Tài liệu Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD pptx

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ISBN: 0-309-08466-0, 96 pages, 6x9, (2002)

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Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

Committee on Weather Radar Technology Beyond

NEXRAD, National Research Council

Committee on Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

Division on Earth and Life Studies

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS

Washington, D.C.

Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10394.html

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. • Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the

National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of

Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the

committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for

appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract No. 56-DKNA-1-95101 between the National Academy of

Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Contract No.

DTFA0101G10185 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Federal Aviation Administration, and Grant No. N00014-00-1-0912 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Office of

Naval Research. Additional funding was provided by the U.S. Air Force through the NOAA contract.

The views and any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication

are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that

provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-08466-0

Additional copies of this report are available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution

Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the

Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu

Printed in the United States of America

Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

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National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished

scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and

technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by

the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on

scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of

Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National

Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its

administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the

responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also

sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,

and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the

National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure

the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters

pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National

Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and,

upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V.

Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to

associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering

knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies

determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the

National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the

government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered

jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A.

Wulf are chair and vice-chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10394.html

Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10394.html

COMMITTEE ON WEATHER RADAR TECHNOLOGY

BEYOND NEXRAD

PAUL L. SMITH (chair), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology,

Rapid City

DAVID ATLAS, Consultant, Bethesda, Maryland

HOWARD B. BLUESTEIN, University of Oklahoma, Norman

V. CHANDRASEKAR, Colorado State University, Fort Collins

EUGENIA KALNAY, University of Maryland, College Park

R. JEFFREY KEELER, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,

Colorado

JOHN McCARTHY, Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California

STEVEN A. RUTLEDGE, Colorado State University, Fort Collins

THOMAS A. SELIGA, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center,

Cambridge, Massachusetts

ROBERT J. SERAFIN, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,

Colorado

F. WESLEY WILSON, JR., National Center for Atmospheric Research,

Boulder, Colorado

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

VAUGHAN C. TUREKIAN, Study Director

DIANE L. GUSTAFSON, Administrative Associate

ROB GREENWAY, Project Assistant

ELIZABETH A. GALINIS, Project Assistant

Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10394.html

BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE

ERIC J. BARRON (chair), Pennsylvania State University, University Park

RAYMOND J. BAN, The Weather Channel, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia

ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute,

Massachusetts

ROSINA M. BIERBAUM, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

HOWARD B. BLUESTEIN, University of Oklahoma, Norman

RAFAEL L. BRAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

STEVEN F. CLIFFORD, University of Colorado/CIRES, Boulder

CASSANDRA G. FESEN, University of Texas, Dallas

GEORGE L. FREDERICK, Vaisala, Inc., Boulder, Colorado

JUDITH L. LEAN, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

MARGARET A. LEMONE, National Center for Atmospheric Research,

Boulder, Colorado

MARIO J. MOLINA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

MICHAEL J. PRATHER, University of California, Irvine

WILLIAM J. RANDEL, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,

Colorado

RICHARD D. ROSEN, Atmospheric & Environmental Research, Inc.,

Lexington, Massachusetts

THOMAS F. TASCIONE, Sterling Software, Bellevue, Nebraska

JOHN C. WYNGAARD, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

EX OFFICIO MEMBERS

EUGENE M. RASMUSSON, University of Maryland, College Park

ERIC F. WOOD, Princeton University, New Jersey

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

CHRIS ELFRING, Director

ELBERT W. (JOE) FRIDAY, JR., Senior Scholar

PETER A. SCHULTZ, Senior Program Officer

LAURIE S. GELLER, Senior Program Officer

VAUGHAN C. TUREKIAN, Program Officer

DIANE L. GUSTAFSON, Administrative Associate

ROB GREENWAY, Project Assistant

ELIZABETH A. GALINIS, Project Assistant

ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer

Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10394.html

vii

Preface

Weather radar is a vital instrument for observing the atmosphere to help

provide weather forecasts and issue weather warnings to the public. The current

Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) system provides Doppler radar coverage to most regions of the United States (NRC, 1995). This network was

designed in the mid 1980s and deployed in the 1990s as part of the National

Weather Service (NWS) modernization (NRC, 1999). Since the initial design

phase of the NEXRAD program, considerable advances have been made in radar

technologies and in the use of weather radar for monitoring and prediction. The

development of new technologies provides the motivation for appraising the

status of the current weather radar system and identifying the most promising

approaches for the development of its eventual replacement.

The charge to the committee was:

To determine the state of knowledge regarding ground-based weather surveillance radar technology and identify the most promising approaches for the

design of the replacement for the present Doppler Weather Radar. Specifically,

the committee will:

1. Examine the state of the present radar technologies;

2. Identify new processes for data analyses; and

3. Estimate the maturity of the various capabilities and identify the most

promising approaches.

Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10394.html

viii PREFACE

The committee included experts in radar technologies, meteorological applications, computer-processing capabilities for data handling, and application to

numerical models.

To perform the charge, the committee held three information-gathering

meetings. During the first meeting in April 2001, the sponsoring agencies

[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA), U.S. Air Force (USAF), and U.S. Navy] provided briefings on their weather radar related activities and potential future needs. During

the second and third meetings (September 2001 and November 2001), experts in

radar design and application briefed the committee on current and anticipated

developments.

This report presents a first look at potential approaches for future upgrades to or replacements of the current weather radar system. The need, and

schedule, for replacing the current system has not been established, but the committee used the briefings and deliberations to assess how the current system

satisfies the current and emerging needs of the operational and research communities and identified potential system upgrades for providing improved weather

forecasts and warnings. The time scale for any total replacement of the system

(20- to 30-year time horizon) precluded detailed investigation of the designs and

cost structures associated with any new weather radar system. The committee

instead noted technologies that could provide improvements over the capabilities

of the evolving NEXRAD system and recommends more detailed investigation

and evaluation of several of these technologies. In the course of its deliberations,

the committee developed a sense that the processes by which the eventual replacement radar system is developed and deployed could be as significant as the

specific technologies adopted. Consequently, some of the committee’s recommendations deal with such procedural issues.

The report is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 notes the role of

radar as one important part of the broader weather and climate observing and

predicting system. Chapter 2 presents a brief overview of the current, but evolving, NEXRAD system and describes some of the shortcomings that advanced

radar and supporting technologies might help to overcome. Chapter 3 reviews

those advanced technologies that appear to offer promising opportunities for

improving upon the capabilities possessed by the NEXRAD system. Chapter 4

describes variety of network configurations and novel platforms that might be

part of a future radar observing system. Then Chapter 5 considers ways in which

the improved capabilities of the next generation radar system would enhance the

products used to support the primary functions of weather observing and forecasting. Recommendations developed from the earlier discussions are summarized in Chapter 6, and Chapter 7 presents some concluding remarks.

Because the subject of this report is radar technology, much of the text

(especially chapter 3) uses highly technical terminology. Readers unfamiliar with

this terminology may consult IEEE (1990), Barton et al. (1991), Doviak and

Weather Radar Technology Beyond NEXRAD

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10394.html

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