Conservation Of Codonopsis Javanica Blume Hook F Et Thomson And Amomum Longiligulare T L Wu In Son La Province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

NGUYEN VU GIANG

CONSERVATION OF CODONOPSIS JAVANICA (BLUME)

HOOK. F. ET THOMSON AND AMOMUM LONGILIGULARE

T.L.WU IN SON LA PROVINCE

MAJOR: TROPICAL FORESTRY

Code: 8620201

MASTER THESIS DISSERTATION TROPICAL FORESTRY

ACADEMIC ADVISORS:

ASSOC. PROF. DR. LE XUAN TRUONG

PROF. DR. HOANG VAN SAM

Hanoi, 2022

i

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out within the framework of the scientific research

and technological development project in Son La province with the ministerial level

of Education and Training Ministry, code B2019-TTB-03. The research implement

in 5 districts such as Moc Chau, Van Ho, Song Ma, Thuan Chau, Sop Cop and Seed

for propagation experiment were collected in 3 study area as Van Ho district, Song

Ma district, Thuan Chau. For Codonopsis Javanica (Blume) Hook. F et Thomson,

the results show that the fruit diameter is from 1.2 to 1.3cm, the purity of the seeds

is from 88.0 to 91.0%, the average weight of 1000 seeds is 0.194g, there are from

810 to 893 seeds/fruit. 5,076,142 - 5,208,333 seeds/kg; germination rate from 7.4 to

7.5 days. Germination rate did not differ significantly between the seed lots and

seed samples. Seeds germinate from 89.0 - 91.3%, the best seed soaking

temperature is 40oC. The best medium for direct sowing of C.Javanica seeds is 70%

topsoil + 20% charred rice husks + 10% rotting manure. Propagation by tubers gave

survival rates from 87.8 to 91.1% and there was no difference between different

tuber sizes. After 45 days, the length of the tubers was from 8.9-11.5cm, the tubers

were 1-1.5cm size for the best shoot growth. Propagation by stem cuttings is not

really suitable, the survival rate ranges from 23.33 to 63.33%. The highest is NAA

drug experiment with 400ppm concentrate with 20s drug immersion time. IAA gave

the lowest survival rate, followed by IBA and the highest was NAA. For Amomum

Longiligulare T. L. Wu, the species is being prioritized to focus on developing

large-scale plantation according to Decision No. 1976/QĐ-TTg. This species is easy

to plant, the roots spread quickly, fast grow and has high productivity. After 9

months, the results of the study indicated that shading has a significant effect on the

survival rate, growth, diameter, and height of Sa mandarin purple seedlings. The

best intensity of shading at 9 months of age is 50%. Plants should not be sown in

unshaded conditions because the plants are often yellowed, have poor growth and

very low survival rates. The composition of the real potting intestine had a

ii

significant effect on the survival rate, growth, diameter, and height of the seedlings.

The best potting composition is 70% topsoil +20% fine sand +10% farmyard

manure (additional 2g phosphorus/pot). Survival rate reached 88.9%, root diameter

reached 5.9mm, peak height reached 35.3cm. Plants should not be sown with

potting soil mainly on topsoil, the plants are often blocked with slow growth if there

is additional manure.

iii

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................i

CONTENTS.............................................................................................................. iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................................v

LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................................vi

LIST OF FIGURES AND CHARTS ....................................................................... vii

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1

Chapter 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE...............................................................4

2.1 Overview of research on medicinal plants .......................................................4

2.1.1. Review of medicinal plants in the world ....................................................4

2.1.2. History of using traditional medicinal plants in Vietnam..........................5

2.1.3. Research of Codonopsis javanica in the world and Vietnam ...................9

2.1.4. Research of Amomum longiligulare in the world and Vietnam...............16

2.2. Study site, natural conditions and people. ......................................................21

2.2.1. Study area.................................................................................................21

2.2.2. Natural conditions....................................................................................21

2.2.3. Ethnic group.............................................................................................24

Chapter 3. GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ............................25

3.1. Goal.................................................................................................................25

