Tài liệu State of the Nation- South Africa 2003-2004 docx

Edited by John Daniel,

Adam Habib & Roger Southall

South Africa 2003–2004

State

of the Nation

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Compiled by the Democracy & Governance Research Programme,

Human Sciences Research Council

Published by HSRC Press

Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa

HSRC Press is an imprint of the Human Sciences Research Council

©2003 Human Sciences Research Council

First published 2003

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced

or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,

including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or

retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

ISBN 0 7969 2024 9

Cover photograph by Yassir Booley

Production by comPress

Printed by Creda Communications

Distributed in South Africa by Blue Weaver Marketing and Distribution,

PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, South Africa, 7966. Tel/Fax: (021) 701-7302,

email: booksales@mweb.co.za.

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Contents

List of tables v

List of figures vii

Acronyms ix

Preface xiii

Glenn Moss

Introduction

Adam Habib, John Daniel and Roger Southall 1

PART I: POLITICS

1 The state of the state: Contestation and race re-assertion in a

neoliberal terrain

Gerhard Maré 25

2 The state of party politics: Struggles within the Tripartite Alliance

and the decline of opposition

Roger Southall 53

3 An imperfect past: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission

in transition

Madeleine Fullard and Nicky Rousseau 78

4 The state of race relations in post-apartheid South Africa

Xolela Mangcu 105

5 The state of local government: Third-generation issues

Doreen Atkinson 118

PART II: ECONOMY

6 The state of the economy: A crisis of employment

Nicoli Nattrass 141

7 The state of employment and unemployment in South Africa

Miriam Altman 158

8 The state of trade unionism in post-apartheid South Africa

Sakhela Buhlungu 184

9 The state of the labour market in contemporary South Africa

Percy Moleke 204

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PART III: SOCIETY

10 State-civil society relations in post-apartheid South Africa

Adam Habib 227

11 The state of families in South Africa

Acheampong Yaw Amoateng and Linda Richter 242

12 The state of curriculum reform in South Africa:

The issue of Curriculum 2005

Linda Chisholm 268

13 The state of higher education in South Africa:

From massification to mergers

Jonathan Jansen 290

14 HIV/AIDS policy-making in post-apartheid South Africa

Mandisa Mbali 312

15 The land question in contemporary South Africa

Michael Aliber and Reuben Mokoena 330

PART IV: SOUTH AFRICA IN AFRICA AND THE WORLD

16 South Africa as an emerging middle power: 1994–2003

Maxi Schoeman 349

17 The South Africans have arrived: Post-apartheid

corporate expansion into Africa

John Daniel, Varusha Naidoo and Sanusha Naidu 368

Contributors 391

Index 394

iv

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List of tables

Table 7.1 Unemployment trends (percentages) 160

Table 7.2 Mean monthly incomes (Rand, 1999) 167

Table 8.1 Cosatu membership 2001, 2002 and all-time high

membership figures 194

Table 9.1 Training recipients within occupational groups by race 207

Table 9.2 Training recipients within occupational groups by gender 208

Table 9.3 Management composition by race group: October 1992

and September 1994, projected for September 2000 210

Table 9.4 Sectoral staff profile by skills level, race and gender 211

Table 9.5 Occupational distribution by race and gender 213

Table 9.6 Racial distribution of workers according to

occupational categories 214

Table 9.7 Gender distribution of workers according to

occupational categories 215

Table 9.8 Racial distribution of workers according to

occupational categories 216

Table 9.9 Training participants in the Services SETA 218

Table 9.10 Bank SETA training participants 219

Table 9.11 University qualifications 211

Table 11.1 Distribution of household types by race and

urban-rural location (percentages) 249

Table 11.2 Distribution of marital status by race (percentages) 254

Table 11.3 Distribution of marital status by birth cohort

(percentages) 254

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Table 11.4 Distribution of marital status by birth

