Coastal Mangrove Change Detection Using Multi Temporal Landsat Data In Xuan Thuy National Park Nam Dinh Province During 2000 2015

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM FORESTRYUNIVERSITY

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STUDENT THESIS

COASTAL MANGROVE CHANGE DETECTION USING MULTI￾TEMPORAL LANDSAT DATA IN XUAN THUY NATIONAL

PARK, NAM DINH PROVINCE DURING 2000- 2015

Major: Natural resource management

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest resource and environmental management

Student: Nguyen Pham Minh Huyen Student ID: 1153091140

Class: K56 Natural resource management Course: 2011-2015

Advanced Education Program

Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Dr. Nguyen Hai Hoa

Ha Noi, 2015

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PREFACE

During the process of learning and finishing this thesis, I have received guidance,

valuable help of the teachers, brothers and friends. With respect and gratitude, I like to

express my sincere thanks to:

The administration of Vietnam Forestry University, Faculty of Forest Resources

and Environmental Management, Department of Environmental and the lectures you have

the knowledge and enthusiasm to impart valuable knowledge for us.

During learning in the Vietnam Forestry University, Dr. Nguyen Hai Hoa has

dedicated guide us through each classroom session and created favorable conditions for the

learning process to complete this thesis. He is enthusiastic guide throughout the process of

implementing post graduate thesis from beginning until completion.

Finally, I wish that lectures in Department of Environmental Engineering really

good health and confidence to continue performing noble mission on the transfer of

knowledge for future generations.

Hanoi, 31 August 2015

Nguyen Pham Minh Huyen

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ABSTRACT

The Vietnam mangroves have been larger and rich and they play an important role

for forest ecosystems, biodiversity and local livelihoods and development. However, the

management of mangroves in Vietnam is still facing many challenges. The process of

transition to market economy under reform policy has brought high economic growth of 7

to 8% in the first 5 years of the twenty-first century with the changes in livelihood patterns.

Vietnam faces big challenges of environmental problems as a result of overfishing,

mismanagement of natural resources and the pressures of globalization. The changes in the

social, ecological, economic and institutional schemes gave the livelihood systems of

mangroves increasingly complex and vulnerable. To contribute develop sustainable

management of coastal mangroves the study of “Coastal mangrove change detection

using mutil-temporal landsat data in Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh province

during 2000-2015” was conducted. The study is based on using NDVI value to indentify

the change mangroves, forest plantation, water and rice paddy and aquaculture cross the

time series. The finding will contribute significantly to enhance sustainable management of

mangroves by presenting possible solutions for study area.

Keywords. Remote sensing technology; GIS; Vegetation cover; Index vegetable

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ACRONYMS

GPS Global Positioning System

GIS Geographic Information System

NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

XTNP Xuan Thuy National Park

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

ABSTRACT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

ACRONYMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

LIST OF TABLES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8

CHAPTER I .INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

2.1. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) --------------------------------------- 14

2.1.1. Definitions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

2.1.2. Origins and evolution of GIS---------------------------------------------------------------- 14

2.1.3. Composition of GIS--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

2.1.4. Functions of GIS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15

2.2. REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY (RS) ----------------------------------------------- 15

2.2.1. Definitions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

2.2.2. The basic principle of Remote Sensing ---------------------------------------------------- 16

2.2.3. Applications of Remote Sensing ------------------------------------------------------------ 17

2.3. COASTAL MANGROVES ------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

2.3.1. Definition of mangroves --------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

2.3.2. Mangrove forest characteristic ------------------------------------------------------------- 18

2.3.3. The role of mangroves------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18

2.3.3.1. Ecological functions------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18

2.3.3.2. Economic functions------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

2.4. APPLICATIONS OF GIS AND REMOTESENSING TO MANGROVE MAPPING19

CHAPTER III. STUDY GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ----------------- 21

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3.1. STUDY GOAL, OBJECTIVES--------------------------------------------------------------- 21

3.1.1. Research questions --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

3.1.2. Research objectives--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

Study goal:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

Specific objectives:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

3.2. SCOPE OF THE STUDY ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

3.3. CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------------------------ 22

3.3.1 Investigate the status of mangrove cover and its management schemes in Xuan Thuy

National Park ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

Remote sensing data for study:--------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

Status of coastal mangrove management and mangrove structures -------------------------- 23

3.3.2. Quantifying coastal mangrove changes in Xuan Thuy National Park during 2000- 2015-- 29

3.3.3. Identifying key drivers of coastal mangrove cover changes in Xuan Thuy National Park:------ 30

CHAPTER IV. STUDY SITE, NATURAL AND SOCIAL FEATURE -------------------- 32

4.1. STUDY AREA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

4.1.1. Natural characteristics----------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

4.1.1.1. Geographical location --------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

4.1.1.2. Topography and hydrology --------------------------------------------------------------- 33

4.1.1.3 Climate---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

4.1.1.4. Edaphic condition -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

4.1.2. Resources development ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

4.1.2.1. Forest resources ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

4.1.2.2. Biodiversity resource----------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

4.1.2.3. Tourism potential--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36

4.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS -------------------------------------------------------- 37

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4.2.1. Population ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

4.2.2. Economy---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

CHAPTER V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ------------------------------------------------- 39

5.1. MANGROVE MANAGEMENT AND ITS STRUCTURES IN STUDY SITES ----- 39

5.1.1. Mangrove structures-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39

5.1.2. Mangrove management ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 46

5.2. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF COASTAL MANGROVE EXTENT

DURING 2000 -2015 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47

5.3. KEY DRIVERS OF MANGROVE CHANGES DURING 2000- 2015 ---------------- 55

5.4. EFFECTIVE MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT OF

MANGROVES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

CHAPTERVI.GENERAL CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY 64

6.1. GENERAL CONCLUSION------------------------------------------------------------------- 64

6.2. LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY ------------------------------------------------- 65

REFERENCE

APPENDIX

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Landsat data used in the study. ........................................................................... 23

Table 5.1. Plots information and mangrove characteristics in study site ............................ 40

Table 5.2. Plot Statistical tables...........................................................................................42

Table 5.3. NDVI values for mangroves and non-mangroves for studied sites different ..... 47

Table 5.4. Mangrove area in studied sites in different years. .............................................. 47

Table 5.5. Accuracy of image classification in 2000 ........................................................... 50

Table 5.6. Accuracy of image classification in 2006 ........................................................... 50

Table 5.7. Accuracy of image classification in 2010 ........................................................... 51

Table 5.8. Accuracy of image classification in 2015 ........................................................... 51

Table 5.9. Changes in mangrove areas during periods 2000-2006, 2006-2010, 2010-2015 (ha)

............................................................................................................................................. 52

Table 5.10. Mangrove changes in different periods. ........................................................... 54