3.2. Objectives.......................................................................................................25

3.3. Research questions .........................................................................................25

3.4. Methodology...................................................................................................25

3.4.1. Data inheritance method..........................................................................25

3.4.2. Field investigation method.......................................................................26

3.4.3. Data processing and testing propagation in the experimental nursery...28

Chapter 4. RESULTS .............................................................................................34

4.1. The current status of distribution of C. javanica and A. longiligulare in Son

La province ............................................................................................................34

4.1.1. Results of the survey in Song Ma district.................................................34

iv

4.1.2. Results of the survey in Sop Cop district..................................................35

4.1.3. Results of the survey in Moc Chau district ..............................................37

4.1.4. Results of the survey in Van Ho district...................................................38

4.1.5. Results of the survey in Thuan Chau district ...........................................39

4.2. Results of Codonopsis javanica in Son La experimental propogations .........41

4.2.1. Result of the Propagation from C.javanica seeds....................................41

4.2.2. Result of the effect of root tuber size on the growth of C.janvanica

seedlings in the nursery stage ............................................................................46

4.2.3. Results of propagation technique of Codonopsis javanica from stem

cuttings...........................................................................................................48

4.3. Results of experimental propogations Amomum longiligulare ......................53

4.3.1. Result of the effect of shading level on the growth of seedlings of

Amomum longiligulare from seeds in the nursery stage....................................54

4.3.2. Result of the effect of potting soil composition on seedling growth from

seed in the nursery stage ....................................................................................58

DISCUSSIONS .........................................................................................................62

CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................64

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................66

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................67

APPENDIX

PHOTOS

v

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

VNUF Vietnam National University of Forestry

NWFP Non-Wood Forest Products

NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product

vi

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1. Statistical data of Amomum species in Vietnam.....................................17

Table 3.2. Investigating canopy cover form .............................................................27

Table 4.1. Indigenous knowledge of people about the growth of species................41

Table 4.2. Results of the experiment quality testing seeds.......................................42

Table 4.3. Result of the germination rate, germination rate by seeds in 3 districts.43

Table 4.4. Result of the germination rate, speed germination rate based on seed

treatment temperature................................................................................................44

Table 4.5. Result of the ratio of seedlings follow the formula of potting soil..........45

Table 4.6. The results of budding in the experiments Effect of root tuber size on the

growth of C.javanica seedlings.................................................................................46

Table 4.7. Result of the survival rate and root length of root cuttings with

immersion during 10s................................................................................................48

Table 4.8. Result of the survival rate and root length of the cuttings with immersion

time 20s.....................................................................................................................50

Table 4.9. Result of the survival rate and root length of the cuttings with immersion

time 30s.....................................................................................................................51

Table 4.10. Result of the Effect of shading intensity on survival rate......................54

Table 4.11. Results of the effect of shading on the diameter and hieght of A.

longiligulare seedlings..............................................................................................56

Table 4.12. Results of One-way analysis of variance Test ......................................57

Table 4.13. Result of the effect of shading intensity on survival rate ......................58

Table 4.14. Results of the effect of potting components on the diameter and height

of 9-month-old seedlings...........................................................................................59

Table 4.15. Results of testing the One-way analysis of variance on growth in

diameter and height in the experimental pot.............................................................61

vii

LIST OF FIGURES AND CHARTS

Figure 4.1. The map of investigate points in Song Ma, Son La province ................34

Figure 4.2. The map of investigate points in Sop Cop, Son La province .................36

Figure 4.3. The map of investigate points in Moc Chau, Son La province ..............37

Figure 4.4. The map of investigate points in Van Ho, Son La province ..................38

Figure 4.5. The map of investigate points in Thuan Chau, Son La province ...........40

Chart 4.1. The chart of average survival rate of shaded test after 9 months.............55

Chart 4.2. The chart of the growth of the root diameter after 9-month-old seedling

in the shading experiments........................................................................................56

Chart 4.3. The chart of the growth and height after 9-month-old seedlings in the

shading experiments..................................................................................................57

Chart 4.4. The chart of the growth of the root diameter after the 9-month-old

seedling in the potting component experiments........................................................60

Chart 4.5. The chart of the growth of the height after the 9-month-old seedling in

the potting component experiments..........................................................................61

1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Vietnam is a Southeast-Asia country which located at the tropical regions,

due to its high and globally significant biodiversity values is recognized as one of

the nations where the conservation of biodiversity should be prioritized. In 1994,

Vietnam became a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD) and ranked 16th in 25th countries in the world that have the most

biodiversity (MONRE, 2005).