cohort and race (percentages) 255

Table 11.5 Distribution of married parents by race (percentages) 256

Table 11.6 Changes in crude divorce rate (per 1 000) by race and

birth cohort 258

Table 11.7 Children ever born by age 259

Table 11.8 Children ever born by birth cohort 260

Table 11.9 Children ever born by birth cohort and race 260

Table 15.1 SLAG-based land redistribution projects, 1994–2000 333

Table 17.1 South African export destinations

by region (percentages) 375

Table 17.2 Major South African corporates in Africa by sector 378

vi

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List of figures

Figure 6.1 Trends in non-agricultural formal employment in

the 1990s 142

Figure 6.2 Real gross national product per capita (1995 prices) 144

Figure 6.3 Key trends in South African manufacturing, 1960–2001 145

Figure 6.4 Index of labour productivity, employment, average

wages and the profit share 147

Figure 6.5 Trends in the profit rate, 1960–2001 149

Figure 6.6 Trends in investment and economic growth, 1960–2001 150

Figure 7.1 Unemployment by race, 1994–2001 (strict definition) 161

Figure 7.2 Unemployment by gender and location, 1994–2001

(per cent, strict and broad definition compared) 162

Figure 7.3 Number of unemployed by age, 1994 and 2001 163

Figure 7.4 Formal sector employment, 1994–2001 (millions) 164

Figure 7.5 Informal sector employment, 1994–2001 (’000s) 165

Figure 7.6 Formal sector work conditions, 1999 and 2001 166

Figure 7.7 Comparison of work conditions in the public and

private sector, 2001 167

Figure 7.8 Employment and growth 170

Figure 7.9 Proportion of productive and unproductive labour,

1994 and 2001 172

Figure 7.10 Earnings in the formal and informal sector by level

of education, 2001 173

Figure 13.1 Head-count university plus technikon enrolment

projections, 1995–2002 (’000s) 293

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Figure 13.2 School-leavers obtaining full matriculation exemption

(’000s) 294

Figure 13.3 Gross participation rates, based on age group 20–24 294

Figure 17.1 Eskom’s activities in Africa 382

Figure 17.2 Envisaged African transmission system 383

viii

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Acronyms

ix

ABET Adult Basic Education and Training

AGOA Africa Growth and Opportunity Act

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ANC African National Congress

ANCYL African National Congress Youth League

APLA Azanian Peoples Liberation Army

ASAHDI Association of Vice Chancellors of Historically-Disadvantaged Institutions

AU African Union

BCM Black Consciousnesss Movement

BER Bureau for Economic Research

BIG Basic Income Grant

C2005 Curriculum 2005

CBD Central Business District

CBO Community-based organisation

CD Conference on Disarmament

CEPPWAWU Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers’ Union

CHE Council on Higher Education

COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions

CSO Civil Society Organisation

CSSDCA Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Co-operation in Africa

CWIU Chemical Workers’ Industrial Union

CWU Communication Workers’ Union

DA Democratic Alliance

DENOSA Democratic Nurses’ Organisation of South Africa

DITSELA Development Institute for Training, Support and Education for Labour

DLA Department of Land Affairs

DoE Department of Education

DoH Department of Health

DoL Department of Labour

DP Democratic Party

DPLG Department of Provincial and Local Government

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

EEA Employment Equity Act

EMIS Education Management Information System

EU European Union

FASSET Financial, Accounting, Management Consulting and other Financial Services

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FAWU Food and Allied Workers’ Union

FEDUSA Federation of Democratic Unions of South African

FMG Financial Management Grant

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FET Further Education and Training

FTE Full-time Teaching Equivalent

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GNP Gross National Product

GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution

GET General Education and Training

GNU Government of National Unity

HAART Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy

HCT High Commission Territory

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HRD Human Resource Development

HRV Human Rights Violations

HSRC Human Sciences Research Council

IDASA Institute for Democracy in South Africa

IDC Industrial Development Corporation

IDP Integrated Development Plan

IFP Inkatha Freedom Party

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPILRA Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act

IPS Institute of Public Servants

ITB Industry Training Board

JET Joint Education Trust

LED Local Economic Development

LFS Labour Force Survey

LPM Landless People’s Movement

LRAD Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development

MCC Medicines Control Council

MDC Movement for Democratic Change

MDM Mass Democratic Movement

MEC Member of the Executive Committee

MERG Macroeconomic Research Group

MK Umkhonto we Sizwe

MLA Monitoring Learning Achievement

MP Member of Parliament

MPL Member of Provincial Legislature

MSP Municipal Support Programme

MTCT Mother to Child Transmission

NACTU National Council of Trade Unions

NAFTA North American Free Trade Area

NALEDI National Labour and Economic Development Institute

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NAM Non-Aligned Movement

NAPWA National Association of People Living with HIV/AIDS

NCACC National Conventional Arms Control Committee

NCHE National Commission on Higher Education

NCOP National Council of Provinces

NDA National Development Agency

NDPP National Directorate of Public Prosecutions

NDR National Democratic Revolution

NEC National Executive Committee

NEDLAC National Economic Development and Labour Council

NEHAWU National Education, Health and Allied Workers’ Union

NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development

NGK Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

NNP New National Party

NP National Party

NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty

NQF National Qualifications Framework

NSA National Skills Authority

NSDS National Skills Development Strategy

NUM National Union of Mineworkers

NUMSA National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa

NUSAS National Union of South African Students

NWG National Working Group

OAU Organisation of African Unity

OBE Outcomes-based Education

OHS October Household Survey

PAAB Public Accountants’ and Auditors’ Board

PAC Pan Africanist Congress

PAWE Performing Arts Workers’ Equity

PMA Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association

POPCRU Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union

PEI President’s Education Initiative

PMG Parliamentary Monitoring Group

RAPWU Retail and Agricultural Processing Workers’ Union

RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme

RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance

SAAPAWU South African Agriculture and Plantation and Allied Workers’ Union

SACCAWU South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers’ Union

SACOL South African College for Open Learning

SACP South African Communist Party

SACTE South African College for Teacher Education

SACTU South African Congress of Trade Unions

SACTWU Southern African Clothing and Textile Workers’ Union

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SACU Southern African Customs and Monetary Union

