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Tài liệu Therapist''''s Guide to Clinical Intervention The 1-2-3''''s of Treatment Planning pdf
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Therapist's Guide to
Clinical Intervention
The 123's of Treatment Planning
Second Edition
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Therapist's Guide to
Clinical Intervention
The 1—2—3's of Treatment Planning
Second Edition
SHARON L JOHNSON
ACADEMIC PRESS
An imprint of Elsevier Science
Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris
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This book is printed on acidfree paper. ©
Copyright © 2004, Elsevier, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights
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email: [email protected]. You may also complete your request online
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Academic Press
An imprint of Elsevier
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 921014495, USA
http://www.academicpress.com
Academic Press
84 Theobald's Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
http://www.academicpress.com
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003109372
International Standard Book Number: 0123865883
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
03 04 05 06 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Introduction xvii
Level of Patient Care and Practice Considerations xix
Decision Tree of Evaluation and Intervention xxi
Levels of Functioning and Treatment Associated Considerations xxii
High-Risk Situations in Practice xxiii
Treatment Plan xxiv
Solution-Focused Approach to Treatment xxv
Case Conceptualization xxvi
Common Axis 1 and Axis 2 Diagnoses xxviii
Chapter i
TREATMENT PLANNING: GOALS, OBJECTIVES,
AND INTERVENTIONS
Disorders Usually First Evident in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence 1
Mental Retardation (MR) 1 Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PPD) 5
Disruptive Behavior Disorders 7
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Oppositional Defiant Disorder,
Conduct Disorder 7 Separation Anxiety 13 Avoidant Disorder 14
Overanxious Disorder 16 Eating Disorder (EDO) 18
Preventing Weight and Body Image Problems in Children 24
Recommendations for Family Members of Anorexic Individuals 25
Identity Disorder 26
Children 28
Organic Mental Syndromes and Disorders 31
V
Dementia 32
Dementia and Organic Mental Disorders 32
Defining Specific Dementias 34
Psychoactive Substance Abuse Disorders 37
Substance Abuse and/or Dependence 38 Categories of Pharmacological
Intervention 41 Treatment Settings 41
List of Symptoms Leading to Relapse 42
Schizophrenia, Delusional, and Related Psychotic Disorders 45
Thought Disorders 45 Phases of Treatment 49
Treatment Settings 49 Summary of Treatment Recommendations for
Patients with Perceptual Disturbances 49
Mood Disorders 51
Depression 52 Depression Cooccurring with other Illness 56
Mania 58 Children 61
Bipolar Disorder Hypersexuality 62
Antidepressant Medication and other Treatment 63
Additional Treatment Considerations 64
Anxiety Disorders 65
Anxiety Disorders 65
Cycle of AnxietyProvoked Emotional Distress 69
Trauma Response 70
Somatoform Disorders 72
Somatoform Disorders 72 Psychosomatic Illness and Personality Disorder 75
Interpreting Functional Presentations of Symptomology 77
Dissociative Disorders 78
Dissociative Disorders 78
Sexual Disorders 80
Sexual Disorders 80
Adjustment Disorders 81
Adjustment Disorders 82
Impulse Control Disorders 84
Impulse Control Disorders 84
Psychological Factors Affecting Physical Condition 86
Psychological Factor Affecting Physical Condition 86
Personality Disorders 88
Avoidant Personality Disorder 89 Compulsive Personality Disorder 90
Dependent Personality Disorder 92 PassiveAggressive Personality Disorder 94
Paranoid Personality Disorder 95 Schizotypal Personality Disorder 97
Schizoid Personality Disorder 98 Histrionic Personality Disorder 99
Narcissistic Personality Disorder 100
Borderline Personality Disorder 101
Physical Factors Affecting Psychological Functioning 104
Stages of Adjustment 105
Vl Contents
Chapter 2
ASSESSING SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Assessing Special Circumstances 109
CognitiveBehavioral Assessment 109 Depression And Anxiety Screening 111
Depression 111 Anxiety 111
Structured Interview for Depression 112
Cycle of Depression 113
Suicide 115
Suicide Assessment Outline 115 Adolescent Suicide 116 Treatment
