Tài liệu URBAN PEST MANAGEMENT: AN ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE docx

URBAN PEST MANAGEMENT: AN

ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

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URBAN PEST MANAGEMENT:

AN ENVIRONMENTAL

PERSPECTIVE

Edited by

Partho Dhang, Phd

Independent Consultant

Manila, Philippines

CABI is a trading name of CAB International

CABI CABI

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© CAB International 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically,

mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the

prior permission of the copyright owners.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,

London, UK.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Urban pest management : an environmental perspective / edited by Partho

Dhang.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-84593-803-1 (alk. paper)

1. Insect pests--Control--Environmental aspects. 2. Urban pests--Control--

Environmental aspects. I.

Dhang, Partho.

SB938.U73 2011

632’.7--dc23

2011021523

ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 803 1

Commissioning Editor: Rachel Cutts

Editorial Assistant: Gwenan Spearing

Production Editor: Simon Hill

Typeset by Columns Design XML Limited, Reading, UK.

Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group.

v

Contents

Contributors vii

Acknowledgements ix

Introduction xi

Partho Dhang

1 Insecticides as Urban Pollutants 1

Partho Dhang

2 Emerging Urban Pests and Vector-borne Diseases

in Brazil 19

Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos

3 Mosquitoes: a Consequential Pest 32

Partho Dhang and Robert Kunst

4 Environmentally Sound Bed Bug Management Solutions 44

Changlu Wang and Richard Cooper

5 Digital Governance in Urban Entomology: an Innovative

Approach 64

Naresh Duggal

6 Community Integrated Pest Management with Special

Reference to School Environments 83

Faith M. Oi

vi Contents

7 Providing Integrated Pest Management to Multi-dwelling

Low-income Housing 97

Sam Bryks

8 Liquid Termiticides: their Role in Subterranean Termite

Management 114

Xing Ping Hu

9 Sustainable Termite Management Using an Integrated

Pest Management Approach 133

Brian Forschler

10 A Stand-alone Termite Management Technology in

Australia 145

Steven Broadbent

11 Encapsulation: an Effective Environmentally Friendly

Technology for Delivery of Insecticides and Repellents 156

Janusz Swietoslawski, Pawel Swietoslawski, David Liszka and

Aleksandra Gliniewicz

12 Pheromones: a Resourceful Tool in Modern Urban Pest

Management 169

Alain VanRyckeghem

13 Insect Baits and Baiting: Novel Technology for Managing

Urban Pests with Less Insecticide 187

Partho Dhang

14 Present and Future Approaches to Urban Pest

Management: a Global Pesticide Regulatory

Perspective 207

Kevin Sweeney

15 Effective Regulation in the Practice of Structural Pest

Management 237

Steven Dwinell

Index 254

vii

Contributors

Steven Broadbent, Ensystex Australasia, Unit 3, The Junction Estate, 4–6

Junction Street, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia. E-mail: sbroadbent@

ensystex.com

Sam Bryks, Integrated Pest Management Consultancy, 536 Rustic Road,

Toronto, ON M6L 1X9, Canada. E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]

Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos, PhD, Unidade Laboratorial de

Referência em Pragas Urbanas, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro

Rodrigues Alves, 1252 –São Paulo, SP 04014-002, Brazil. E-mail:

[email protected]

Richard Cooper, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New

Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

Partho Dhang, PhD, 2410 Hen Belarmino Street, Bangkal, Makati City

1233, Philippines. E-mail: [email protected]

Naresh Duggal, County Government Center, County of Santa Clara, East

Wing, 11th fl oor, 70 West Hedding Street, San José, CA 95110,

USA. Email: [email protected]

Steven Dwinell, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer

Services, 3125 Conner Boulevard, Tallahassee, FL 32399-0800,

USA. E-mail: [email protected] .us

Brian Forschler, PhD, Department of Entomology, University of Georgia,

Athens, GA 30602, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

Aleksandra Gliniewicz, PhD, Laboratory of Medical Entomology and Pest

Control, National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of

Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland. E-mail: glinie￾[email protected]

Xing Ping Hu, PhD, 203 Extension Hall, Department of Entomology and

Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.

E-mail: [email protected]

viii Contributors

Robert Kunst, Fischer Environmental Science, 1980 Surgi Drive,

Mandeville, LA 70448, USA. E-mail: rlk@fi scherenv.com

David Liszka, ICB Pharma, Mozdzierzowcow 6a, Jaworzno, Poland.

E-mail: offi [email protected]

Faith M. Oi, PhD, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620,

USA. E-mail: foi@ufl .edu

Kevin Sweeney, PhD, Registration Division (7505P), Offi ce of Pesticide

Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania

Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460-0001, USA. E-mail: sweeney.

[email protected]

Janusz Swietoslawski, PhD, ICB Pharma, Mozdzierzowcow 6a, Jaworzno,

Poland. E-mail: offi [email protected]

Pawel Swietoslawski, ICB Pharma, Mozdzierzowcow 6a, Jaworzno, Poland.

