Thermodynamics : an engineering approach

c w l e

Acceleration, m/s^

Specific Helnưioltz function, u - Ts, kJ/kg

Area,

Hebnholtz function, u - TS,k3

Air-fuel ratio

Speed of sound, m/s

Specific heat, kJ/kg ■ K

Constant pressure specific heat, kJ/kg • K

Constant volume specific heat, kJ/kg • K

Coefficient of performance

Coefficient of performance of a heat pump

Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator

Diameter, m

Specific total energy, kj/kg

Total energy, kJ

Energy efficiency rating

Force, N

Fuel-air ratio

Gravitational acceleration, m/s^

Specific Gibbs function, h - Ts, kJ/kg

Total Gibbs function, H — TS, kj

Convection heat transfer coefficient,

W/m2 • °c

Specific enthalpy, u + P\y, kj/kg

Total enthalpy, u + PV, kĩ

Enửialpy of combustion, kJ/kmol fuel

Enthalpy of formation, kJ/kmol

Enthalpy of reaction, kJ/kmol

Higher heating value, kj/kg fuel

Specific iưeversibility, kj/kg

Electric current, A

Total irreversibility, kJ

Specific heat ratio, C^/Cy

Spring constant

Thermal conductivity

Equilibrium constant

Specific kinetic energy, V-12, kJ/kg

Total kinetic energy, mV-/2, kJ

Lower heating value, kJ/kg fuel

Mass, kg

Mass flow rate, kg/s

Molar mass, kg/kmol

M a ch n u m b e r

MEP

m f

■^gen

‘ w b

Mean effective pressure, kPa

Mass fraction

Polytropic exponent

Number of moles, kmol

Pressure, kPa

Critical pressure, kPa

Partial pressure, kPa

Mixture pressure, kPa

Relative pressure

Reduced pressure

Vapor pressure, kPa

Suưoundings pressure, kPa

Specific potential energy, gz, kj/kg

Total potential energy, mgz, kj

Heat ữansíer per unit mass, kj/kg

Total heat transfer, kj

Heat transfer rate, kw

Heat transfer with high-temperature body, kj

Heat transfer with low-temperature body, kJ

Compression ratio

Gas constant, kJ/kg • K

Cutoff ratio

Pressure ratio

Universal gas constant, kj/kmol • K

Specific entropy, kJ/kg • K

Total enttopy, kJ/K

Specific entropy generation, kJ/kg • K

Total entropy generation, kJ/K

Specific weight or relative density

Time, s

Temperature, °c or K

Torque, N • m

Critical temperature, K

Dry-bulb temperature, °c

Dew-point temperature, °c

Bulk fluid temperature, °c

Temperature of high-temperature body, K

Temperature of low-temperature body, K

Reduced temperature

Wet-bulb temperature, °c

Suưoundings temperature, °c or K

Specific internal energy, kJ/kg

Total internal energy, kJ

ỵ

V .. avg

^ d e st

x Z

dest

Specific volume, m^/kg

Critical specific volume, m^/kg

Relative specific volume

Pseudoreduced specific volume

Total volume,

Volume flow rate, m^/s

Voltage, V

Velocity, m/s

Average velocity

Work per unit mass, kJ/kg

Total work, kJ

Power, kW

Work input, kJ

Work output, kJ

Reversible work, kJ

Quality

Specific exergy, kJ/kg

Total exergy, kJ

Specific exergy destruction, kj/kg

Total exergy destruction, kJ

Rate of total exergy destruction, kW

Mole fraction

Elevation, m

Compressibility factor

Enthalpy departure factor

Entropy departure factor

Greek Letters

a Absorptivity

a Isothermal compressibility, 1/kPa

Ị3 Volume expansivity, 1/K

A Finite change in quantity

£ Emissivity; effectiveness

Tjd, Thermal efficiency

Tjjj Second-law efficiency

6 Total energy of a flowing fluid, kJ/kg

ụ.jj Joule-Thomson coefficient, K/kPa

ụ. Chemical potential, kJ/kg

V Stoichiometric coefficient

p Density, kg/m^

Ơ Stefan-Boltzmann constant

ơ„ Normal stress, N/m^

Surface tension, N/m

Ộ Relative humidity

Ộ Specific closed system exergy, kJ/kg

$ Total closed system exergy, ũ

lỊ/ Stream exergy, kJ/kg

Ũ) Specific or absolute humidity,

kg HjO/kg dry aữ

Subscripts

a Air

abs Absolute

act Actual

atm Atmospheric

avg Average

c Combustion; cross-section

cr Critical point

c v Control volume

e Exit conditions

f Saturated liquid

fg Difference in property between saturated liquid

and saturated vapor

8 Saturated vapor

gen Generation

H High temperature (as in Tfj and Qfj)

i Inlet conditions

i ỉth component

L Low temperature (as in Ti^ and Qi^)

m Mixture

r Relative

R Reduced

rev Reversible

s Isentropic

sat Saturated

suư Surroundings

sys System

V Water vapor

0 Dead state

1 Initial or inlet state

2 Final or exit state

Superscripts

(over dot)