Focus and Objectives 117 Depression and Suicide Risk Relapse 118
Dangerousness 119
Dangerousness Assessment Outline 120 Clarifying Risk of Harm 121
Treatment Focus and Objectives 122
Cycle of Phobic Anxiety 124
Obsessional Disorders: An Overview 125
Assessment of Obsessional Disorders (OD) 125
Gravely Disabled 127
Treatment Focus and Objectives 127
Activities of Daily Living 128
Living Situation 129 SelfCare Skills 129 Level of Required
Assistance 129 Care of Environment and Chore Responsibilities 129
Meals 129 Child Care 129 Financial 129 Shopping 129
Transportation 130
Chronic Mental Illness (CMI) 130
General Guidelines for Assessing the Chronic Mentally HI 131
Crisis Evaluation 132
Crisis Intervention 133
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) 134 Screening for Survivors 135
Identifying Traumatic Stress 135
Recovering from Traumatic Stress 135 How Does a Traumatic Event
Affect Someone? 136 The Effects of Time 137
Traumatic Stress and Vehicular Accidents 137
Assessment of Phobic Behavior 139
Postpartum Depression and Anxiety 141
Definitions 141 Postpartum Crisis Psychosis 143 How to Break the
Postpartum Cycle 144
Professional Guidelines for Crisis Intervention 145
SelfCare Behaviors 146
Counseling the Individual in a Medical Crisis 147
Treatment Framework and Conceptualization 148
The Central Crisis Issue 149
Dealing with the Challenges of Long Term Illness 151
Working Through the Challenges and Fears Associated with LongTerm Illness 154
Contents Vii
Chronic Pain: Assessment and Intervention 157
Factors Affecting the Experience of Pain 157 Clinical Interview 158
Assessment and Measuring Pain 158
Pain Identification Chart 160
Location and Type of Pain 160
Pain Management Scale 161
Interventions for Chronic Pain 162 Six Stages of Treatment 162
Interventions 162
Somatic Problems: A Brief Review 164
The Patient with Psychosomatic Illness Who has an Underlying
Personality Disorder 165
Eating Disorders Screening Questionnaire 167
The Mood Eating Scale 169
Eating History 169
Eating Disorder Evaluation: Anorexia 170
Eating Disorder Evaluation: Bulimia 172
Adult ADD Screening 174
ADHD Behavioral Review 177
Chemical Dependency Assessment 179
Chemical Dependency Psychological Assessment 182
Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist 185
Psychological 185 Somatic 185
Spousal/Partner Abuse 187
Assessing Spousal/Partner Abuse 187
The Stage Model of Domestic Violence 191
Assessing for Domestic Violence 192
Intervention Categories 193
Counseling Victims of Domestic Violence 194
Objectives 195
Child Abuse and Neglect 195
Prevention 195 Indicators of Abuse 196 Treatment 197
Child Custody Evaluation 198
Guidelines for Psychological Evaluation 198
Ability of the Child to Bond 199
Ability of the Parent to Bond and Other Pertinent Information 199
Child Custody Evaluation Report Outline 200 Parental Behavior 201
Interaction Between ParentChild(Ren) 201 Bonding Study Versus
Custody Evaluation 201
Parental Alienation Syndrome 202
Parental Programming 202 Subtle and Unconscious Influencing 202
Child's Own Scenarios 203 Family Dynamics and Environment/
Situtational Issues 203 Criteria for Establishing Primary Custody 203
Behaviors of the Parents 204 Children 205 Three Categories of
Parental Alienation 206
Viii Contents
Evaluation and Disposition Considerations for Families where Parental
Alieneation Occurs 207
Questions to Ask Children 208 Questions to Ask the Parents 209
Parental Alienation Syndrome Treatment 209
Visitation Rights Report 211
Visitation Rights Report 211
Dispositional Review: Foster Placement; Temporary Placement 211
Dispositional Review Report Outline 212
Psychiatric WorkRelated Disability Evaluation 213
Identifying Information 213 Description of Client at Time
of Interview 213 Descriptions of Client's Current Complaints 213
History of Present Illness 213 Occupational History 214
Past Psychiatric History and Relevant Medical History 214
Family History 214 Developmental History 215 Social History
(Distinguish Prior to Disability, Disability Concurrent, After Injury) 215
Mental Status Exam 215 Review of Medical Record 215
Findings from Psychological Assessment 215 Interviews With
Collateral Sources and Review of Employment or Personnel Records (Compare
Description of Industrial Injury With Clients Description) 216
DSMIV Diagnosis (Multiaxial, Using DSM Criteria and Terminology) 216
Summary and Conclusions 216
Psychological PreEmployment Evaluation 217
Report Outline 217
Compulsory Psychological Evaluation 218
Compulsory Psychological Evaluation 218
