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Biographies

WWII BIOS Title Page. 6/25/99 2:56 PM Page 1

Kelly King Howes

Edited by Christine Slovey

Biographies

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Kelly King Howes

Staff

Christine Slovey, U•X•L Editor

Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor

Tom Romig, U•X•L Publisher

Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer

Evi Seoud, Production Manager

Mary Beth Trimper, Production Director

Keasha Jack-Lyles, Permissions Associate

Margaret A. Chamberlain, Permissions Specialist

Eric Johnson, Cover Art Director

Pamela A.E. Galbreath, Page Art Director

Cynthia Baldwin, Product Design Manager

Barbara J. Yarrow, Graphic Services Supervisor

Linda Mahoney, LM Design, Typesetting

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Howes, Kelly King

World War II: Biographies / Kelly K. Howes

p. cm.

Includes biographical references and index.

ISBN 0-7876-3895-1

World War, 1939-1945 Biography. I. Title

D736.H69 1999

940.53’092’2 99-27166

[B]–DC21 CIP

This publication is a creative work copyrighted by U•X•L and fully pro￾tected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation,

trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors

and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual mate￾rial herein through one or more of the following: unique and original

selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the

information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended.

Copyright © 1999 U•X•L, An Imprint of the Gale Group

All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part

in any form.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Biographies

Frank Capra ...................1

Neville Chamberlain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chiang Kai-Shek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Winston Churchill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Jacqueline Cochran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Charles de Gaulle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Dwight D. Eisenhower . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Hermann Göring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Hirohito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Adolf Hitler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

v

Contents

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Oveta Culp Hobby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Franz Jaggerstatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Fred T. Korematsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Douglas MacArthur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

George C. Marshall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Bernard Montgomery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Benito Mussolini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

The Navajo Code Talkers . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

J. Robert Oppenheimer . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

George S. Patton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Ernie Pyle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Jeannette Rankin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Erwin Rommel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Franklin D. Roosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Joseph Stalin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Edith Stein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Dorothy Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Hideki Tojo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Harry S. Truman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Index ....................... xxvii

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Special thanks are due for the invaluable comments and sug￾gestions provided by U•X•L’s World War II Reference

Library advisors:

• Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History, University of

Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan

• Sara Brooke, Director of Libraries, The Ellis School, Pitts￾burgh, Pennsylvania

• Jacquelyn Divers, Librarian, Roanoke County Schools,

Roanoke, Virginia

• Elaine Ezell, Library Media Specialist, Bowling Green

Junior High School, Bowling Green, Ohio

• Melvin Small, Department of History, Wayne State Univer￾sity, Detroit, Michigan

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Advisory Board

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World War II: Biographies presents the life stories of thirty￾one individuals who played key roles in World War II.

The many noteworthy individuals involved in the war could

not all be profiled in a single-volume work. Stories were

selected to give readers a wide perspective on the war and the

people who played a part in it, including political and military

leaders, enlisted men, and civilians. World War II: Biographies

includes readily recognizable figures such as U.S. President

Franklin D. Roosevelt and Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, as well as

lesser-known individuals such as Franz Jaggerstatter, an Aus￾trian conscientious objector killed by the Nazis for refusing to

serve in the German army, and Dorothy Thompson, an Amer￾ican journalist who wrote against Hitler’s political and social

policies in the years before the war.

Other Features

World War II: Biographies begins with a “Words to

Know” section and a timeline of events and achievements in

the lives of the profilees. The volume has more than sixty

black-and-white photos. Entries contain sidebars of related,

ix

Reader’s Guide

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interesting information and additional short biographies of

people who are in some way connected with the main

biographee. Sources for further reading or research are cited at

the end of each entry. Cross-references are made to other indi￾viduals profiled in the volume. The volume concludes with a

subject index so students can easily find the people, places,

and events discussed throughout World War II: Biographies.

Comments and Suggestions

We welcome your comments on World War II: Biogra￾phies, as well as your suggestions for persons to be features in

future editions. Please write, Editors, World War II: Biographies,

U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331-

3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax to (248) 699-8097; or

send e-mail via http://www.gale.com.

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A

Allies: The countries who fought against Germany, Italy, and

Japan during World War II. The makeup of the Allied

powers changed over the course of the war. The first

Allied countries were Great Britain and France. Ger￾many defeated France in 1940 but some Free French

forces continued to fight with the Allies until the end

of the war. The Soviet Union and the United States

joined the Allies in 1941.

Afrika Korps: The experienced, effective German troops who

fought under German field marshal Erwin Rommel in

the North African desert.

Anschloss: The 1938 agreement that made Austria a part of

Nazi Germany.

Antisemitism: The hatred of Jews, who are sometimes called

Semites.

Appeasement: Making compromises in order to stay on neu￾tral terms with another party or country.

xi

Words to Know

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Atlantic Charter: An agreement signed in 1941 by President

Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Win￾ston Churchill in which the United States and Great

Britain stated their commitment to worldwide peace

and democracy.

Atomic bomb: A weapon of mass destruction in which a

radioactive element such as uranium is bombarded with

neutrons to create a chain reaction called nuclear fission,

which splits atoms, releasing a huge amount of energy.

Axis: During World War II, Germany, Italy, and Japan formed

a coalition called the Axis powers.

B

Blitzkrieg: Meaning “lightning war” in German, this is the

name given the German’s military strategy of sending

troops in land vehicles to make quick, surprise attacks

while airplanes provide support from above. This

method was especially effective against Poland and

France.