(over bar)

° (circle)

* (asterisk)

Quantity per unit time

Quantity per unit mole

Standard reference state

Quantity at 1 atm pressure

THERMODYNAMICS

An Engineering Approach

McGRAW-HILL SERIES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Alciatore/Histand:

Anderson:

Barber;

Beer/Johnston:

Budynas:

Ụengel:

ệengel:

Ọengel/Cũnbala:

Ụengel/Tumer:

Cimbala/Ợengel:

Crespo da Silva:

Dieter:

Doebelin:

Dorf/Byers:

Dunn;

EDS, Inc.:

Finnemore/Franzini:

Hamrock/Schmi d/Jacobson;

Heywood:

Holman:

Holman;

Hutton;

Kays/CrawfordAVeigand:

Meứovitch:

Norton:

ẩchaỂỗr ét af.i ,

SchẹyỊ"

Budynas/NisbelJ;

Smitìi/HashemiỊ

Turns: , ,

Ugural: ' ' !

uilm an;

White:

Zeid:

Zeid;

Introduction to Mechatronics and M easurement Systems

Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with

Applications

Fundamentals o f Aerodynamics

Introduction to Flight

M odem Compressible Flow

Intermediate Mechanics o f Materials

Vector Mechanics fo r Engineers: Statics and Dynamics

Mechanics o f Materials

Advanced Strength and Applied Stress Analysis

Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach

Introduction to Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer

Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications

Fundamentals o f Thermal-Fluid Sciences

Essentials o f Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and

Applications

Intermediate Dynamics

Engineering Design: A Materials & Processing Approach

Mechanical Metallurgy

Measurement Systems: Application & Design

Technology Ventures: From Idea to Enterprise

Measurement & Data Analysis fo r Engineering & Science

I-DEAS Student Guide

Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications

Fundamentals o f Machine Elements

Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Experimental Methods fo r Engineers

Heat Transfer

Fundamentals o f Finite Element Analysis

Convective Heat and Mass Transfer

Fundamentals o f Vibrations

Design o f Machinery

System Dynamics

An Introduction to Finite Element Method

The Science and Design o f Engineering Materials

Introduction to Manufacturing Processes

Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design

Foundations o f Materials Science and Engineering

An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and

Applications

Mechanical Design: An Integrated Approach

The Mechanical Design Process

Fluid Mechanics

Viscous Fluid Flow

CAD/CAM Theory and Practice

Mastering CAD/CAM

THERMODYNAMICS

An qineerinq Approac

SIXTH EDITION

YUNUS A. ẸENGEL

University o f Nevada, Reno

MICHAEL A. BOLES

North Carolina State University

G r a w

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THERMODYNAMICS: AN ENGINEERING APPROACH, SIXTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ọengel, Yunus A.

Thermodynamics ; an engineering approach / Yunus A. Ọengel,

Michael A. Boles.—6th ed.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-07-352921-9 — ISBN 0-07-352921^ (hard copy : alk. paper)

1. Thermodynamics. I. Boles, Michael A. II. Title.

TJ265.C43 2008b

621.402’!—dc22 2006021201

CIP

www.mhhe.com

There is nothing more frightful than ignorance in action.

Goethe

The society which scorns excellence in plumbing because plumbing is a

humble activity, and tolerates shoddiness in philosophy because philosophy

is an exalted activity will have neither good plumbing nor good philosophy.

Neither its pipes nor its theories will hold water.

John Gardner

Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, while knowledge

without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.

Samuel Jackson

The concern for man and his destiny must always be the chief interest of all

technical effort. Never forget it among your diagrams and equations.

Albert Einstein

Mutual resemblance is the cause of contradiction; congruity is the

basis of solidarity; smallness of character is the source of arrogance:

weakness is the source of pride; impotence is the source

of opposition; and curiosity is the teacher of knowledge.

Said Nursi

The whole art of teaching is awakening the natural curiosity of young minds.

Anatole France

A great teacher is one whose spirit enters the souls of his students.

