Digital Audio Broadcasting

Digital Audio

Broadcasting

Digital Audio Broadcasting: Principles and Applications of Digital Radio, Second Edition.

Edited by W. Hoeg and T. Lauterbach
2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-85013-2

Digital Audio

Broadcasting

Principles and Applications

of Digital Radio

Second Edition

Edited by

WOLFGANG HOEG

Berlin, Germany

and

THOMAS LAUTERBACH

University of Applied Sciences, Nuernberg, Germany

Copyright
2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,

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Contents

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

List of contributors xvii

Abbreviations xxiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 General 1

1.2 Radio in the Digital Age 2

1.3 Benefits of the Eureka 147 DAB System 2

(Quality of service; Value added services; Universal system

layout; Flexible multiplex configuration; Transmission efficiency)

1.4 History of the Origins of DAB 5

(Development, Organisations and platforms such as Eureka 147;

WorldDAB; Milestones of introduction)

1.5 International Standardisation 12

(System; Audio coding; Data services; Network and transmission;

Receiver; Guidelines for implementation; ETSI; IEC;

ITU-R; CENELEC; CEPT; EBU)

1.6 Relations to Other Digital Broadcasting Systems 14

(Satellite based systems Astra, Worldspace; Terrestrial

Systems such as DRM, Digital television DVB-T,

Digital radio in US and Japan; Web-casting)

2 System Concept 27

2.1 The Physical Channel 27

(Multipath propagation; Doppler shifted carriers)

2.2 The DAB Transmission System 30

(Multicarrier modulation; Frame structure of DAB;

Channel coding; Interleaving and PSK mapping; Time interleaving

and overall delay; DQPSK modulation and frequency interleaving;

Performance considerations)

2.3 The DAB Multiplex 40

(Description of the multiplex; Main service channel;

Transport mechanism; FIC; Transmission frames; Logical

structure; Multiplex reconfiguration)

2.4 Conditional Access 48

(Scrambling/descrambling; Checking/management of entitlements)

2.5 Service Information 50

(Basic information; Service-related information;

Programme-related information; Announcements;

Numerous examples; Tuning aids)

3 Audio Services and Applications 75

3.1 General 75

(MPEG Audio coding vs. 16 bit PCM)

3.2 Audio Coding 76

(Basic principles; Masking; Psycho-acoustic model;

Filterbank; Bit allocation; Quantisation; Layer II

audio bitstream; Audio decoding)

3.3 Characteristics and Features of MPEG-1 Layer II for DAB 84

(Audio modes; Sampling rate; Audio frame structure;

Audio bit rates; Layer II vs. SBR coding technologies)

3.4 Programme-associated Data 87

(Dynamic Range Control DRC; Music/Speech Control;

Receiving end)

3.5 Advanced Audio Applications Using MPEG-2 Features 91

(Multichannel audio coding; Half–sampling–rate coding;

Multilingual services; Audio broadcasting for Hearing impaired)

3.6 Quality of Service 102

(Audio quality; Subjective assessment; Objective

assessment – PEAQ)

3.7 Error Protection and Concealment 111

(Error protection; Concealment measures; Assessment

of error performance)

3.8 A Typical DAB Ensemble 120

vi Contents

3.9 Audio Levels 121

(Audio signal level alignment; Programme loudness)

4 Data Services and Applications 127

4.1 General 127

(Introductory information)

4.2 Data Service Signalling 127

(General considerations)

4.3 Multimedia Applications with MOT 128

(Multimedia Object Transfer Protocol MOT;

MOT object transport)

4.4 Standardised MOT User Application 133

(MOT slide show; Broadcast web site; Interactive services)

4.5 ‘‘Mobil-Info’’ as an Example of a Proprietary MOT

User Application 137

(Presentation of video clips, news and graphic

animation in a tram)

4.6 Textual PAD Services 139

(Dynamic label; Other textual PAD services)

