Windows assembly language & systems programming

WINDOWS ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE & SYSTEMS

PROGRAMMING

16- and 32-bit low-level programming

for the PC and Windows

2nd edition

bY

Barry Kauler

Lecturer, Edith Cowan University

M.Sc.(EE), C.Eng.

R&D Books

Lawrence, Kansas 66046

0 Copyright 1997, Barry Kauler

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

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their products may be claimed as trademarks. Due acknowledgement is hereby made of

all legal protection. Windows TM is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Disclaimer. Whilst due care has been taken in the preparation of this book, no

responsibility is accepted for any inaccuracy, loss or damage to data, or consequential

loss or damage. The content of the Companion Disk is not guaranteed to be exactly as

described.

This edition published by R&D Books / Miller Freeman

ISBN: 087930474X

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Contents

Ch.

Preface

Page

xi

1 CPU Architecture 1

Preamble ..................................................1

Power-up the PC ........................................... 2

The System Files ....................................... 3

Number Systems ........................................... 6

Registers and Memory ..................................... 9

MemoryMapofthePC .............................. 12

The CPU & Support Chips ........................... 12

Conventional and Extended Memory ..................... 14

Segments ............................................ 14

Real Mode ........................................... 17

DOS Real Mode Programming ....................... 18

DOS Protected Mode Programming .................. 18

Coding Restraints .................................... 20

Inside the 286/386l486/etc. ............................... 2 1

CPU Registers ....................................... 22

Instructions .......................................... 23

Real and Protected Modes ............................ 25

Memory Management .................................... 25

Segmentation Only ................................... 25

Shadow Registers .................................... 26

Descriptors .......................................... 28

386 Paging ........................................... 28

Virtual-86 ........................................... 29

Contention Issues ........................................ 3 1

Privileges.. .......................................... 31

I/O Privilege ......................................... 3 1

Task Switching ...................................... 32

Interrupts ................................................ 3 3

Real Mode Interrupts ................................. 33

Protected Mode Interrupts ............................ 34

Postamble ............................................... 36

..I

111

iv

Ch. Page

2 Basic Assembly Language 37

Preamble ................................................ 3 7

Stack Instructions ........................................ 38

Transfer of Control ....................................... 39

Conditional Jump .................................... 43

Addressing Modes ....................................... 44

Segment Registers ................................... 46

String Instructions ....................................... 47

Arithmetic Instructions ................................... 50

Logical Instructions ...................................... 54

Code and Data Labels .................................... 56

Code Labels ......................................... 56

Data Labels .......................................... 58

Accessing Data ...................................... 5 8

Pointers .............................................. 59

LES, LDS, and LEA Instructions ..................... 60

Local Data ........................................... 62

Type Override ........................................... 63

Structures ................................................ 65

Label Equates ........................................ 66

Postamble ...............................................67

3 Opening Windows 69

Preamble ................................................69

DOS versus Windows Programming ..................... 70

Internal Differences .................................. 7 1

Building a Windows Application ......................... 72

Library Functions .................................... 72

The Mechanics of Assembling and Linking ........... 73

The Link Step ........................................ 74

Two Steps for Resources ............................. 74

Windows Programming Mechanics ....................... 75

Objects .............................................. 75

Handles .............................................. 76

Instances ............................................. 76

Messages ............................................ 77

C Syntax ............................................. 78

Message Loop ....................................... 78

Callback Functions ................................... 79

Data Types .............................................. 82

V

Ch. Page

4 The Bare Bones 85

Preamble ................................................ 85

Getting Started ........................................... 86

Tools Required ...................................... 86

Source Files ......................................... 89

Resource and Definition Files ........................ 89

Message Format ..................................... 90

Make File ............................................ 91

Development Cycle .................................. 92

Application Structure .................................... 94

Preliminary Code .................................... 94

Startup Code ......................................... 96

WINMAIN{) ......................................... 98

Callback Function ................................... 102