Forensic Evaluation 219
Report Outline 220
Competency 220 Competency to Plead and/or Confess 220
Competency to Stand Trial 220 Mental Status at Time of Offense 220
Chapter 3
SKILLBUILDING RESOURCES FOR INCREASING
SOCIAL COMPETENCY
What is Stress? 223
Stress Review 225
Stress Management 226
Early Warning Signs of Stress 228 Stress Signals 228
Stress Busting 229
Effective Management of Stress 229
Critical Problem Solving 229 Assertiveness 230
Conflict Resolution 230 Time Management 230
SelfCare 230
Tips for Stress Management 230
Contents IX
Tips to Simplify Life 231
Ten Signs that You Need to Simplify Your Life 232
How to Improve Planning 233
Pain Management 233
Some Examples of Individualized Time Management Options 234
SelfCare Plan 235
How to Get The Most Out of Your Day 236
Emotional IQ 237
Relaxation Exercises 238
Deep Breathing 238 Mental Relaxation 239
Tensing the Muscles 239 Mental Imagery 239 Brief Relaxation 241
Brief Progressive Relaxation 241 Progressive Muscle Relaxation 242
Preparing for the Provocation 244 Confronting the Provocation 245
It's Time to Talk to Yourself 245 A Guide to Meditation 245
Critical Problem Solving 247
Preparing to Learn ProblemSolving Skills 248
Managing Interaction During Problem Solving 248
Developing Good ProblemSolving Skills Equips Individuals To: 248
Stages of Problem Solving (As Therapist Facilitates Skill Development
in Individual): 248 Steps for Problem Solving 249
Problem Solving Diagram 249
Assignment 1 250
Sample Problems 250
Assignment 2 250
Assignment 3 251
Risks 252
Components of Effective Communication 253
"I" Statements 253 Active Listening 253 Reflection 254
Nonverbal Communication Checklist 255
Improving Communication Skills 256
How You Present Yourself: Body Language 256 How You Say It: Quality
of Voice 256 Effective Listening 257
Assertive Communication 257
Assertiveness Inventory 258
Nonverbal Communication 260
Developing Assertiveness 261
Nonverbal Assertive Behavior 261
Personal Bill of Rights 262
Assertiveness 262
The Steps of Positive Assertiveness 263 Practicing Assertive Responses 263
Ten Steps for Giving Feedback 264
Saying "No" 264
To Overcome Guilt in Saying "No" 264 Review for Yourself the
Consequences of Saying "Yes" 265
Accepting "No" for An Answer 265
X Contents
Ten Ways of Responding to Aggression 265
The Communication of Difficult Feelings 266
How You Can Deal with Uncomfortable Feelings 266
Writing 267
Areas of Potential Conflict 268
List of Potential Conflicts 268
List of Feeling Words 269
Pleasant Feelings 269
Difficult/Unpleasant Feelings 269
Time Management 270
Four Central Steps to Effective Time Management 270 How to Start Your
Time Management Program 270
Some Examples of Individualized Time Management Options 271
Decision Making 272
Steps for Decision Making 272
Goal Development 273
Steps for Developing Goals 273
Setting Priorities 274
Steps for Setting Priorities 274
Rational Thinking: SelfTalk, Thought Stopping, and Reframing 274
SelfTalk 274 Thought Stopping 276 Reframing 277
Thinking Distortions 278
Realistic SelfTalk 279
Practice Reframing How You Interpret Situations 281
Defense Mechanisms 282
Defense Mechanism Definitions 283
Anger Management 283
Seven Steps of Taking Responsibility 284
Understanding Anger 285
Handling Anger 286
General Principles Regarding Anger 286
Understanding Your Experience of Anger 286
Recognizing the Stages of Anger 287 Decrease the Intensity of Anger 287
Barriers to Expressing Anger 288 Inappropriate Expression of Anger:
Violence and Rage 288 Penalties for Not Expressing Anger 288
Ways to Deal with Anger 289
Ten Steps for Letting Go of Anger 289
Preventing Violence in the Workplace 289
Negative Work Environment 290 The Dangerous Employee 290
Bully in the Workplace 291 Workplace Violence 291
How to Handle Angry People 295
What Management Can Do to Minimize Employee Stress 296
Adjusting/Adapting 298
Life Changes 298 Developmental Perspective 299
Contents XI
Learning History 300
Losses/Opportunities 301
What is Meant by Resolving Grief/Loss? 301 Why Are People Not Prepared
to Deal with Loss? 301 What Are the Myths of Dealing with Loss? 302
How Do You Know You Are Ready? 302 Finding the Solution: The Five
Stages of Recovering From Loss 302 How You Deal with Loss 302
Other Ways? 302
Grief Cycle 303
Definition: The Natural Emotional Response to the Loss of a Cherished Idea,
Person, or Thing 303
Grief 304
Never Happened 304 Bargaining 305 Depression 305
Acceptance 306
History of Loss Graph 307
Example 307
Relationship Graph 307
Example 307
Is Life What You Make It? 308