E-mail: offi [email protected]

Alain VanRyckeghem, Insects Limited Inc., 16950 Westfi eld Park Road,

Westfi eld, IN 46074, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

Changlu Wang, PhD, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New

Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

ix

Acknowledgements

This book brought together a group of fi ne minds to set forth their opinions

in the fi eld of urban pest management. The contributions made by the

individual authors are immeasurable, and I thank them all.

I would also like to recognize a small group of people who worked behind

the scenes to support this endeavour of mine, as I may not have another

opportunity such as this. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr

K.P. Sanjayan of Guru Nanak College, Chennai, India, my sister Dr Seema

Leena, MD and friends Rayner Lorenzo of the Pest Science Corporation,

Manila, Philippines, Ms Elaine Joshi of the Philippine Rice Research Institute,

Muñoz and Dr Estefania W. Kollin of the Central Luzon State University.

I wish to acknowledge my special appreciation to CAB International for

accepting this book for publication.

I am intentionally not mentioning many others, simply because I fear

missing someone out, but I thank them all the same.

Partho Dhang

15 March 2011

Manila, Philippines

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xi

1 Introduction

PARTHO DHANG

Summary

The resettlement of humans on earth has never taken place as rapidly as it is

doing now. As little as 1% of the earth’s total land mass is used as urban

centres (cities) and these cities, astoundingly, carry 50% of the world’s

population. Urban centres are extremely well suited to a group of insects which

have associated their lives with humans and their activities. These urban insects

cause pain, annoyance, emotional distress, disability and damage as a result of

bites, stings and physical reactions, in addition to a plethora of diseases and

other damage. The purpose of this book is to highlight approaches to urban

pest prevention and control by the judicious use of pesticides. The increasing

use of pesticides requires that the adverse effects arising from their use do

not outweigh the risks posed by pests. Long-term pesticide use has been

documented to cause adverse health effects in humans, and particularly in

children. The book discusses key strategies for minimizing pesticide use without

compromising quality of pest control; foremost among these are strict

adherence to the principles of integrated pest management (IPM), the adoption

of novel technologies and enacting effective regulations.

Urban Entomology

The subject of urban entomology is a relatively lesser known subject. It only

comes into focus when there are outbreaks of vector-borne diseases and, at

times, through some spectacular occurrences of insect pests. It is not uncommon

to read reports of unsuspected insects being found inside food packages, or

with cleaned laundry. In fact, urban areas are extremely well suited for a group

of insects which have associated their lives with humans and their activities.

These urban insects cause pain, annoyance, disfi gurement, emotional distress,

xii P. Dhang

disability and damage as a result of bites, stings, feeding on humans and

physical reactions to these processes, in addition to a plethora of diseases and

other damage. In spite of these negative effects on humans, urban entomology

– and the related subject of urban pest management – hardly fi nd a place in

most university curricula or in federal statutes. Furthermore, at times, the

various components of this subject are governed by different federal bodies

which are independent of each other. This further hinders collective data

collection, implementation of guidelines, coherent decision making and overall

governance.

Recently, however, it has become common to fi nd new insects encroaching

into urban domain, with new groups of these being detected and remedies

sought. It is now time for the subject of urban pest management to include all

insects that invade, thrive in and regularly come into contact with humans in

urban areas. It is appropriate, as well, that the subject of urban entomology,

though relatively new, is now growing at a faster pace than before. This growth

is to keep up with the pace of understanding of the importance of pests, which

has taken a new signifi cance. It is also timely as a result of the (relatively) recent

shift of human focus towards urban living, as shown by the shifting of an

increased majority of the world’s population in both developed and developing

countries to man-made environments such as cities (Povolný, 1971). Human

population growth and resettlement in cities can be summed up by quoting

Friedman (2009), who wrote ‘in 1800, London was the world’s largest city

with 1 million people. By 1960, there were 111 cities with more than 1 million

people. By 1995, there were 280 and today there are 300. The number of

megacities with 10 million people has climbed from 5 in 1975 to 14 in 1995

and is expected to reach 26 by 2015’.

Cities too are growing to keep up with human migration into them. Rapid

urbanization through a dramatic expansion of urban sprawl is growing into

the natural habitats of pests (Bonnefoy et al., 2008). Although half of the

world’s population lives in cities, the total amount of land dedicated to urban

use is only 1% of the total land surface (WHO, 1997). Additionally, urban

centres whether concentrated in high-rise buildings or spread over large

shanty-town or suburban areas, allow concentrations of people, and their

activities and consumption produce greater levels of waste and pollution.

These wastes add up to the countless man-made niches and microhabitats

which, together, make urban areas susceptible to pest invasion and long-term

harbourage.

Insects as Urban Pests

The history of human interaction with insects goes back to the beginning of

civilization. Insects, at an estimated number of 10 quintillion, outnumber and

outweigh every form of multicellular life form on earth (Berenbaum, 1997).

