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Reclaiming our lives

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Compiled by the FAO Sub-Regional Office for Southern and East Africa. The views expressed in this book do not necessarily

reflect the views of FAO.

Published by HSRC Press

Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa

www.hsrcpress.ac.za

© 2006 Human Sciences Research Council

First published 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,

mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without

permission in writing from the publishers.

ISBN 0-7969-2136-9

Cover and book design by Jenny Young

Cover photograph by Kevin Wilson/Africanpictures.net.

The cover photograph is used with permission and should not be taken as any indication of the subject’s HIV status.

Production management by Compress

www.compress.co.za | PB2464

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press.ac.za Reclaiming our lives

HIV and AIDS, women’s land and

property rights, and livelihoods in

southern and East Africa

Narratives and responses

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Contents

vi Acknowledgements

vii Acronyms

viii Map

x Statistical information by country

1 Introduction................................................... .............................. Kaori Izumi

22 Narratives and responses:

12 Eritrea country profile

14 The bonanza is over ................................................... ............. Kidan Felomon

16 Kenya country profile

18 GROOTS Kenya

19 Investing in grassroots women ............................................. Esther Mwaura-Muiru

23 Home-based care in Mathare ................................................... ....... Ann Wanjiru

24 From home-based care into business ...................................... Lucy Muguiyi Njuguna

26 Dreaming of a piece of land ................................................... ........ Alice Karoki

28 One day when I get better ................................................... ........ Anna Ndonge

30 Anna goes on safari ................................................... ................ Joyce Wayua

32 Women video-producers becoming land owners ............................. Mary Njeri Kamande

34 AIDS took my son and my property ....................................... Beatrice Wanjiru Muguiyi

38 Rwanda country profile

40 The Rwanda Women’s Network (RWN)

41 Women networking for peace................................................... ... Mary Balikungeri

43 Step by step on the road to recovery.............................................. Rose Mukabalisa

46 South Africa country profile

48 The Women’s Legal Centre (WLC)

49 Making the law known and enforceable ......................................... Sibongile Ndashe

51 Overcoming the stigma of HIV and AIDS .................................... Nomawethu Shumani

54 Swaziland country profile

56 Swazis Positive Living (SWAPOL)

58 SWAPOL’s agricultural cooperatives ............................................... Siphiwe Hlophe

62 Tanzania country profile

64 Land of our own ................................................... ................. Pelagia Katunzi

66 No boy child, no land ................................................... ........... Zawadi Kaatano

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68 Uganda country profile

70 The Bunono-Ihunga Association for Women Living with HIV and AIDS

72 If we had co-ownership of land …........................................... Constance Niwagaba

76 Sibabinywere Women’s Group, Kisasi, Ntinda, Kampala

77 Suffering is not dying … ................................................... ...... Edivina Kyoheirwe

83 HIV has given me a longer and more meaningful life ......................... Flavia Kyomukama

87 The Memory Book Project

88 Liberated from secrecy, accountable to our children ............................... Beatrice Were

90 Zambia country profile

92 The Justice for Widows and Orphans Project (JWOP)

93 I am a widow living with 16 graves ................................................ Theresa Chilala

95 Recovering grabbed property ................................................... .... Peter Kanunka

98 Zimbabwe country profile

100 Grave exhumed, house demolished, granary burnt ........................... Marvis Hadziucheri

102 Recovering my property, recovering my life ..................................... Rudo Chiwandire

104 The Zimbabwe Parents of Children with Disabilities Association, Harare Branch

105 Disability, poverty and HIV ................................................... .... Theresa Makwara

108 The Farm Orphan Support Trust (FOST)

109 Women without property ................................................... ........... Lynn Walker

112 Afterword ................................................... ............................... Kaori Izumi

114 Endnotes

115 References

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the contributors to this book who kindly shared their experiences with us.

Sadly, some of these contributors passed away while the manuscript was being drafted. We would

also like to thank all the women’s organisations and support groups for giving us the opportunity to

meet women from their membership. We owe our special thanks to Esther Mwaura-Muiru, Flavia

Kyomukama, Sibongile Ndashe, Beatrice Were, Lucy Muguiyi Njuguna, Theresa Makwara, Siphiwe

Hlophe, Mary Njeri Kamande, Pelagia Katunzi, Worku Zarai and Lynn Walker. Their initiatives and

experiences enriched our knowledge and perspectives for future interventions to support women.

Maude Mugisha and Eric Tumwesigye in Uganda provided us with updates on two women’s groups

living with HIV and AIDS in Uganda and the latest news on Constance and Edivina over the last three

years.

