Tài liệu Nutrition in Pediatrics Basic Science and Clinical Applications - THIRD EDITION docx

T HIRD E DITION

Nutrition

in Pediatrics

Basic Science and Clinical Applications

W. ALLAN WALKER, MD

Division of Nutrition

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

JOHN B. WATKINS, MD

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN, MD, MPH

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

2003

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© 2003 W. Allan Walker, MD, John B. Watkins, MD, Christopher Duggan, MD, MPH

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Notice: The authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the patient care recommended herein, including choice of drugs and drug

dosages, is in accord with the accepted standard and practice at the time of publication. However, since research and regulation constantly change

clinical standards, the reader is urged to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug, which includes recommended

doses, warnings, and contraindications. This is particularly important with new or infrequently used drugs. Any treatment regimen, particularly one

involving medication, involves inherent risk that must be weighed on a case-by-case basis against the benefits anticipated. The reader is cautioned

that the purpose of this book is to inform and enlighten; the information contained herein is not intended as, and should not be employed as, a

substitute for individual diagnosis and treatment.

DEDICATIONS

To the memory of Myriam Puig, MD, PhD, a contributor to the second and third editions

of this textbook. Dr. Puig succumbed to cancer in September 2002. Her professional life

was dedicated to the nutritional health of underprivileged Venezuelan children and her

publications to the benefit of nutrition for children everywhere.

—W. ALLAN WALKER

To my colleagues, students, residents, and fellows, who continue to provide me with the

stimulation and inspiration to learn and ask new questions, and to my daughters, Sarah

Watkins and Leah Watkins Beane, and my wife, Mary Watkins, for their continued love

and support.

—JOHN B. WATKINS

To Catherine and John Duggan, who nourished me from the beginning and inspired a career

in medicine; to Michael, Brendan, and Emily Duggan, and the rest of the world’s children,

for their optimal nutrition; and to Deborah Molrine, for constant love and support.

— CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN

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v

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

I GENERAL CONCEPTS

1 Pediatric Nutrition: A Distinct Subspecialty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

William C. MacLean Jr, MD, Alan Lucas, MD, FRCP, FMed.Sci

2 Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Irene E. Olsen, PhD, RD, Maria R. Mascarenhas, MD, Virginia A. Stallings, MD

3 Laboratory Assessment of Nutritional Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Clifford W. Lo, MD, MPH, ScD, Aime O’Bryan, RD, LD, CNSD

4 Body Composition and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Lori J. Bechard, MEd, RD, LD, Myriam Puig, MD, PhD

5.1 Macronutrient Requirements for Growth: Fat and Fatty Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Christine L. Williams, MD,MPH, Richard J. Deckelbuam, MD

5.2 Macronutrient Requirements for Growth: Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Jonathan E. Teitelbaum, MD, Susan B. Roberts, PhD

5.3 Macronutrient Requirements for Growth: Protein and Amino Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Leticia Castillo, MD

6 Trace Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Nancy F. Krebs, MD, MS, K. Michael Hambidge, MD, ScD

7 Vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Eduardo Villamor, MD, DrPH, Roland Kupka, BS, Wafaie Fawzi, MD, DrPH

8 The Prudent Diet: Preventive Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Ronald M. Lauer, MD, Linda G. Snetselaar, RD, LD, PhD

9.1 Community Nutrition and Its Impact on Children: Developed Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD, Melanie A. Stuart, MS, RD, Kristy M. Hendricks, DSc, RD

9.2 Community Nutrition and its Impact on Developing Countries (The Chilean Experience) . . . . . . . 161

Gerardo Weisstaub, MD, MSc, Magdalena Araya, MD, PhD, Ricardo Uauy, MD, PhD

10 Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Pathophysiology, Clinical Consequences, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . 174

Mary E. Penny, MB, ChB

11 International Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Benjamin Caballero, MD, PhD, Asim Maqbool, MD

CONTENTS

vi Contents

12 Nutritional Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Carine M. Lenders, MD, MS, Walter Willett, MD, DrPH

13 Food Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Catherine E. Woteki, PhD, RD, Brian D. Kineman, MS

14 Drug Therapy and the Role of Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Kathleen M. Gura, PharmD, BCNSP, FASHP, Lingtak-Neander Chan, PharmD, BCNSP

II PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

15 Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Mona Bajaj-Elliott, BSc, PhD, Ian R. Sanderson, MD, MSc, MRCP

16 Humoral Regulation of Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

William E. Russell, MD, J. Marc Rhoads, MD

17 Energy Metabolism and Requirements In Health and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Jean-Louis Bresson, MD, Jean Rey, MD, FRCP

18 Gastrointestinal Development: Implications for Infant Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Robert K. Montgomery, PhD, Richard J. Grand, MD

