Vấn đề Texas trong quan hệ Mỹ - Mexico - Anh (1823-1845)

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(1823-1845)

Ths. Le Thanh Nam

Khoa Lieh Sie - Trirdng Dai hgc Sit phgm Hue

Khi nghien cim lieh su nudc MT thdi

can dai, mgt trong nhiing ndi dung dang ehu

y la qua trinh nude MT md rgng lanh thd ve

phia Tay. Tir 13 bang khdi thuy (1783) nam

ven Dai Tay Duong, nhung den giira the ki

XIX, lanh thd nude MT duge md rgng den

Thai Binh Duong. Lieh sir MT ggi la phong

trao Tay tien (Western Expansion). Thyc

chat cua qua trinh nay la viec nudc MT tirng

budc gat bd hoac thu hep pham vi the lye eac

cudng quoc chau Au (Anh, Phap va Tay Ban

Nha) d cac vung lanh thd phia ben kia day

Alleghenies. Bai viet nay se lam rd mdt trong

nhiing sy kien tieu bieu cua qua trinh dd.

1. Khai quat ve lanh tho Texas

Texas' la lanh thd nam phia Tay Nam

ciia Lien bang My, giap ranh vdi nudc Cdng

hda Mexico hien nay. Trudc the ki XVI,

Texas von la mdt bd phan lanh thd nam trong

de ehe Aztec. Vao ''thai ki cita nhicng kham

phd lan", trong khoang thdi gian 1519 -

1521, de che Aztec hiing manh bi nhdm

ngudi Tay Ban Nha dudi sy ehi huy eua

Hernando Cortez khuat phuc. Trong gan 300

nam tiep theo, Texas la don vi hanh chinh

thude Mexico nam dudi sy cai tri cua Tay

Ban Nha. Thdi thude dia, do la don vi hanh

chinh nam xa chinh quyen trung uong, Texas

bet sue thua thdt dan cu, chi cd sd it ngudi

Tay Ban Nha giau cd lam chu cae ddn dien,

trang trai. Hg sir dyng thd dan da dd va

ngudi lai dd lam viec trong cac trang trai.

Lanh thd Texas cd cac trung tam truyen giao

cua cae thira sai Thien Chua giao va ddn ai

quan sy do quan ddi Tay Ban Nha ehiem

ddng. Dudi nhan quan cua chinh quyen

thude dia Tay Ban Nha, trong hai thap nien

dau tien eua the ki XIX, Texas la "khu dem"

chdng lai sy banh trudng cua cu dan My,

"vanh dai" bao ve "chdu My Tdy Ban Nha"

d phia Nam. Tuy nhien, den thang 1/1821,

dudi tac ddng cua chinh phu ty do d "mau

qudc " , ehinh quyen thude dia ban xir da ban

hanh chinh sach khuyen kbieb eu dan My

vao dinh cu d Texas nham hudng den viec

xay dyng xu sd nay thinh vugng. Ke hoach

nay chua trd thanh hien thye thi tinh hinh

thay ddi.

Dudi tac ddng cua cudc Caeh mang tu

san Phap (1789), nhat la lgi dyng sy suy yeu

cua chinh quyen phong kien Tay Ban Nha do

bi quan ddi Napoleon lien tiep tan edng,

nhan dan Mexico dung day dau tranh vu

trang de ty giai phdng minh. Nam 1810, dudi

sy lanh dao cua linh muc Miguel Hidalgo,

Hien nay la mot phan lanh tho hoac toan bo lanh tho

cua cac tieu bang: Colorado, New Mexico va Texas.

- Thang 1-1820, tai Tay Ban Nha, cuoc each mang do

Riego lanh dao gianh thang loi buoc dSu, Chinh phii

do giai lanh dao each mang lap ra da ban hanh nhifiu

chinh sach ti^n bo nhu dong cua cac tu vie;, giam

thue va xoa bo mot so nghTa vu phong kiSn.