Their confrontation with humans is inevitable as humans exploit the planet for

food, shelter and resources. Moreover, encounters in places such as urban

areas or cities are more serious, as many of the insects involved are known to

Introduction xiii

injure or disable human lives and damage property, as well as sharing human

resources. Thus, it is not uncommon for the majority of people to make efforts

to minimize their interaction with the insect world. Homes are sealed, sprayed

and kept clean; bodies are bathed, hair shampooed, clothing washed in order

to distance humans from insects as much as possible (Berenbaum, 1997).

Culturally, these activities have shaped human life so much that, in some

societies, discussing insects in public has become a taboo.

From the perspective of urban living, the majority of people mistakenly

consider insects to be merely a nuisance. It is also imperative to mention that

insects have literally plagued humanity with death and destruction in the past.

Ana Campos, in Chapter 2, has chosen Brazil, an emerging economy and a

rapidly growing country, to emphasize how pests remain a socio-economic

concern by causing disabilities and fatalities.

Pests associated with human blood

It is notable that representatives of about half a dozen orders of insects use

humans as sources of food (Berenbaum, 1995). Direct blood feeders, such as

mosquitoes and bed bugs, rank top in the group of insects causing intentional

injury. Injuries caused by feeding could be considered insignifi cant when

compared with the indirect effect of this feeding in transmitting fatal diseases.

Of all the insects that transmit diseases, mosquitoes, by far, represent the

greatest threat to humans, although, as Partho Dhang and Robert Kunst discuss

in Chapter 3, there is irony behind the amount of attention being given to

mosquitoes, the majority of which prefer not to feed on human blood. Most

mosquito bites on humans are probably a consequence of the easy availability

and abundance of humans, signifying possible anthropocentric reasons for

mosquitoes having become a public pest.

Among the blood feeders, mosquitoes are commonest in the tropics,

while bed bugs are common in both the tropics and in temperate areas. Bed

bugs have been the most persistent pests of humans throughout recorded

history. Their nocturnal, cryptic behaviour and habit of sheltering in places

where humans fi nd comfort have made them an important nuisance pest

around the world. In addition, bed bugs are known to naturally carry 28

human pathogens, even though these have never been proven to be

transmitted by bed bugs directly (CIEH, 2008). Apart from direct bites by bed

bugs, common airborne allergens from these insects may produce bronchial

asthma (CIEH, 2008). In Chapter 4, Changlu Wang and Richard Cooper

examine the re-emergence of bed bugs in parts of developed countries, and

discuss the need for methods of continuous surveillance and education in

checking the spread of these pests.

Another group of insects that feed on human blood as ectoparasites are

human lice, fl eas and ticks, which are included in the list of blood feeders

causing injuries and possible diseases. Ticks are known to transmit Lyme

disease, tick-borne encephalitis and also tick paralysis (CIEH, 2008). Similarly,

fl eas are associated with plague, and lice are associated with typhus. Outbreaks

xiv P. Dhang

of these diseases are not frequent, but their presence in natural reservoirs in

certain parts of the world does make the human population in nearby cities

vulnerable.

Pests infl icting injury

Envenomation by bees, ants and wasps is another source of injury to humans

which, at times, can be fatal. Insect venom is considered to be a leading cause

of human mortality through direct injury by arthropods, and the USA accounts

for half of all venom-related deaths (Berenbaum, 1995). However, almost all of

these encounters are the result of accidental infringement by humans on insect

territory, and the use of venom by the insects is a self-defence reaction

(Berenbaum, 1997).

Pests associated with allergens, contamination and phobias

A number of insects are less conspicuous in causing human fatalities, but cause

indirect injuries by being a source of allergens, food contamination and

entomophobic reactions. Although allergens and food contamination can be

avoided easily, serious entomophobia in humans can elicit related avoidance

behaviours, not only in regard to the insect itself but also to the areas, or

objects, where the insect was spotted; these cases can need medical treatment.

Cockroaches and dust mites are the major sources of house allergens for

humans, and these allergens can trigger asthma in people who are allergic to

insect body parts. In Chapter 6, Faith Oi describes cockroach allergens as a

major pollutant for children in schools.

Pests of stored products

There is a relatively inconspicuous group of insects that humans encounter in

stored products. Stored items such as food, clothing, furnishings, artefacts and

books are continuously attacked by this group of insects, which can cause

signifi cant amounts of monetary – and at times emotional – damage. Even

though these insects have relatively less impact on household goods, their

signifi cance is manifested strongly in commercial sectors.

Pests of buildings and structures

Insect pests of buildings and other structures are notable for using parts of

human dwellings as food and shelter. Termites and powder post beetles exploit

wood used in construction as well as furnishing as a potential food source. In

tropical cities, damage by termites to property can be very serious. In the USA

alone, termites are estimated to cause more than one billion US dollars of