.2.2 Line Signal Levels and Impedances 21J

5.3 Signal Level Monitoring 222

5.3.1 The vu Meter 222

5.3.2 The PPM 222

5.4 Performance-Indicative Parameters and Measurement Concepts 223

5.4.1 Linear Distortions 223

5.4.2 Nonlinear Distortions 224

5.4.3 Noise 226

5.5 The Dynamic Range 228

5.5.1 The Overload Level and the Headroom Concept 228

5.5.2 The Minimum Acceptable Signal Level 229

5.5.3 Limits of Dynamic Range in a Studio Environment 229

5.5.4 Operational Approaches 231

5.5.5 Transmission Constraints 231

5.6 Performance Targets 232

Chapter 6. Digital Audio Fundamentals 235

6.1 General Concepts of Digital Audio 235

6.1.1 Introduction 235

6.1.2 Digital Audio Concepts 235

6.2 Principles of A/D Conversion 236

6.2.1 Ideal Sampling 236

6.2.2 Nyquist Principle and Aliasing 237

6.2.3 Actual Sampling 239

6.2.4 Quantization 239

6.2.5 Coding 244

6.2.6 Dither 244

6.2.7 Dynamic Range 245

6.2.8 Standard Sampling Frequencies 247

6.2.9 Preemphasis 247

6.3 Principles of D/A Conversion 248

6.3.1 The D/A Converter 248

6.3.2 Aperture Effect 248

6.3.3 Low-Pass Filter 249

6.3.4 Oversampling 250

6.3.5 Noise Shaping 256

6.3.6 Practical Limitations of A/D and D/A Conversions 256

6.4 Description of Biphase Mark Encoded Signal 259

6.4.1 Channel Bandwidth 259

6.4.2 NRZ and Biphase Encoding 259

6.5 General Structure of the AES/EBU Interface Protocol 261

6.5.1 The Format Structure 262

6.5.2 AES/EBU Data Signal Characteristics 268

6.6 AES/EBU Signal Electrical Characteristics 268

6.7 Digital Audio Interface Implementation 268

6.7.1 Digital Audio Input Interface 268

6.7.2 AES/EBU Decoder and Demultiplex 269

6.8 Digital Audio Signal Distribution 270

6.8.1 110-ohm Twisted-Pair Cable Distribution 271

6.8.2 75-ohm Coaxial Cable Distribution 271

6.8.3 Wiring Practices and Interconnection 271

6.9 Other Interfacing Protocol Formats 272

6.9.1 MADI Format 272

6.9.2 SDIF2 Format 274

viii Contents

6.9.3 SPDIF Format

27 5

6.10 Audio Synchronization

27 5

6.10.1 Synchronization Between Digital Audio Signals

27 5

6.10.2 Synchronization Between Digital Audio and Video Signals

27 6

6.11 Digital Audio Recording

28 2

Chapter 7. Bit-Serial Signal Distribution and Ancillary Data Multiplexing 283

7.1 Shannon's Theorem 28*

7.2 Channel Coding

28 6

7.3 The Eye Diagram

28 8

7.4 Bit-Serial Distribution Standard

29 1

7.4.1 Interface Characteristics

29 1

7.4.2 4fgC

Bit-Serial Distribution

29 4

7.4.3 4:2:2 Bit-Serial Distribution

30 4

7.5 Performance Indicative Parameters and Measurements Concepts 308

7.5.1 Measuring Transmitter-Related Parameters 309

7.5.2 Measuring Transmission-Related Parameters 317

7.5.3 Measuring Receiver-Related Parameters 321

7.5.4 Special Test Signals 323

7.6 Digital Audio Multiplexing 330

7.6.1 Minimum Implementation 332

7.6.2 Full AES Implementation 332

7.6.3 The Audio Multiplexer 335

7.6.4 The Audio Demultiplexer 337

7.7 Digital Videotape Recording 337

7.7.1 4rsC

Composite DVTRs 337

7.7.2 Component DVTRs 340

7.8 System Considerations 342

Chapter 8. Digital Signal Compression and Distribution 345

8.1 General Concepts of Video Bit-Rate Reduction (BRR) 345

8.1.1 Video Signal Redundancies and Entropy 346

8.1.2 HVS Characteristics 347

8.2 Video Data Reduction Techniques 351

8.2.1 Lossless Data Rate Reduction 351

8.2.2 Lossy Data Rate Reduction 353

8.3 DCT Coding Process and Implementation 354

8.3.1 DCT Coding Process 354

8.3.2 DCT Block Quantization Process 365

8.3.3 Zigzag Scanning 367

8.3.4 Run-Length and Level Coding 368

8.3.5 Variable-Length Coding 369

8.3.6 Buffer Memory 371

8.3.7 DCT Decoder 372

8.3.8 Temporal Data Reduction Techniques 376

8.3.9 Motion-Compensation Prediction Technique 376

8.3.10 Complementary Processing Techniques 383

8.4 Video Compression Standards 384

8.4.1 Video Data Structure Hierarchy 385

8.4.2 JPEG and Motion-JPEG Schemes 388

8.4.3 MPEG-1 Video Scheme 389

8.4.4 MPEG-2 Video Scheme 393

8.5 Video BRR Performance and Applications 395

8.5.1 Video BRR Scheme Characteristics