Journal Writing 308
Steps 14 308 Steps 515 309
Developing and Utilizing Social Supports 310
Characteristics of a Supportive Relationship 310
How to Build and Keep a Support System 312
Recognizing the Stages of Depression 313
Decreasing the Intensity of Depression 313
Managing Depression 314
The Causes of Depression 314
Depression Symptom Checklist 315
Surviving the Holiday Blues 317
Utilizing Your Support System 318
Examples 318
The Power of Positive Attitude 318
SelfMonitoring Checklist 319
Management Behaviors 319
Daily Activity Schedule 322
Confronting and Understanding Suicide 323
Hopelessness and Despair 323
Depression 324
Phone Numbers 324
Feeling Overwhelmed and Desperate 325
Feeling like Your Life is Out of Control 326
Guilt 327
Loneliness 329
Chemical Imbalance 329
Xll Contents
Low SelfEsteem 330
The SelfEsteem Review 332
Ten SelfEsteem Boosters 333
Affirmations for Building SelfEsteem 334
SelfNurturing: A Component of SelfEsteem 334
Characteristics of Low SelfEsteem 336
Characteristics of High SelfEsteem 338
What Motivates Me? 339
Standing Up to Shyness 339
Socializing 340
Bad Memories and Fear 341
Seasonal Anniversary of Losses 342
Fatigue or Sleep Deprivation 344
What is Panic Anxiety? 344
Symptoms 345 Treatment 345
PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 346
Managing Anxiety 347
What Do You Do 349
Survey of Stress Symptoms 350
Psychological Symptoms 350 Physical Symptoms 350
Estimate Your Stress Level 350
How Your Body Reacts to Stress and Anxiety 351
Managing Stress 351
25 Ways to Relieve Anxiety 352
Plan of Action for Dealing with Anxiety 353
Relapse—Symptom Reoccurrence 354
Intervening in the Relapse Cycle 355
Warning Signs of Relapse 356
Systematic Desensitization 357
The Ten Steps of Systematic Desensitization 357
What is Dementia? 358
Symptoms 358 Conditions Causing Reversible Symptoms 358
Conditions Causing Dementia That Are Not Reversible 359 Diagonosis 359
Understanding Schizophrenia 359
Symptoms and Perceptual Disturbance 360 Potential for Violence 360
Suicide 360 What Causes Schizophrenia 360
Ten Warning Signs of Alzheimer's Disease 362
Caregiving of Elderly Parents 363
Common Problems Experienced by Caregivers 365
Effective Coping Strategies for the Caretaker 365
Tips for the Caretaker 366 Advice for others Close to the Situation 366
Ten Warning Signs of Caregiver Stress 366
Sleep Disorders 367
Treatment Focus and Objectives 367
Contents XIII
Ten Tips for Better Sleep 368
Health Inventory 370
Assessing Lifestyle and Health 371
Assuming the Patient Role: The Benefits of Being Sick 372
Improving Your Health 373
Heart Disease and Depression 375
Facts on Depression and Heart Disease Offered by The National
Institute of Health 375 Benefits of Depression Treatment 375
Depression Is Often Undiagnosed and Untreated 375
Effective Treatment for Depression 376
Eating History 376
How to Stop Using Food as a Coping Mechanism 377
Preventing Body Weight and Body Image Problems in Children 378
Obsession with Weight 378 Obesity and SelfEsteem 379
What Parents Can Do 379
Guidelines to Follow if Someone You Know Has An Eating Disorder 379
Dealing with Fear 380
Guidelines for Family Members/Significant Others of Alcoholic/Chemically
Dependent Individuals 381
Detaching with Love Versus Controlling 382
The Enabler—The Companion to the Dysfunctional/SubstanceAbusing Person 383
Substance Abuse/Dependence Personal Evaluation 385
List of Symptoms Leading to Relapse 386
What is Codependency? 387
The Classic Situation 388
Some Characteristics of Codependence 388
Suggested Diagnostic Criteria for Codependence 389
How Does Codependency Work? 390
The Rules of Codependency 391 How Codependency Affects
One's Life 391 Symptom/Effect in Children of Codependents 392
What Can You Do 392 Stages of Recovery 392
Characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics 393
Guidelines for Completing Your First Step Toward Emotional Health 394
Relationship Questionnaire 396
Healthy Adult Relationships: Being a Couple 396
Special Circumstances 397
How to Predict the Potentially Violent Relationship 397
Domestic Violence : Safety Planning 399
Most Important to Remember 399 Document the Abuse 399
Find A Safe Place to Go 399 Create a Safe Room in Your Home 400
Have Money and Keys 400 Create a File with Your Important
Documents 400 Pack a Suitcase 401
Know When and How to Leave 401
Why Victims of Domestic Violence Struggle with Leaving 401
Improved Coping Skills for Happier Couples 402
Evaluate the Problem 402 Problem Resolution 403
XIV Contents