5 High-Level Assembly 109

Preamble ............................................... 109

Include Files ............................................ 109

Microsoft versus Borland ........................... 110

Skeleton Analysis ....................................... 111

.MODEL Directive ...................................... 119

Private and Global Data ................................. 120

MASM versus TASM Scope ........................ 121

TASM’s @@ ....................................... 121

Life of Automatic Data .............................. 122

Assembling and Linking ................................ 123

MASM6 versus TASM .................................. 125

WINDOWS Qualifier ............................... 126

Prototypes .......................................... 127

Callback Design .................................... 129

Other Incompatibilities .............................. 130

MASM Assembling and Linking .................... 13 l

MASM6 Program Listing ............................... 132

6 Program Design 137

Preamble ...............................................137

Object Addressing ...................................... 138

Calling a Function .................................. 138

Early Binding ....................................... 14 1

Late Binding ........................................ 142

C++ Binding ........................................ 142

vi

Ch. Page

Assembly Language Binding ........................ 145

Use of THIS ............................................ 145

Interfacing with C++ .................................... 147

Compiling to ASM O/P ............................. 147

In-Line Assembly ................................... 148

In-Line DOS and Don’ts .............................. 149

The ASM Stub ...................................... 150

Compile and Assemble Steps ........................ 15 1

The Amazing 9-Line Program ........................... 153

A Skeleton Program ..................................... 154

Overrides ........................................... 156

Kickstart ............................................ 157

Message Handling .................................. 157

The WINDOW Object .................................. 158

WINMAIN ) ........................................... 162

Callback ................................................ 165

MA=( ) ............................................... 168

Inheritance .............................................. 171

Getting it Together ...................................... 175

Postamble .............................................. 178

7 PC Hardware 179

Preamble ............................................... 179

CPU bus ................................................ 179

Control Bus ......................................... 180

Address Decoder .................................... 182

I/OPorts ................................................ 183

I/O Instructions ..................................... 184

Keyboard Interface ...................................... 184

AT-Class Keyboard Port Enhancements ............. 186

PC Expansion Buses .................................... 187

Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) ................ 188

Peripheral Connect Interface (PCI) ...................... 19 1

Postamble .............................................. 194

8 BIOS, DOS, & Windows Low-Level Services 195

Preamble ............................................... 195

BIOS and DOS Services ................................ 197

Standard DOS Interrupts ............................ 200

DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) ................. 203

INT-2Fh Extensions ..................................... 205

vii

Ch.

9

10

11

Page

Windows Functions ..................................... 207

Thunking ............................................... 219

Generic Thunking ................................... 219

More Win95 “Improvements” ........................... 222

Device I/O Control .................................. 222

Dynamically Loadable Drivers ...................... 223

Threads ............................................. 223

Memory Mapped Files .............................. 224

Postamble .............................................. 224

Direct Hardware Access 225

Preamble ............................................... 225

Initialisation ............................................ 226

Addressing Segments ................................... 227

Direct Video ............................................ 229

Restore Video ....................................... 23 1

Change Video Mode ................................ 232

A Direct-Video Text-Mode Routine ................. 232

Call REPAINTSCREEN .......................... 234

Ordinal Coordinates ................................. 235

To and From Text Mode ............................ 236

Video Output Issues ................................. 237

MessageInput ...................................... 238

Experimenting ...................................... 239

A Direct-Video Window Program ................... 239

I/O Ports ................................................ 244

Real-Time Events 249

Preamble ............................................... 249

TSRs ...................................................250

Hooking a Vector ................................... 251

Service Routine (ISR) ............................... 253

Testing ............................................. 255

Hardware Interrupts ..................................... 256

XT Hardware Interrupts ............................. 256

AT Hardware Interrupts ............................. 257

Windows’ Standard Mode Hardware Interrupts ...... 258

Interrupt Handler Code .............................. 260

Enhanced Mode Hardware Interrupts ................ 263

Direct Memory Access .................................. 264

Real Mode Access 267