SADC Southern African Development Community

SADF South African Defence Force

SADNU South African Democratic Nurses’ Union

SADTU South African Democratic Teachers’ Union

SAF South African Foundation

SAFPU South African Football Players Union

SAHRC South African Human Rights Commission

SAICA South African Institute of Chartered Accountants

SAIIA South African Institute of International Affairs

SAMA South African Medical Association

SAMWU South African Municipal Workers’ Union

SANCO South African National Civic Organisation

SANDF South African National Defence Force

SAPS South African Police Service

SAQA South African Qualifications Act

SARHWU South African Railway and Harbours Workers’ Union

SARS South African Research Services

SASAWU South African State and Allied Workers’ Union

SASBO South African Society of Bank Officials

SATAWU South African Transport and Allied Workers’ Union

SAUVCA South African University Vice Chancellors Association

SDA Skills Development Act

SETA Sectoral Education and Training Authorities

SLAG Settlement and Land Acquisition Grant

Stats SA Statistics South Africa

TAC Treatment Action Campaign

TGWU Transport and General Workers’ Union

TIMMS-R Third International Mathematics and Science Repeat Study

TLC Transitional Local Council

TUCSA Trades Union Council of South Africa

TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission

UDF United Democratic Front

UDM United Democratic Movement

UN United Nations

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WITS University of the Witwatersrand

WTO World Trade Organisation

ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union/Patriotic Front

xii

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xiii

Preface

From the South African Review to the State of the Nation

From inception in 1983 to final issue in 1995, South African Review was guided

by a set of consistent intentions and themes. It was conceptualised as a ‘review

which broadly and thematically tried to make some sense of what was

happening in South Africa’; and which would include ‘historical and back￾ground information, contemporary analysis and interpretation’, and

projections of likely ‘future trends and developments’ (Preface, South African

Review 1, 1983).

Contributions were ‘primarily concerned with the dynamics and forces at play

in South Africa, not with individuals or events. For it is organised and

powerful social forces – rather than individuals and their intentions – that are

reshaping South Africa both internally and in relation to the rest of the world’

(Introduction, South African Review 1, 1983: 1).

South African Review was a project of the Southern African Research Service,

a small agency which also published Work in Progress (WIP) magazine from

its inception in 1977 to closure in the mid-1990s. The relationship between

WIP and the Review involved an important symbiosis, with contemporary

material presented in the bi-monthly magazine often influencing and struc￾turing the more measured and interpretive contributions to the book. A

constructive continuity between those writing for WIP and the Review, the

editors and publishers, developed and endured over a decade, and this was a

key factor in the success and influence of both projects.

This first issue of The State of the Nation displays strong consistencies with

progressive writing and publishing of the 1980s. There are even consistencies

in the author profile, with some half a dozen authors in this volume having

been regular contributors to the Review. Even the broad subject areas identi￾fied for analysis show similarity, despite the seismographic changes in society

over the 20 years since the Review was first published. The first Review

grouped articles under the broad categories of:

● South Africa and Southern Africa

● Politics

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● The economy

● Labour

● Education, health and housing

● Women (by which the editors meant gender relations).

The State of the Nation presents its contributions under the categories of

● South Africa in Africa

● Politics

● The economy

● Society in transition.

The continuity in traditions could hardly be clearer.

Of course, the environment has changed radically since a group of over 50

potential contributors met in Johannesburg in February 1983 to debate

whether there was value to the Review initiative and, if so, to give it form and

structure. Georgina Jaffee, who put together this first contributors’ meeting,

had driven the length and breadth of the country to canvass the idea, and

obtain ‘buy-in’ from who we would now call ‘stakeholders’. Her journey

provoked suspicions, and not only from the security police who often

followed her from city to town, meeting to meeting. New initiatives also

provoked concern amongst some of the organised forces of opposition and

progressive politics of the time. What was the agenda? Did it support ‘work￾erists’ or ‘populists’ in the union movement, ‘Charterists’, black consciousness

adherents or the small socialist-left formations of the Western Cape?

Discussions sometimes had to be held in conditions of secrecy. Some partici￾pants were subject to banning or house arrest orders, were ex-political

prisoners, union organisers or community activists. There was no well￾equipped conference centre for the pioneers of the Review to meet with

potential contributors!

Gerhard Maré, who has contributed a piece on the nature of the state to this

volume, was a founding editor of the Review. With a group of volunteers, we

undertook the daunting task of content and copy-editing the first contribu￾tions, many of which were handwritten. Computer editing and digital

desk-top publishing were still a few years away, and hard-copy editing and

retyping, reading of typeset galley proofs against original copy, and manual

correcting of word breaks are continuities which happily have not been main￾tained between the first Review and the first State of the Nation.

xiv

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