4.7 Traffic Information Services and Navigation Aids 140

(Traffic massage channel TMC; TPEG; Differential GPS)

4.8 Moving Picture Services 143

(Digtal multimedia broadcast DMB; Motion PAD)

4.9 Other Data Transmission Mechanism 145

(Transparent data channel; IP tunnelling)

5 Provision of Services 151

5.1 The DAB Service Landscape 151

(Structure of DAB service organisation; Main services;

Data services)

5.2 Use of Existing Infrastructures 157

(Broadcasting operation systems; Editorial systems)

5.3 Need for New Infrastructure 159

(Data management; Multimedia editorial tools; Data inserter)

5.4 Relationship between DAB Data Services and RDS 166

(DAB SId vs. RDS PI code; PTy codes; DAB

Announcements vs. RDS TA; DAB Dynamic label vs.

Radiotext; Crossrefering DAB services from RDS)

Contents vii

5.5 Electronic Programme Guide (EPG) for DAB 176

(Development; Data formatting; Transportation and compressing;

Data management; Launch of EPG; User interface)

5.6 Possible New Audio Services 183

(Dynamic reconfiguration; Secondary services;

Announcement channels for ‘‘Near Radio on Demand’’;

Announcement switching; Mailbox radio)

6 Collection and Distribution Networks 187

6.1 General 187

(Requirements; Ensemble multiplexer;

Broadcast network; Implementation)

6.2 The Collection Network 193

(Service Transport Interface STI; Network architecture;

Operation; STI implementation levels; Integration of

non-STI service providers; Advanced features)

6.3 The Distribution Network 208

(Ensemble Transport Interface ETI; Network

architecture; Operation)

6.4 Example of Implementation 212

(Operational scenario; Service provider profile;

Equipment; Experience)

7 The Broadcast Side 221

7.1 General 221

(Scope and structure of the chapter)

7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Aspects 221

(The impaired RF channel; Propagation models;

Propagation model for DAB; Building penetration losses)

7.3 Introduction to DAB Networks 231

(FM vs. DAB Networks; SFNs with DAB;

Advantages of SFNs)

7.4 Particularities of Single frequency networks (SFN) 235

(COFDM principles; Time and frequency synchronisation;

Coverage of SFNs; Gap fillers; TII features)

7.5 DAB Transmitters 241

(Signal processing of a COFDM modulator;

D/A conversion; RF upconversion; Amplification and filtering)

viii Contents

7.6 Coverage Planning 246

(Field strength, interference and delay considerations;

Detailed planning; Examples of SFNs in Band III and L-band)

7.7 Coverage Evaluation and Monitoring of SFNs 255

(Parameters; BER measurements; Timing adjustment

and monitoring of SFNs)

7.8 Frequency Management 260

(General aspects; Allocation of frequencies)

8 The Receiving Side 265

8.1 General 265

(Normative receiver requirements; Receiver architecture overview)

8.2 RF Front-end 268

(Requirements; Analogue front end architecture; Future developments)

8.3 Digital Baseband Processing 276

(Digital front-end; OFDM demodulation; DPQSK

demodulation; Deinterleaving; Viterbi decoding; Synchronisation)

8.4 Audio Decoder 281

(Decoder architecture; Normative requirements)

8.5 Interfaces 283

(Data interfaces; Control interfaces)

8.6 Integrated Circuits for DAB 284

(Jessi DAB chip sets; D-Fire chip-set)

8.7 Receiver Overview 293

(Car radios; Home tuners; PC based receivers;

Portable receivers; Reference receivers)

8.8 Operating a DAB Receiver – the Human–Machine Interface 294

(Requirements; Programme type PTy; Announcements;

Frequency and service following; DAB receivers for new

types of services)

Appendices 299

Appendix 1: DAB Parameters for Modes I, II, III and IV 299

(Physical system parameters and relations)

Appendix 2: Digital Radio (DAB): Status of Introduction World-wide 301

(DAB implementations in Europe, Africa,

America, Asia and Australia)