John Milton

Nobody will know. Nobody except you. But you have to live with yourself.

And it is always better to live with someone you respect—

because respect breeds confidence.

Jerome Weidman

Habit is a cable; we weave a thread of it everyday,

and at last we cannot break it.

Horace Mann

Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.

Thomas A. Edison

He who ceases to be better, ceases to be good.

Oliver Cromwell

When you call a thing mysterious, all that it means is that

you don’t understand it.

Lord Kelvin

Y u n u s A . Ẹ e n g e l is Professor E m e ritu s o f Mechanical Engineering a t

the University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B.s. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in

mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University. His research

areas are renewable energy, desalination, exergy analysis, and energy conservation. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center

(lAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000. He has led

teams of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in

Northern Nevada and California to do industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conservation, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them.

Dr. Ợengel is the coauthor of the widely adopted textbook Fundamentals

o f Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 2nd edition (2005) and Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (2006), both published by McGraw-Hill. He is

also the author of the textbook Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 3rd

edition (2008), also published by McGraw-Hill. Some of his textbooks have

been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Italian, and Greek.

Dr. Ợengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he

has received the ASEE MeriamAViley Distinguished Author Award in 1992

and again in 2000 for excellence in authorship. Dr. Ọengel is a registered

professional engineer in the state of Nevada, and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for

Engineering Education (ASEE).

Michael A. Boles is Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace

Engineering at North Carolina State University, where he earned his Ph.D.

in mechanical engineering and is an Alumni Distinguished Professor. Dr.

Boles has received numerous awards and citations for excellence as an engineering educator. He is a past recipient of the SAE Ralph R. Teetor Education Award and has been twice elected to the NCSU Academy of

Outstanding Teachers. The NCSU ASME student section has consistently

recognized him as the outstanding teacher of the year and the faculty member having the most impact on mechanical engineering students.

Dr. Boles specializes in heat transfer and has been involved in the analytical and numerical solution of phase change and drying of porous media.

He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),

the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and Sigma Xi.

Dr. Boles received the ASEE MeriamAViley Distinguished Author Award in

1992 for excellence in authorship.

BRIEF CỮNTEMĨS

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS I 1

Chapter 2

ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL

ENERGY ANALYSIS I 51

Chapter 3

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES I 111

Chapter 4

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS I 165

Chapter 5

MASS AND E N ER G Y ANALYSIS

OF CONTROL VOLUMES I 221

Chapter 6

THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS I 283

Chapter 7

ENTROPY I 337

Chapter 8

EXERG Y; A M EASURE OF WORK

POTENTIAL I 433

Chapter 9

GAS POWER CYCLES I 497

Chapter 10

VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES I 565

Chapter 11

R E FR IG ER A T IO N CYC LES I 623

Chapter 12

THERMODYNAMIC P R O P E R T Y RELATIONS I 661

Chapter 13

GAS M IXTURES I 701

Chapter 14

GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES

AND AIR-CONDITIONING I 737

Chapter 15

CHEMICAL REACTIONS I 773

Chapter 16

CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM I 817

Chapter 17

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW I 849

Appendix 1

PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

(SI UNITS) I 909

Appendix 2

PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

(ENGLISH UNITS) I 959

I vii

w ents

Preface xvii

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS I 1

1-1 Thermodynamics and Energy 2

Application Areas of Thermodynamics 3

1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 3

Some SI and English Units 5

Dimensional Homogeneity 8

Unity Conversion Ratios 9

1-3 Systems and Control Volumes 10

1 ^ Properties of a System 12

Continuum 12

1-5 Density and Specific Gravity 13

1-6 State and Equilibrium 14

The State Postulate 14

1-7 Processes and Cycles 15

The Steady-Flow Process 16

1-8 Temperature and the Zeroth Law

of Thermodynamics 17

Temperature Scales 17

The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) 20

1-9 Pressure 21

Variation of Pressure with Depth 23

1-10 The Manometer 26

Other Pressure Measurement Devices 29

1-11 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure 29

1-12 Problem-Solving Technique 33

Step 1: Problem statement 33

Step 2: Schematic 33

Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 34

Step 4: Physical Laws 34

Step 5: Properties 34

Step 6; Calculations 34

Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 34

Engineering Software Packages 35

Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 36

A Remark on Significant Digits 38

Summary 39

References and Suggested Readings 39

Problems 40

Chapter 2

ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL

EN E R G Y ANALYSIS I 51

2-1 Introduction 52

2-2 Forms of Energy 53

Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy 55

Thư viện tri thức trực tuyến

Thermodynamics : an engineering approach

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