We are grateful to Cherryl Walker for her comments and editing, and to Simon Chislett for his

patience in managing the production process. Birte Sholtz kindly commented on legal issues

affecting women’s property rights in the document. Thanks to Angeline Matoushaya, Lalage Katunga

and Nelson Marongwe for their assistance and to Ken Dixon for his editing role.

This book is dedicated to Anna Ndonge and Precious Kyarisima,1

two young widows who passed

away in 2004, in the hope that life for their children when they grow up will be better than their

mothers’ and that they may have a decent shelter to live in, a piece of land to grow food upon and a

property of their own.

Kaori Izumi, Ph.D.

Land Tenure and Rural Institutions Officer

FAO Sub-Regional Office for Southern and East Africa

Harare, Zimbabwe, 2006

vi

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Acronyms and abbreviations

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ARVs Antiretroviral drugs

BRTI Bio-Medical Research and Training Institute

COHRE Centre for Housing Rights and Evictions

DART Development Anti-Retroviral Therapy

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations

FOST Farm Orphan Support Trust of Zimbabwe

GDP Gross domestic product

GROOTS Kenya Grassroots Organisations Together in Sisterhood

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus

JWOP Justice for Widows and Orphans Project (Zambia)

Ksh. Kenya shilling

NGO Non-governmental organisation

OVC Orphans and vulnerable children

PLWHA People living with HIV and AIDS

PMTCT Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Therapy

RWF Rwanda Franc

RWN Rwanda Women’s Network

SIDA Swedish International Development Agency

SWAPOL Swazis Positive Living

Tsh. Tanzania shilling

TACAIDS Tanzania Commission for AIDS

UNAIDS United Nations AIDS Programme

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women

Ush. Uganda shilling

VSO Voluntary Services Overseas

VSU Victim Support Unit (Zambia)

WLC Women’s Legal Centre (South Africa)

WLSA Women’s Law Southern Africa and Education Trust

YWCA Young Women’s Christian Organisation

ZPCDA Zimbabwe Parents of Children with Disabilities Association

ZWOT Zimbabwe Widows and Orphans Trust

Z$ Zimbabwean dollar

vii

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viii

SOUTHERN AND EAST AFRICA |

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Angola

Namibia

South Africa

Mozambique

Tanzania

Kenya

Madagascar

Mauritius

Seychelles

Comoros

Zimbabwe

Lesotho Swaziland

Botswana

Eritrea

Rwanda

Burundi

Uganda

Malawi

Zambia

Ethiopia

ix

SOUTHERN AND EAST AFRICA|

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Statistical information by country

Eritrea Kenya Rwanda

General statistics 2003

Total population (millions) 4.1 32.7 8.8

Life expectancy at birth (years) 53.8 47.2 43.9

Adult illiteracy rate (% ages 15 +) 43.3 26.4 36.0

GDP per capita (US$) 171 450 195

Human Poverty Index (HPI–1) value (%) 38.7 35.4 37.7

Source: UNDP 2005

H IV and AID S statistics end 2003

Eritrea Kenya Rwanda

Estimated number of people living with HIV

Adults and children 60 000 1 200 000 250 000

Adults (15–49) 55 000 1 100 000 230 000

Adults (15–49) rate (%) 2.7 6.7 5.1

Women (15–49) 31 000 720 000 130 000

Children (0–14) 5 600 100 000 22 000

AIDS deaths 6 300 150 000 22 000

Orphans due to AIDS (0–17) 39 000 650 000 160 000

HIV prevalence (%) in young pregnant women – – 11.6

(15–24) in capital city

Source: UNAIDS 2004

x

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South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

46.9 1.0 36.9 26.9 11.3 12.9

48.4 32.5 46.0 47.3 37.5 36.9

17.6 20.8 30.6 31.1 32.1 10.0

3 489 1 669 287 249 417 2 4432

30.9 52.9 35.8 36.0 46.4 45.9

South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

5 300 000 220 000 1 600 000 530 000 920 000 1 800 000

5 100 000 200 000 1 500 000 450 000 830 000 1 600 000

21.5 38.8 8.8 4.1 16.5 24.6

2 900 000 110 000 840 000 270 0000 470 000 930 000

230 000 16 000 140 000 84 000 85 000 120 000

370 000 37 000 160 000 78 000 89 000 170 000

1 100 000 65 000 980 000 940 000 630 000 980 000

24.0 39.0 7.0 10.0 22.1 –

(2002) (2002) (2002) (2002) (2001) (2002)

( ) indicates the year of the survey

xi

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W hat is needed is real, positive change that will give more power and confidence to

women and girls … change that will allow women to play to the full their role in

the fight against HIV and AIDS. Empowering women in this struggle must be our

strategy for the future.

Kofi A Annan

Secretary-General of the United N ations

1 D ecember 2004