19 Immunophysiology and Nutrition of the Gut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Elizabeth E. Mannick, MS, MD, Zili Zhang, MD, PhD, John N. Udall Jr, MD, PhD

20 Malnutrition and Host Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Susanna Cunningham-Rundles, PhD, David F. McNeeley, MD, MPHTM

21 Brain Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Maureen M. Black, PhD

22 Nutrition and the Behavior of Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Kathleen S. Gorman, PhD, Elizabeth Metallinos-Katasaras, PhD, RD

23 Energy and Substrate Regulation in Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Susan B. Roberts, PhD, Daniel J. Hoffman, PhD

III PERINATAL NUTRITION

24 Maternal Nutrition and Pregnancy Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Theresa O. Scholl, PhD, MPH

25 Fetal Nutrition and Imprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

Hilton Bernstein, MD, Donald Novak, MD

26 Development of the Fetus: Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

William W. Hay Jr, MD

27 Amino Acid Nutrition in Utero: Placental Function and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Timothy R. H. Regnault, PhD, Frederick C. Battaglia, MD

28 The Low Birth Weight Infant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Richard J. Schanler, MD

29 The Term Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Ekhard E. Ziegler, MD, Samuel J. Fomon, MD, Susan J. Carlson, MMSc, RD, CSP, LD, CNSD

Contents vii

30 Weaning: Pathophysiology, Practice, and Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Kristy M. Hendricks, DSc, RD

31 Human Milk: Nutritional Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Jenifer R. Lightdale, MD, Jill C. Fulhan, MPH, RD, LD, IBCLC, Clifford W. Lo, MD, MPH, ScD

32 Protective Properties of Human Milk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Armond S. Goldman, MD, Randall M. Goldblum, MD, Frank C. Schmalstieg Jr, MD, PhD

33 Approach to Breast-Feeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Ruth Lawrence, MD, Robert M. Lawrence, MD

IV NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF SPECIFIC DISEASE STATES

34 Developmental Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

Babette S. Zemel, PhD, Virginia A. Stallings, MD

35 Inborn Errors of Fasting Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Jon Oden, MD, William R. Treem, MD

36 Persistent Renal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

Rita D. Swinford, MD, Ewa Elenberg, MD, Julie R. Ingelfinger, MD

37 Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

Robert B. Heuschkel, MBBS, MRCPCH, John Walker-Smith, MD, FRCP, FRACP, FRCPCH

38 Pediatric HIV Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

Tracie L. Miller, MS, MD, Colleen Hadigan, MD, MPH

39 Exocrine Pancreatic Disease Including Cystic Fibrosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Kevin J. Gaskin, MD, FRACP, Jane Allen, PhD, DipNutrDiet

40 Acute and Chronic Liver Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Deirdre A. Kelly, MD, FRCP, FRCPI, FRCPCH

41.1 Cancer Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

Richard S. Rivlin, MD, Susanna Cunningham-Rundles, PhD

41.2 Cancer Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

Sarah J. Schwarzenberg, MD, Sally Weisdorf-Schindele, MD

42 Diabetes Mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, MB, BCh, Maryanne Quinn, MD, Roberta D. Laredo, RD, LD, CDE

43 Acute Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738

Caleb K. King, MD, PhD, Christopher Duggan, MD, MPH

44 Chronic Diarrhea and Intestinal Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752

Olivier Goulet, MD, PhD

45 Short-Bowel Syndrome, Including Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

Jon A. Vanderhoof, MD

46 The Critically Ill Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

Patrick J. Javid, MD, Tom Jaksic, MD, PhD

47 Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Sarah D. deFerranti, MD, MPH, Ellis Neufeld, MD, PhD

viii Contents

48 Carbohydrate Absorption and Malabsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

Martin H. Ulshen, MD

49 Nutritional Anemias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

Paul Harmatz, MD, Ellen Butensky, RN, MSN, PNP, Bertram Lubin, MD

50 Function and Nature of the Components in the Oral Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

James H. Shaw, DMD, PhD, Linda P. Nelson, DMD, MScD, Catherine Hayes, DMD, DMSc

51.1 Adolescence: Healthy and Disordered Eating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

Ellen S. Rome, MD, MPH, Isabel M. Vazquez, MS, RD, LD, Nancy E. Blazar, RD, LD

51.2 The Adolescent Athlete: Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Dietary Supplements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878

