Bồi dưỡng kĩ năng thực hành xây dựng bài toán mới cho học sinh hệ tiểu học

NGHIEN cau & ONG DUNG II

BOI DirdNG Id NANG THVTC HANH

XAY DUNG BAI TOAN M0I CHO SINH VIEN Hi TIEU HOC

TS. Nguyin Manh Cliung - ThS. Ld Ngoc Hod

TrUdng Dai hgc Hong Dtic

7 , trfldng pho thdng, day

I I toan la day boat ddng

V ^ toan hpc cho hpc sinh

(HS) va hinh thflc chu yeu cua

boat ddng toan hpe la boat

ddng giai toan. Vi the cd the

ndi rang td chflc tdt viec day

giai bai tap toan (boat ddng

giai toan) cd tac dung quyet

dinh ddi vdi chat Iflpng day

hpc (DH) toan va de td chflc

tdt viec day giai bai tap toan,

ngfldi giao vien (GV) can phai

biet Ifla chpn he thdng bai tap

thich hpp, cung nhfl can phai

biet xay dflng cac bai toan mdi

phfl hpp vdi chflc nang cua bai

tap toan v^ muc dich cua bai

hpc mdi cd the nang cao hieu

qua DH toan d trfldng Tieu

hpc (TH). De nang cao chat

Iflong dao tao d cac trfldng sfl

pham, viec bdi dfldng ki nang

thflc hanh xay dflng bai toan

mdi la mdt viec lam can thiet

va can phai dat ra thfldng

xuyen d moi co sd dao tao giao

vien tieu hpc (GVTH).

Bai viet nay, gidi thieu

mpt sd van de ve bdi dfldng ki

nang thflc hanh xay dflng bai

toan mdi cho SV nganh giao

ducTH.

1. Dinh hfldng xay dflng

bai toan mdi d TH

Theo quan diem "DH

trong boat ddng va bang hoat

ddng" va dfla vao ndi dung

DH, cac bai toan d TH can

dflpc xay dflng dfla tren cac

dinh hfldng sau:

- Thdng qua DH giai

bai tap toan, tang cfldng ren

luyen cho HS nhflng boat

ddng toan hpc phflc bpp. Dd

la nhflng boat ddng nhfl

chflng minh, tim tdi, dfl doan,

giai bai toan cd ldi van (toan

don, toan hpp)...

- Thdng qua DH giai bai

tap toan, tang cfldng ren luyen

eho HS nhflng boat ddng tri

tue phd bien trong toan hpc.

Dd la nhflng boat ddng nhfl

lat ngflpc van de, xet tinh giai

dflpc (cd nghiem, nghiem duy

nhat, nhieu nghiem), phan

chia trfldng hpp, boat ddng tfl

duy bam, md hinh hoa va

the hien.

- Thdng qua DH giai bai

tap toan, tang cfldng ren luyen

cho HS nhflng boat dpng tri tue

chung. Dd la cac boat ddng nhfl

phan ticb, tdng bpp, so sanh,

tflong tfl boa, trflu tflpng hoa,

khai quat boa, dac biet boa, cu

the boa...

- Thdng qua DH giai bai

tap toan, tang cfldng ren luyen

cho HS nhflng hoat ddng

ngdn ngfl. Dd la nhflng boat

ddng dflpc tien hanh khi HS

dflpc yeu cau phat bieu de

toan, menh de toan hpc,

giai thich hoac bien ddi mdt

menh de toan hpc, phat bieu

bai toan...

2. Mot so ki thuat xay

dflng bai toan mdi d TH

2.1. Phdn tich - tong hdp

Nang Iflc phan tich - tdng

hpp dflpc the hien trong

nhflng tinh hudng sau:

a. Khi sfl dung cac phep

chflng minh: suy xudi, suy

ngflpc tien, suy ngflpc

lui.Thdng thfldng, ngfldi ta

dung phflong phap suy ngflpc

lfli (ket hpp vdi suy ngflpc

tien) de tim phflpng phap

chflng minh va dung phflpng

phap suy xudi de trinh bay

phep chflng minh.

b. Khi phaii chia trfldng hpp.

c. Khi lat ngflpc van de.

d. Khi tim tdi va trinh bay

ldi giai cfla bai tap toan (dung

phan tich de tim tdi ldi giai

cfla bai tap toan va dung tdng

hpp de tinh bay ldi giai cua bai

tap toan).

2.2. TUdng tii hod: Tflpng

tfl hda dflpc xet trong cac tinb

hudng sau:

Tflong tfl ve each giai cua

bai toan; Tflpng tfl ve ndi dung

cua bai toan, nhflng cd nhflng

each giai khae nhau.

2.3. Khdi qudt hod: Khai

quat boa dflpc xet trong cae

tinh hudng: - Khai quat tfl mdt

sd trfldng hpp; Khai quat tfl

mdt trfldng hpp.

2.4. Dqc biet hod: Dac biet

hoa dflpc xet trong cac tinh

hudng sau:

TAP CHi THifTBI GIAO DMC-So 71,7/201! • I I