The circuits and filters handbook

Computer Aided

Design and

Design

Automation

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

The Circuits and Filters

Handbook

Third Edition

Fundamentals of Circuits and Filters

Feedback, Nonlinear, and Distributed Circuits

Analog and VLSI Circuits

Computer Aided Design and Design Automation

Passive, Active, and Digital Filters

Edited by

Wai-Kai Chen

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Edited by

Wai-Kai Chen

University of Illinois

Chicago, U. S. A.

The Circuits and Filters Handbook

Third Edition

Computer Aided

Design and

Design

Automation

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Computer aided design and design automation / Wai-Kai Chen.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-5918-2

ISBN-10: 1-4200-5918-1

1. Engineering design. 2. Electric engineering--Computer-aided design. I. Chen, Wai-Kai, 1936- II.

Title.

TA174.C58135 2009

621.3--dc22 2008048129

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

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2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Contents

Preface

Editor-in-Chief

Contributors

SECTION I Computer Aided Design and Optimization

1 Modeling of Circuit Performances

Sung-Mo Kang and Abhijit Dharchoudhury

2 Symbolic Analysis Methods

Benedykt S. Rodanski and Marwan M. Hassoun

3 Numerical Analysis Methods

Andrew T. Yang

4 Design by Optimization

Sachin S. Sapatnekar

5 Statistical Design Optimization

Maciej A. Styblinski

6 Physical Design Automation

Naveed A. Sherwani

7 Design Automation Technology

Allen M. Dewey

8 Computer-Aided Analysis

J. Gregory Rollins and Peter Bendix

9 Analog Circuit Simulation

J. Gregory Rollins

SECTION II Design Automation

10 Internet-Based Microelectronic Design Automation Framework

Moon-Jung Chung and Heechul Kim

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Donald R. Cottrell

14 Design Automation Technology Roadmap

Wayne Wolf

13 Embedded Computing Systems and Hardware=Software Codesign

Robert H. Klenke, Jonathan A. Andrews, and James H. Aylor

12 Performance Modeling and Analysis Using VHDL and SystemC

Alice C. Parker, Yosef Tirat-Gefen, and Suhrid A. Wadekar

11 System-Level Design

Preface

As system complexity continues to increase, the microelectronic industry must possess the ability to

adapt quickly to the market changes and new technology through automation and simulations. The

purpose of this book is to provide in a single volume a comprehensive reference work covering the broad

spectrum of computer aided design and optimization techniques, which include circuit performance

modeling, design by optimization, statistical design optimization, physical design automation, computer

aided analysis and circuit simulations; and design automation, which includes system-level design,

performance modeling and analysis, and hardware=software codesign. This book is written and devel￾oped for the practicing electrical engineers and computer scientists in industry, government, and

academia. The goal is to provide the most up-to-date information in the field.

Over the years, the fundamentals of the field have evolved to include a wide range of topics and a broad

range of practice. To encompass such a wide range of knowledge, this book focuses on the key concepts,

models, and equations that enable the design engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of

large-scale systems. While design formulas and tables are listed, emphasis is placed on the key concepts

and theories underlying the processes.

This book stresses fundamental theories behind professional applications and uses several examples to

reinforce this point. Extensive development of theory and details of proofs have been omitted. The reader

is assumed to have a certain degree of sophistication and experience. However, brief reviews of theories,

principles, and mathematics of some subject areas are given. These reviews have been done concisely with

perception.

The compilation of this book would not have been possible without the dedication and efforts of

Professor Steve Sung-Mo Kang, and most of all the contributing authors. I wish to thank them all.

Wai-Kai Chen

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Editor-in-Chief

Wai-Kai Chen is a professor and head emeritus of the Department

of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of

Illinois at Chicago. He received his BS and MS in electrical engin￾eering at Ohio University, where he was later recognized as a

distinguished professor. He earned his PhD in electrical engineering

at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Professor Chen has extensive experience in education and indus￾try and is very active professionally in the fields of circuits and

systems. He has served as a visiting professor at Purdue University,

the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Chuo University in Tokyo,

Japan. He was the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on

Circuits and Systems, Series I and II, the president of the IEEE

Circuits and Systems Society, and is the founding editor and the

editor-in-chief of the Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers.

He received the Lester R. Ford Award from the Mathematical

Association of America; the Alexander von Humboldt Award from Germany; the JSPS Fellowship

Award from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; the National Taipei University of Science

and Technology Distinguished Alumnus Award; the Ohio University Alumni Medal of Merit for

Distinguished Achievement in Engineering Education; the Senior University Scholar Award and the

2000 Faculty Research Award from the University of Illinois at Chicago; and the Distinguished Alumnus

Award from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He is the recipient of the Golden Jubilee

Medal, the Education Award, and the Meritorious Service Award from the IEEE Circuits and Systems

Society, and the Third Millennium Medal from the IEEE. He has also received more than a dozen

honorary professorship awards from major institutions in Taiwan and China.

A fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the American Association

for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Professor Chen is widely known in the profession for the

following works: Applied Graph Theory (North-Holland), Theory and Design of Broadband Matching

Networks (Pergamon Press), Active Network and Feedback Amplifier Theory (McGraw-Hill), Linear

Networks and Systems (Brooks=Cole), Passive and Active Filters: Theory and Implements (John Wiley),

Theory of Nets: Flows in Networks (Wiley-Interscience), The Electrical Engineering Handbook (Academic

Press), and The VLSI Handbook (CRC Press).

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Contributors

Jonathan A. Andrews

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Virginia Commonwealth

University

Richmond, Virginia

James H. Aylor

Department of Electrical

Engineering

University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia

Peter Bendix

Technology Modeling

Associates, Inc.

Palo Alto, California

Wai-Kai Chen

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, Illinois

Moon-Jung Chung

Department of Computer

Science

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan

Donald R. Cottrell

Silicon Integration

Initiative, Inc.

Austin, Texas

Allen M. Dewey

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Duke University

Durham, North Carolina

Abhijit Dharchoudhury

Beckman Institute

University of Illinois

at Urbana–Champaign

Urbana, Illinois

Marwan M. Hassoun

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa

Sung-Mo Kang

Office of Chancellor

University of California, Merced

Merced, California

Heechul Kim

Department of Computer

Science and Engineering

Hankuk University of Foreign

Studies

Yongin, Korea

Robert H. Klenke

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Virginia Commonwealth

University

Richmond, Virginia

Alice C. Parker

Ming Hsieh Department of

Electrical Engineering

University of Southern

California

Los Angeles, California

Benedykt S. Rodanski

Faculty of Engineering

University of Technology

Sydney, New South Wales,

Australia

J. Gregory Rollins

Technology Modeling

Associates, Inc.

Palo Alto, California

Sachin S. Sapatnekar

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Naveed A. Sherwani

Intel Corporation

Hillsboro, Oregon

Maciej A. Styblinski

Department of Electrical

Engineering

Texas A&M University

College Station, Texas

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Yosef Tirat-Gefen

Ming Hsieh Department of

Electrical Engineering

University of Southern

California

Los Angeles, California

Suhrid A. Wadekar

Ming Hsieh Department of

Electrical Engineering

University of Southern

California

Los Angeles, California

Wayne Wolf

Department of Electrical

Engineering

Princeton University

Princeton, New Jersey

Andrew T. Yang

Apache Design Solutions, Inc.

San Jose, California

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

I

Computer Aided

Design and

Optimization

Sung-Mo Kang

University of California, Merced

1 Modeling of Circuit Performances Sung-Mo Kang

and Abhijit Dharchoudhury ......................................................................................................... 1-1

Introduction . Circuit Performance Measures . Input–Output Relationships .

Dependency of Circuit Performances on Circuit Parameters . Design of Experiments .

Least-Squares Fitting . Variable Screening . Stochastic Performance Models . Other

Performance Modeling Approaches . Example of Performance Modeling . References

2 Symbolic Analysis Methods Benedykt S. Rodanski and Marwan M. Hassoun ............. 2-1

Introduction . Symbolic Modified Nodal Analysis . Solution Methods . Ideal

Operational Amplifiers . Applications of Symbolic Analysis . Symbolic Analysis

Software Packages . References

3 Numerical Analysis Methods Andrew T. Yang .................................................................... 3-1

Equation Formulation . Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations . References

4 Design by Optimization Sachin S. Sapatnekar ..................................................................... 4-1

Introduction . Optimization Algorithms . Transistor Sizing Problem for CMOS

Digital Circuits . Analog Design Centering Problem . References

5 Statistical Design Optimization Maciej A. Styblinski ......................................................... 5-1

Introduction . Problems and Methodologies of Statistical Circuit Design . Underlying

Concepts and Techniques . Statistical Methods of Yield Optimization .

Conclusion . References

6 Physical Design Automation Naveed A. Sherwani .............................................................. 6-1

Introduction . Very Large-Scale Integration Design Cycle . Physical Design Cycle .

Design Styles . Partitioning . Other Partitioning Algorithms . Placement . Routing .

Classification of Global Routing Algorithms . Classification of Detailed Routing Algorithms .

Compaction . Summary . References

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

7 Design Automation Technology Allen M. Dewey ............................................................... 7-1

Introduction . Design Entry . Conceptual Design . Synthesis . Verification .

Test . Frameworks . Summary . References

8 Computer-Aided Analysis J. Gregory Rollins and Peter Bendix ....................................... 8-1

Circuit Simulation Using SPICE and SUPREM . Appendix A . References . Parameter

Extraction for Analog Circuit Simulation . References

9 Analog Circuit Simulation J. Gregory Rollins ....................................................................... 9-1

Introduction . Purpose of Simulation . Netlists . Formulation of the Circuit Equations .

Modified Nodal Analysis . Active Device Models . Types of Analysis . Verilog-A .

Fast Simulation Methods . Commercially Available Simulators . References

2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.