Tourism and hospitality management

Tourism and Hospitality

Management

Lucius Walker

Tourism and Hospitality

Management

Tourism and Hospitality

Management

Edited by

Lucius Walker

Tourism and Hospitality Management

Edited by Lucius Walker

ISBN: 978-1-9789-2955-5

Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tourism and hospitality management / edited by Lucius Walker.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-9789-2955-5

1. Tourism--Textbooks. 2. Hospitality industry--Management--Textbooks.

I. Walker, Lucius.

G155.A1 T68 2017

910.68--dc23

© 2017 Library Press

Published by

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. All chapters are

published with permission under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License or equivalent. A

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Table of Contents

IX

Chapter 1 Introduction to Tourism 1

Chapter 2 Varied Types of Tourism 24

i. Business Tourism 24

ii. International Tourism 25

iii. Rural Tourism 26

iv. Agritourism 34

v. Ecotourism 38

vi. Farm Stay 52

vii. Geotourism 53

viii. Sustainable Tourism 58

ix. International Volunteering 68

x. Adventure Travel 73

xi. Bicycle Touring 76

xii. Jungle Tourism 87

xiii. Disaster Tourism 89

xiv. Dark Tourism 90

xv. Extreme Tourism 94

xvi. Space Tourism 95

xvii. Sports Tourism 106

Chapter 3 Food Tourism 109

i. Culinary Tourism 109

ii. Enotourism 110

Chapter 4 Arts and Cultural Tourism 114

i. Cultural Tourism 114

ii. Heritage Tourism 121

iii. Music Tourism 124

Chapter 5 Water Tourism 126

i. Nautical Tourism 126

ii. Shark Tourism 131

Chapter 6 Niche Tourism and its Branches 135

i. Slum Tourism 135

ii. War Tourism 139

iii. Wildlife Tourism 142

Preface

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Chapter 7 Historical Tourism 147

i. Archaeological Tourism 147

ii. Atomic Tourism 148

iii. Genealogy Tourism 152

Chapter 8 Religious Tourism 155

i. Religious Tourism 155

ii. Christian Tourism 157

Chapter 9 Categories of Medical Tourism 159

i. Medical Tourism 159

ii. Dental Tourism 171

iii. Fertility Tourism 173

iv. Wellness Tourism 177

Chapter 10 Global Tourism Organization and Ranking 182

i. World Tourism Organization 182

ii. World Tourism Rankings 186

Chapter 11 Hospitality Management 193

i. Hospitality Industry 193

ii. Hospitality Management Studies 194

iii. Hospitality Service 197

Chapter 12 Hotel Industry: An Overview 199

i. Hotel 199

ii. Eco Hotel 216

iii. Conference and Resort Hotels 219

iv. Boutique Hotel 223

v. Apartment Hotel 224

vi. Destination Club 227

vii. Motel 231

viii. Inn 253

ix. Resort 256

x. Bed and Breakfast 261

xi. Gratuity 271

Chapter 13 Travel: An Overview 290

i. Travel 290

ii. Pilgrimage 294

iii. Travel Technology 302

iv. Travel Behavior 304

VI Contents

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Chapter 14 Mediators of Tourism 308

i. Travel Agency 308

ii. Destination Marketing Organization 314

iii. Tour Operator 317

Permissions

Index

Contents VII

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Preface

Tourism is a major contributor to economies across the globe. It is a distinguished

business sector in the modern times. This book unfolds some innovative aspects of

tourism and hospitality. It will present in detail the varied forms of tourism classified

on the different basis such as art and culture, religion, etc. This textbook will provide

incredible insights into the hotel and hospitality industry as well. The contents of

this book will help the readers develop an all-inclusive understanding of the subject.

A foreword of all chapters of the book is provided below:

Chapter 1-Tourism is a vast field of study. It encompasses multiple aspects ranging

from taking care of a guest’s needs to the creation of events and plans for the guest’s

amusement. This chapter on tourism offers incredible insights into tourism while

keeping in mind the complex subject matter; Chapter 2- In the past decade the

tourism sector has progressed exponentially. This has resulted in the forms of tourism

becoming more diverse. This chapter elucidates the various branches of tourism

such as business tourism, international tourism, ecotourism, adventure travel, space

tourism, etc. that form an integral part of the broader subject matter; Chapter 3-A

region’s culture can be consumed in a variety of ways; a primary manner in which it is

done is through its food and beverages. This provides great financial assistance to local

economies as well as comfort and satisfaction to the customer. The major categories

of tourism based on food and drink such as culinary tourism and enotourism are

discussed in great detail in the chapter; Chapter 4-Culture has a significant role to

play within tourism where certain locations are more famous for the various aspects

of culture that can be found there. Journeys are planned on the basis of material

culture such as music, languages and literature. This chapter demarcates the various

forms of art and culture based tourism; Chapter 5-Recent advances in facilities

as well as the increase in the number of tourists have led to many innovations in

the field of adventure and outdoor tourism. Now, activities such as scuba diving,

coral reef tourism and shark tourism have re -defined the way certain regions are

enjoyed. The chapter serves as a source to understand major concepts regarding water

related tourism; Chapter 6-Customers seeking specific experiences through their

travels opt for extremely focused forms of tourism. This created a niche in the market

and resulted in an altogether new branch of tourism known as niche tourism. Some

of the topics discussed in this chapter are slum tourism, war tourism and wildlife

tourism. The topics discussed in the chapter are of great importance to enhance the

existing knowledge on tourism and hospitality; Chapter 7-A popular component of

the tourism industry is historical tourism, where tourists learn about the history of

a region through its monuments, manuscripts and other artifacts. A few branches of

historical tourism that this chapter touches upon are archaeological tourism, atomic

tourism and genealogy tourism; Chapter 8-Pilgrimage to places that are holy to

one’s religion is not a new concept as people have travelled for spiritual satisfaction

