Evaluating Policy Effectiveness On Coastal Mangrove Management Case Study In Dai Hop And Bang La Communes Hai Phong City

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

STUDENT THESIS

Title

EVALUATING POLICY EFFECTIVENESS ON COASTAL

MANGROVE MANAGEMENT: CASE STUDY IN DAI HOP

AND BANG LA COMMUNES, HAI PHONG CITY

Major: Natural Resources Management

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Nguyen Nguyet Anh Student ID: 1253090003

Class: K57 Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 - 2016

Advanced Education Program

Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Dr. Hai-Hoa Nguyen

Hanoi, 2016

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Abstract

Vietnam suffers from seven to twelve tropical storms every year. Hence, not only lives

but also properties are lost in coastal areas. Besides, in recent decades, climate change has

become an urgent issue for human being. Mangroves have been recognized as one of the most

optimal solutions to deal with those issues in coastal regions of Vietnam. Therefore,

mangrove management and protection have created a pressing need for forest managers to

figure out the best way to assess the effectiveness of management policies for planning.

This study aims to (1) investigate relevant policies in study site from 1990 to 2016 (2)

assess the effectiveness of policies on coastal mangrove management using three major

indicators and (3) to propose feasible solutions to enhance the policies in this area. Three

remarkable policy-periods have been investigated and assessed by using a set of three

significant indicators, including ecological, economic and social indicators. From 1900 –

1997, mangrove rehabilitation and restoration projects had been implemented, but they were

not effective. From 1997 – 2005, the implementation of many policies and projects had

improved the quantity and quality of mangroves. Hence, the increase of mangrove extent

considerably contributed to local incomes and livelihoods improvement. The period from

2005 to 2016 has been known as mangrove development and protection stage. This study also

suggests that the communes should adopt community – based management (CBM) to enhance

the mangrove quantity and quality in the long term.

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Acknowledgements

First and foremost, I was extremely fortunate to be supervised and supported by Dr.

Hai-Hoa Nguyen. He has inspired me very much on my way to achieving my goals during the

time as his student. Besides, he provided me with insight into how mangrove management

plays an indispensable role in coastal zones, adding a novel dimension to my thesis. I would

also like to thank Dr. Lee Macdonald who suggested valuable comments about my thesis

proposal in the preparation time. I sincerely thank teachers in Faculty of Forest Resources and

Environmental Management for the encouragements and suggestions and for helping me to

improve the quality of my thesis.

In addition, thank you to Doan Thi Minh Thuy and Vu Duc Huy for helping me to

collect data in Hai Phong during our initial research project, which I based on to develop and

build up ideas for this thesis. I also would like to express my deep appreciation to the staffs

and local people in Dai Hop (Kien Thuy) and Bang La (Do Son) communes for the

enthusiastic help during our work. Due to the limited knowledge, time and experience, this

thesis is still need to be improved. I am looking forward to receiving feedbacks from teachers

and friends to enhance it.

Hanoi, 2016

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Dedication

To my family.

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Table of Contents

Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................. 3

List of acronyms abbreviations.............................................................................................. 7

List of figures ........................................................................................................................... 8

List of tables............................................................................................................................. 9

Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 10

Chapter 2 Study Goals and Objectives................................................................................ 14

2.1. Study goal and objectives..............................................................................................14

2.1.1. Goal .........................................................................................................................14

2.1.2. Specific objectives...................................................................................................14

2.2. Research question and hypothesis .................................................................................14

2.2.1. Research question....................................................................................................14

2.2.2. Hypothesis...............................................................................................................15

Chapter 3 Study Site and Research Methodology.............................................................. 16

3.1. Study site........................................................................................................................16

3.1.1. Geographical location and topography ...................................................................16

3.1.2. Climate ....................................................................................................................17

3.1.3. Natural resources.....................................................................................................17

3.1.4. Population................................................................................................................17

3.1.5. Economy..................................................................................................................18

3.2. Research methodology...................................................................................................18

Rationale:..............................................................................................................................18

3.2.1. Literature review and secondary data......................................................................19

3.2.2.Landsat Images classification and processing..........................................................20

3.2.3.Structured interview and Semi-structure interview..................................................24

3.2.4. Data analysis ..........................................................................................................25

Chapter 4: Results................................................................................................................. 26

4.1. Policies and projects on coastal mangrove management...............................................26

4.1.1. Policies related to coastal mangrove management from 1990 to 1997...................27

4.1.2. Policies related to coastal mangrove management from 1997 to 2005...................28

4.1.3. Policies-related to coastal mangrove management from 2005 – 2016....................31

4.2. Effectiveness of mangrove management policies..........................................................32

4.2.1. Ecological indicator: Coastal mangrove extents before and after policies .............32

4.2.2. Economic indicator: Changes in local livelihood after applying policies...............38

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4.2.3. Social indicator:.......................................................................................................42

4.3. Solutions for better management of mangroves ............................................................45

4.3.1. Model of sustainable management and development of mangroves.......................45

4.3.2. Other solutions for sustainable development of mangroves ...................................48

Chapter 5 Discussion............................................................................................................. 50

5.1. Effectiveness of coastal mangrove management in study area based on three significant

indicators...............................................................................................................................50

5.1.1. Period from 1990 to 1997 : A beginning of mangrove management polices .........51

5.1.2. Period from 1997 to 2005: Recovery and transition period of mangrove

management polices..........................................................................................................52

5.1.3.Period from 2005 to 2016: Development and prescription period of mangrove

management policies.........................................................................................................53

5.2. Limitation and further study ..........................................................................................55

Chapter 6 Conclusion............................................................................................................ 56

Chapter 7 References ............................................................................................................ 58

Chapter 8 Appendices........................................................................................................... 62

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List of acronyms abbreviations

GIS Geographic Information System

NGO Non - Government Organization

MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

SMM Sustainable Mangrove Management

NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

PAM Programme Alimentaire Mondial (French)

(WFP) World Food Program

JRC Japanese Red Cross

GPS Global Positioning System

VND Vietnamese Dong

USD United States Dollar

CBM Community-Based Management

GIZ Gesellsschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

(Germany)

MFF Mangrove For the Future