Contents ix

Appendix 3: Frequencies for Terrestrial and

Satellite DAB Transmission 305

(CEPT frequency tables for Europe, Canada and Australia)

Bibliography 309

Standards and Related Documents 309

Publications 313

Further Reading 320

Internet Links 321

Index 323

x Contents

Foreword

The year 2002 has seen many promising developments for DAB in many parts of the

world. There is a feeling that the market is moving and making real progress. For the

first time, DAB has reached a stage where those who work to make DAB a market

success find themselves involved in an ongoing dialogue with those for whom DAB

Digital Radio is ultimately intended, the consumers. And feedback is exceedingly

good. ‘‘Yes, we love the improved sound quality and ease of use’’, say the new digital

radio owners. ‘‘Above all, we love the new services and the choices that DAB Digital

Radio has brought us, and we very much enjoy being able to control how, where and

when we listen to radio.’’ This is very encouraging to see. The audience feels that

promises have indeed been delivered. For the moment the market development has

come furthest in the UK, but many other countries are well under way to reach the

same stage. For instance in Denmark during the past six months a good choice of

programmes and a large proportion of new DAB-only services are encouraging the

rapid adoption of DAB Digital Radio.

One of the reasons we have reached this stage in the market development of DAB,

is the fact that a wide range of reasonably priced receivers is now available, and as a

result demand is outstripping supply. All this has been made possible by recent, very

promising chip set developments.

At this particular point in time it is also very pleasing that a new and updated

edition of this excellent handbook will be published. It is a technical book, written by

engineers for engineers. For anybody within the technical area of the broadcasting

industry or university world, in need of a handbook on DAB, it is an excellent and

essential source of information. Furthermore, having all this relevant information

gathered in one place makes this publication the ideal point of initial contact.

Digital Audio Broadcasting was first introduced to me in 1997 on returning to

radio, after a period of ten years in television. DAB seemed to be a highly technical

subject at the time, and I remember being fairly sceptical about it. At that time I felt

that the ongoing discussion had no connection with the ultimate user and consumer

of digital radio services, and as a programmer that was of course not very satisfying.

But I soon realised what a great opportunity DAB was for radio, and the further we

took the process of digitalisation of radio production within YLE, the more con￾vinced I became that ultimately the digital distribution of radio would become

inevitable. Otherwise the consumer would never benefit from many of the advantages

that digitalisation brought with it. When all information and data is available to

every journalist and programme maker in a large broadcasting centre, the possibil￾ities for interpreting and re-using that material to the benefit of the consumer are

endless. Just re-packaging the material into various broadcasting services provides

the listener with numerous new possibilities for finding a radio channel to serve

exactly their needs. But that is of course only part of what can be done. The spectrum

efficiency of DAB makes it possible to broadcast much more. For the consumer

the choice increases. Niche audiences that have been under-served can get their

services; language minorities, or any other kind of audience groups with special

interests, can get their own radio channels. Channels for children, the numerous

music styles and sports, the diverse cultures and minorities and even drama and

comedy channels are just some of the services that broadcasters are now offering via

DAB, because they can.

There are other important features of radio that will not only be retained, but

greatly enhanced with digital radio. Radio is a very friendly medium, with close

relations to its listeners. In fact I remember that one of the things I noticed when I left

television to come back to radio was how much closer to the audience I suddenly felt,

and how much more confidence I had in what the audience needed and wanted. With

DAB Digital Radio, the relationship will have every chance of becoming even closer,

especially as the possibilities for new forms of interactivity grow. The new features

that DAB brings will mean a radical departure from today’s broadcasting practices

into a new relationship between the broadcaster and the listener, where the listener is

the decision-maker. Amongst others, these features include scrolling text and Elec￾tronic Programme Guides, as well as numerous data services and added programme￾related information.