C

Chancellor: In some European countries, including Germany,

the chief minister of the government.

Communism: An economic system that promotes the owner￾ship of all property and means of production by the

community as a whole.

Concentration camps: Places where the Germans confined

people they considered “enemies of the state.” These

included Jews, Roma (commonly called Gypsies),

homosexuals, and political opponents.

Conscientious objector: A person who refuses to fight in a war

for moral, religious, or philosophical reasons.

D

D-Day: Usually refers to June 6, 1944, the day the Normandy

Invasion began with a massive landing of Allied troops

on the beaches of northern France, which was occu￾xii World War II: Biographies

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pied by Germany; also called Operation Overlord.

D-Day is also a military term designating the date and

time of an attack.

Depression: An economic downturn. The United States expe￾rienced the worst depression in its history from 1929

to 1939, referred to as the Great Depression.

Dictator: A ruler who holds absolute power.

Draft: The system by which able young men are required by law

to perform a term of military service for their country.

Il Duce: The Italian phrase meaning “the leader” by which dic￾tator Benito Mussolini was known.

E

Executive Order 9066: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s order

directing all Japanese Americans living on the West

Coast to be sent to internment camps.

F

Fascism: A political system in which power rests not with cit￾izens but with the central government, which is often

run by the military and/or a dictator.

Final Solution: The code name given to the Nazi plan to elim￾inate all the Jews of Europe.

Free French Movement: The movement led by Charles de

Gaulle, who, from a position outside France, tried to

organize and encourage the French people to resist the

German occupation.

Führer: The German word meaning “leader”; the title Adolf

Hitler took as dictator of Germany.

G

G.I.: Stands for government issue, G.I. has become a nickname

for enlisted soldiers, or former members of the U.S.

armed forces.

Gestapo: An abbreviation for Germany’s Geheime Staats

Politzei or Secret State Police.

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H

Hitler Youth: An organization that trained German boys to

idolize and obey German leader Adolf Hitler and to

become Nazi soldiers.

Holocaust: The period between 1933 and 1945 when Nazi

Germany systematically persecuted and murdered mil￾lions of Jews, Roma (commonly called Gypsies),

homosexuals, and other innocent people.

I

Internment camps: Ten camps located throughout the west￾ern United States to which about 120,000 Japanese

Americans were forced to move due to ungrounded

suspicion that they were not loyal to the United States.

Isolationism: A country’s policy of keeping out of other coun￾tries’ affairs.

L

Lend-Lease Program: A program that allowed the United

States to send countries fighting the Germans (such as

Great Britain and the Soviet Union) supplies needed

for the war effort in exchange for payment to be made

after the war.

Luftwaffe: The German air force.

M

Manhattan Project: The project funded by the U.S. govern￾ment that gathered scientists together at Los Alamos,

New Mexico, to work on the development of an

atomic bomb.

Mein Kampf (My Struggle): The 1924 autobiography of Adolf

Hitler, in which he explains his racial and political

philosophies, including his hatred of Jews.

N

Nazi: The abbreviation for the National Socialist German

Workers’ Party, the political party led by Adolf Hitler,

who became dictator of Germany. Hitler’s Nazi Party

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controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945. The Nazis pro￾moted racist and anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) ideas and

enforced complete obedience to Hitler and the party.

Noncombatant: A job in the military that is not directly

involved with combat or fighting; such a job may be

given to a conscientious objector during a war.

O

Occupation: Control of a country by a foreign military power.

Operation Overlord: The code name for the Normandy Inva￾sion, a massive Allied attack on German-occupied

France; also called D-Day.

P

Pacifist: A person who does not believe in hurting or killing

others for any reason.

Pact of Steel: An agreement signed in 1939 that established

the military alliance between Italy’s Benito Mussolini

and Germany’s Adolf Hitler.

Propaganda: Material such as literature, images, or speeches

that is designed to influence public opinion toward a

certain doctrine. The content of the material may be

true or false.

Purge: Removing (often by killing) all those who are seen as

enemies.

R

Reich: The German word meaning “empire.” Hitler’s term as

Germany’s leader was called the Third Reich.

Reichstag: Germany’s parliament or lawmaking body.

Resistance: Working against an occupying army.

S

Segregation: The forced separation of black and white people,

not only in public places and schools but also in the

U.S. military. The opposite of segregation is integration.

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Socialism: A political system in which the means of producing

and distributing goods are shared or owned by the

government.

SS: An abbreviation for Schutzstaffel, or Security Squad, the

unit that provided German leader Adolf Hitler’s per￾sonal bodyguards as well as guards for the various con￾centration camps.

Swastika: The Nazi symbol of a black, bent-armed cross that

always appeared within a white circle set on a red back￾ground.

T

Tripartite Pact: An agreement signed in September 1940 that

established an alliance among Germany, Italy, and

Japan. The countries promised to aid each other

should any one of them face an attack.

Tuskegee Airmen: A group of African Americans who became

the first black Army Air Corps pilots, and who per￾formed excellently in combat in Europe.

V

Versailles Treaty: The agreement signed by the countries who

had fought in World War I that required Germany to

claim responsibility for the war and pay money to

other countries for damage from the war.

Vichy Government: The government set up in France after

the Germans invaded the country; headed by Henri

Petain, it was really under German control.

W

WACs: The Women’s Army Corps, an organization that

allowed American women to serve in a variety of non￾combat roles.

WASPs: The Women’s Airforce Service Pilots, an organization

that recruited and trained women pilots to perform

noncombat flying duties.

War crimes: Violations of the laws or customs of war.

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