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for many years. This can be referred to as religious tourism and people of numerous

faiths practice this form of tourism. The aspects elucidated in this chapter are of vital

importance, and provide a better understanding of religious tourism; Chapter 9-In

certain situations travel is necessary due to medical reasons such as the availability

of medical infrastructure and care in certain regions. The chapter covers topics

related to medical based tourism such as tourism to obtain medical surgery, dental

tourism, fertility tourism and wellness tourism; Chapter 10-The sectors of tourism

and hospitality are extremely beneficial to the economy as they generate a lot of

revenue. Simultaneously, it has to be regulated in order to make it sustainable and

feasible for possibilities in the future. This chapter explores the organizations in

place that govern tourist activity and how regions have benefited in the past few

years due to tourist activity; Chapter 11-Alongside tourism, hospitality has been

defined as services that cater to the customer’s needs through built infrastructure and

entertainment. Hospitality plays a major role in the tourism industry of any country.

This chapter introduces some of the crucial theories and principles related to the

hospitality industry; Chapter 12-Hotels provide the most basic services for tourists

such as food and lodging. This factor has resulted in an increase in the development

and variety of the hotel industry in the last few decades. The chapter strategically

encompasses and incorporates the major components and key concepts of tourism

through the hotel industry, providing a complete understanding of a variety of hotels

such as resorts, eco hotels, boutique hotels, etc; Chapter 13-Travel is an important

social custom that leads to cultural and personal growth. Its forms vary according to

the destination as well as personal choices, such as the mode of travel. This chapter is

a compilation of the various aspects of travel such as pilgrimage and travel behavior

that form an integral part of the broader subject matter; Chapter 14-Due to the

increasing significance of tourism in the past few years, various mediators of tourism

have come into play. These have become a significant profession within the industry.

This chapter discusses the various mediators of tourism and their roles within the

larger industry.

At the end, I would like to thank all the people associated with this book for

devoting their precious time and providing their valuable contributions to this book.

I would also like to express my gratitude to my fellow colleagues who encouraged

me throughout the process.

Editor

X Preface

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1

Introduction to Tourism

Tourism is a vast field of study. It encompasses multiple aspects ranging from taking

care of a guest’s needs to the creation of events and plans for the guest’s amusement.

This chapter on tourism offers incredible insights into tourism while keeping in mind

the complex subject matter.

A tourist taking photographs and video at an archaeological site

Tourism is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice of touring, the business

of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operat￾ing tours. Tourism may be international, or within the traveler’s country. The World

Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms which go “beyond the

common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only “, as people

“traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than

one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”.

Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incom￾ing and outgoing implications on a country’s balance of payments. Today, tourism is a

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2 Tourism and Hospitality Management

major source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source

and host countries, in some cases being of vital importance.

Backpacking tourists in Vienna

Tourism suffered as a result of a strong economic slowdown of the late-2000s reces￾sion, between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009, and the outbreak of the

H1N1 influenza virus, but slowly recovered. International tourism receipts (the travel

item in the balance of payments) grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2011, corre￾sponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. International tourist arrivals

surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012, emerging

markets such as Russia and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the

previous decade.

Etymology

1922 postcard of tourists in the High Tatras, Slovakia.

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Introduction to Tourism 3

The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the word

tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin

tornare; ‘to turn on a lathe,’ which is itself from Ancient Greek tornos; ‘lathe’.

Significance of Tourism

Strandkorb chairs on Usedom Island, Germany. Not only does the service sector grow thanks to tourism,

but also local manufacturers (like those producing the strandkorb), retailers, the real estate sector and

the general image of a location can benefit a lot.

Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and countries.

Its importance was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980

as “an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social,

cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their interna￾tional relations.”

Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of pay￾ment for goods and services needed by tourists, accounting for 30% of the world’s

trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. It also creates

opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with

tourism.

The service industries which benefit from tourism include transportation services, such

as airlines, cruise ships, and taxicabs; hospitality services, such as accommodations,

including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, ca￾sinos, shopping malls, music venues, and theatres. This is in addition to goods bought

by tourists, including souvenirs, clothing and other supplies.

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4 Tourism and Hospitality Management

Definitions

In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as “someone traveling abroad

for at least twenty-four hours”. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this defini￾tion in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.

In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as “the sum of the phenomena and relation￾ships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to per￾manent residence and are not connected with any earning activity.” In 1976, the Tourism

Society of England’s definition was: “Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement

of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their

activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes.” In

1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in

terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home.

In 1994, the United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations

on Tourism Statistics:

• Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only with￾in this country

• Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country

• Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country

The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context,

travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The

terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest

in the cultures or locations visited. By contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of dis￾tinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the cultural values underpinning these

distinctions and their implications for class relations.

World Tourism Statistics and Rankings

Total Volume of Cross-Border Tourist Travel

International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in

2011, and 952 million in 2010. In 2011 and 2012, international travel demand contin￾ued to recover from the losses resulting from the late-2000s recession, where tourism

suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009. Af￾ter a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved

into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year,

compared to a 7% increase in 2007. The negative trend intensified during 2009, exac￾erbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in

a worldwide decline of 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and

a 5.7% decline in international tourism receipts.

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