DAB Digital Radio is an important part of the migration from analogue to digital

broadcasting. DAB is the only mature digital technology for radio in existence today,

and the only one being recommended by the European Union in their recently

published list of standards.

DAB Digital Radio is still to a large extent audio, the way radio has always been.

What makes that new broadcasting service so fascinating for me is the fact that all

the qualities radio has ever had continue to thrive in the digital age in a greatly

improved form. An already very healthy and much loved medium becomes even

healthier.

Annika Nyberg Frankenhaeuser London/Helsinki, Spring 2003

President, WorldDAB Forum

xii Foreword

Preface

Preface to the first edition

The new digital radio system DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting), developed within

the Eureka 147 project in close co-operation with the EBU, is a very innovative and

universal multimedia broadcast system that is just being introduced, and which has

the potential to replace existing AM and FM audio broadcast services in many parts

of the world in the near future. In several countries in Europe and overseas, broad￾casting organisations, network providers and receiver manufacturers are already

implementing digital broadcasting services using the DAB system.

DAB is very different from conventional analogue broadcasting systems. Most of

the system components such as perceptual audio coding (MPEG-1/2), OFDM chan￾nel coding and modulation, the provision of a multiplex of several services and data

transmission protocols (MOT), are new concepts typical of digital broadcasting.

Even experts in analogue transmission systems will feel less familiar with these new

elements of broadcasting technology. Therefore, the aim of this book is to inform the

expert reader about the basic concepts of the DAB system.

Besides introducing the basics, the focus of the book is on the practical implica￾tions of service provision and the new infrastructure required in broadcasting houses,

for multiplex and network management, and for coverage planning. Also, some

elements of up-to-date receiver concepts are described.

The level of standardisation of the DAB system is quite advanced, and the relevant

recent international standards and related documents are introduced and referred to

for easy access for the reader seeking technical details. An extended bibliography is

also provided.

The book is designed as a well-structured technical guide by a team of expert

authors closely involved in the development and standardisation of DAB. This

ensures competent presentation and interpretation of the facts based on the latest

state-of-the-art. The book is primarily aimed at professional users such as developers

and manufacturers of professional devices for distribution networks or consumer

receivers, planning engineers and operational staff with broadcasters, network pro￾viders, service and content providers. For other technically minded people who wish

to become acquainted with the concepts of digital broadcasting, the book will serve

as a comprehensive introduction to the field, since it contains all the information

needed for further study.

The book may also serve for academic or educational use, because it is based on

the latest versions of the relevant international standards and publications, as well as

actual experience with pilot applications and first implementation of services.

The editors wish to take this opportunity to express their thanks to all the

contributors for the enjoyable co-operation and their excellent work, which most

of them had to complete in addition to their demanding jobs. Many thanks also to

Mrs Helga Scho¨n, who was kind enough to design a portion of the drawings for the

book.

The editors also wish to thank the publishing team at John Wiley & Sons Ltd. for

their interest, understanding and patience during the writing and production period.

May this book help to introduce the DAB system worldwide.

The Editors

Berlin/Nu¨rnberg, Autumn 2000

Preface to the second edition

The first edition of this book was nearly sold out within a period of less than eighteen

months. Considering that DAB (now often called Digital Radio) was still in

a growing state of introduction and penetration worldwide, and that this book

was still the only comprehensive publication in the English language on DAB, the

publisher offered to issue a revised edition. This was the chance for the editors

and contributors to prepare not only a simple revision of the book, but also to

add some newer results of development and standardisation, and to further complete

the book by adding sections on several issues. The editiors appreciated the

many detailed reviews of the first edition (in particular the one of Mr Franc Koza￾mernik, in EBU Techn. Review), which pointed their attention to items that were not

appropriately covered, and made suggestions for topics to be included in the second

edition.