Biodiversity contributes a crucial role to develop and maintain the socio￾economic and environment. It is very important in the supply of pharmaceutical raw

materials also. In the past, our ancestors knew how to take advantage of the wild

plant for healing and making medicine. However, Vietnam has great potential for

medicinal plants but has not been promoted. Currently, those species are being

exploited in the wild by local people to maintain their livelihood, this leads to

degrading in a number of species and narrow the distribution area. Medicinal plant

resources are being depleted, many valuable medicinal herbs are in danger of

extinction, natural forests are degraded in terms of both area and forest volume,

conditions. The forest's ecology is no longer suitable for a number of tree species to

grow and develop. Overexploitation leads to many types of trees that are no longer

able to regenerate. Management has not had a macro policy to conserve and develop

medicinal resources in natural forests as well as genetic resources of these plants. If

this situation continues, these precious medicinal species are in danger of extinction

in nature.

The non-wood forest products (NWFP) sector (collection, cultivation, trade

and processing) in Viet Nam affords employmentto hundreds of thousands of

people, including the inhabitants of urban areas (Luong Van Tien 1991). NWFP

exports reached $40 million USD annually between 1986 and 1990 (NTFP Project

Document 2000). After 1995, People moving from the rural areas tend to maintain

2

their consumption patterns in the cities and the urbanization of the population has

increased the demand for NWFP. Currently, deregulation and more free market

access for NWFP is taking place.

It is about 4000 different types of medicines ranging from traditional herbal

cures to modern remedies introduced from the west are produced in Viet Nam. The

low productivity and obsolete technology of the Vietnamese pharmaceutical

industries can currently meet only 30 percent of the total demand, while 70 percent

of the domestic demand has to be supplied by imports (VFFSCP 1997).

It is about 300 species are harvested for domestic and commercial purposes

(including domesticated medicinal trees). Valuable plants include Acathopanax spp.

(Ngũ gia bì gai), Schefflera spp. (Ngũ gia bì chân chim), Polygonum multiflorum

(Hà thủ ô đỏ), Lonicera spp. (Kim ngân), Polygonatum and Disporopsis (Hoàng

tinh), Strychnos wallichiana (Hoàng nan), Draceana spp. (Huyết giác), Codonopsis

spp. (Đẳng sâm), Artemisia annua (Thanh hao hoa vàng), Stephanis rotunda (Bình

vôi) and Cibotium barometz (Cẩu tích) (Nguyen Tap 2001). It has been estimated

that 80–90 percent of the medicinal plants produced in northern Viet Nam are

exported in the form of dried plants or extracts and that only 10–20 percent of the

medicinal plants are consumed or processed domestically (Lecup 1996).

Son La is a mountainous province located in the Northwest of Vietnam

which has the total land area of this province is 14,125 km², in which, the total

natural area of the province with 357,000 ha of forest. It has a richness in

biodiversity and ethnic diversity with twelve ethnics. There are three the most

prevalent ethnics such as Muong, Thai, Mong. Through thousands of year, the

progenies has been indoctrinated by word of mouth their traditional customs and

uniquely indigenous knowledge of folk cure by using medicinal plants. Son La

province is rich and potential in herb plants because of its large natural forest area,

such as Morinda officinalis (Ba kích), Codonopsis javanica (Đẳng Sâm),

Polygonum multiflorum (Hà thủ ô), Drynaria fortunei (Cốt toái bổ), Amomum

villosum (Sa nhân đỏ), and Amomum longiligulare Based on biological

characteristics, distribution, efficiency, consumptional and commercial value.