Here, it is only possible to address the most important changes and additions that

were made to the book: Chapter 1 (Introduction) was updated in several respects

considering the newest developments worldwide. Also Chapter 2 (System aspects)

was revised in many details. Chapter 3 (Audio services) was completely rearranged,

newer developments concerning audio coding and several additional aspects were

included. Chapter 4 (Data services) was also completed by adding text on new

features such as IP tunneling applications. Chapter 5 (Provision of services) now

includes the very new technology for a DAB Electronic Programme Guide (EPG)

and other new features. Chapter 7 (Broadcast side) was completed by an extended

part on propagation aspects. Chapter 8 (Receiver side) takes up the latest develop￾ments in IC technology and receiver design.

Appendix 2 (Introduction of DAB) was updated to the state reached in early 2003.

A new Appendix 3 (DAB Frequencies) was added, which provides the current CEPT

frequency tables valid for DAB service implementations in Europe, Canada and

Australia.

xiv Preface

Last but not least, the Bibliography was updated and completed to the latest state

of standardisation and other literature.

Covering such a huge number of additional subjects was only possible because

several new expert authors from the international scene of DAB development

(Gerald Chouinard, Neil H. C. Gilchrist, Chris Gould and Ralf Schwalbe) could

be persuaded to contribute. The current team of authors (including the editors) now

comprises more than twenty outstanding experts in the field of DAB. The editors and

authors also appreciated comments and support from many other experts – in

particular, the authors of Chapter 4 wish to thank Markus Prosch, FhG-IIS, and

Uwe Feindt, Robert Bosch GmbH for their valuable contributions and comments on

this Chapter.

The editors wish to express their thanks to all the contributors, who made an

enormous effort to provide an up-to-date picture of the DAB development and

implementation.

The editors and contributors express their deepest regret for the death of their

colleague Herman Van Velthoven, who died suddenly a few days after finishing the

revision of his contributions to Chapters 2 and 5.

The editors also wish to thank the publishing team at John Wiley & Sons Ltd. for

their interest, their understanding and patience during the revision and production

period.

May this book help to further support the introduction of Eureka 147 DAB

worldwide.

The Editors

Berlin/Nu¨rnberg, Spring 2003

Preface xv

List of Contributors

Editors

WOLFGANG HOEG, Dipl.-Ing., AES Fellow, Berlin, Germany, graduated from

the University of Technology, Dresden, in electrical engineering and joined the RFZ

(Research and Development Centre of Deutsche Post) in 1959. Since 1991 he has

been with Deutsche Telekom, and became head of the division ‘‘Audiosystems’’ with

Deutsche Telekom Berkom, Berlin. He has worked in various fields of audio engin￾eering, such as two-channel and multi-channel audio, DAB and other new broadcast

technologies. As a member of the standardisation bodies of OIRT, ITU-R and EBU,

he was acting as a chairman of several project groups. He also contributed to the

Eureka 147/DAB Working Groups and chaired the Task group DRC. After retiring

from Deutsche Telekom in 1999, he has become an audio consultant.

Email: [email protected]

THOMAS LAUTERBACH, Prof. Dr. rer. nat., Nu¨rnberg, Germany, received his

Diplom-Physiker degree and PhD from Erlangen University. In 1992 he joined

Robert Bosch GmbH, where he became involved with the development of DAB. In

1997 he became head of a multimedia systems development department. He was with

several Eureka 147/DAB Working Groups, the German DAB platform and Euro￾DAB/WorldDAB and contributed to ETSI. He also co-ordinated the MEMO

(ACTS) project. Since 1997 he has been with the Georg-Simon-Ohm-Fachhochschule

Nu¨rnberg – University of Applied Sciences as a Professor of Physics. He is currently

involved in the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) project. In 1996 he edited one of the

first books on DAB in German.

Email: [email protected]

Contributors

STEPHEN BAILY, M.A. (Cantab), London, United Kingdom, joined the British

Broadcasting Corporation in 1985. For the last few years he has worked for

BBC Research and Development on various aspects of digital broadcasting, with a

particular focus on the transmission aspects. He has designed experimental and