Jordan D. Metzl, MD

51.3 Adolescence: Bone Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883

Keith J. Loud, MD, CM, Catherine M. Gordon, MD, MS

52 Failure to Thrive: Malnutrition in the Pediatric Outpatient Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

Robert Markowitz, MD, Christopher Duggan, MD, MPH

53 Protein-Energy Malnutrition in the Hospitalized Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910

Susan S. Baker, MD, PhD

54 Evaluation and Management of Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917

Carine M. Lenders, MD, MS, Alison G. Hoppin, MD

V APPROACH TO NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

55 Standard and Specialized Enteral Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935

Tien-Lan Chang, MD, Ronald E. Kleinman, MD

56 Enteral Nutrition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

Maria-Luisa Forchielli, MD, MPH, FACG, Julie Bines, MD, FRACP

57 Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957

John A. Kerner Jr, MD

58 Dietary Supplements (Nutraceuticals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

Steven H. Zeisel, MD, PhD, Karen E. Erickson, MPH

59 Special Diets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997

Sherri Utter, MS, RD, LD, CNSD, Sharon B. Collier, MEd, RD, LD

APPENDIX

I Nutritional Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017

Gina Hardiman, RD, LD

II Nutritional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050

Gina Hardiman, RD, LD

III Enteral Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060

Gina Hardiman, RD, LD

ix

Because the field of nutrition is actively evolving and creating major new principles in the care of the

pediatric patient, we have embarked on the third edition of this textbook. The editors continue to support

the premise that a comprehensive text as a reference source in pediatric nutrition is essential for the proper care

of infants and children. As medical care in the twenty-first century is predicated on prevention of disease, the

discipline of pediatric nutrition becomes that much more important. For example, we now know from the

Barker hypothesis that intrauterine nutrition and weight gain during the first year of life are important

predictors of chronic diseases of adulthood (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension). In addition,

as we attempt to cope with the worldwide epidemic of obesity and its concomitant “syndrome X,” we recognize

that a healthful diet and attention to weight gain must begin in early childhood before “bad” eating habits are

established. Furthermore, as parents seek a more healthful lifestyle for themselves and their children, they are

assessing conventional approaches to treatment of disease and are seeking alternative forms of treatment and

prevention. An example of this alternative approach is the use of probiotics to treat diarrhea, prevent daycare

infections, and cope with the “hygiene hypothesis” for the development of atopic disease. Therefore, an

updated access to clinical research-based information on the appropriate use of nutrition as an alternative form

of therapy is essential for the practicing physician.

As with the first edition, we commissioned a comprehensive review of the second edition of this textbook to

ensure the most updated and extensive coverage of nutrition. This review led to the addition of several chapters

to each major section of the book. In the “General Concepts” section, the macronutrient requirement for growth

chapter has been expanded to three chapters separately dealing with fat, carbohydrate, and protein. We have

added new chapters on nutritional epidemiology, food safety, and international nutrition. In a newly added section

entitled “Physiology and Pathophysiology,” we have considered the role of nutrition in major body functions and

dysfunctions including gene expression, immunophysiology, brain development, obesity, and behavior. The

“Perinatal Nutrition” section, added to the second edition, has been expanded further to include chapters on

maternal nutrition and pregnancy outcome and fetal nutrition and imprinting. The section on specific disease

states has been expanded to include “The Adolescent Athlete and Dietary Supplements,” “Nutrition and the

Prevention of Cancer in Childhood,” and “Evaluation and Management of Obesity.” In keeping with the changing

approach of care to pediatric patients, chapters have been added in dietary supplements (nutraceuticals) and

special diets in the “Nutrition Support” section. Finally, the Appendix has been expanded to provide a more

comprehensive resource for nutritional assessment and requirements and updated information on enteral

products. As in previous editions, authors have been newly selected or retained based on their expertise in the

topic of their chapter and their willingness to provide the most updated views on the subject.

In general, we believe that the third edition will provide a comprehensive resource for the health care

provider for children entering the twenty-first century.

For this edition, Dr. Christopher Duggan has been added as an editor. His comprehensive knowledge of

clinical care for the hospitalized patient, experience in nutritional issues in developing countries, and extensive

experience in clinical nutrition research have been welcomed by the editors.

The editors wish to again thank Ms. Suzzette McCarron for her organizational talents and her ability to

liaison between authors, editors, and the publisher. Without her extensive efforts this textbook would never

have been possible. We also thank Ms. Carlotta Hayes for her many contributions

The editors are also grateful to Mr. Brian Decker, Ms. Jamie White, and the able staff of BC Decker Inc for

their help and support in further developing this edition and in the publication of this textbook.

W. Allan Walker

John B. Watkins

Christopher Duggan

PREFACE

The importance of nutrition in pediatrics has become more apparent in recent years as a result of significant

observations that have helped both to define the specific needs of young infants to attain optimal growth

and development and to prevent the expression of nutritionally related diseases at a later age. Of particular

importance to industrialized societies is the awareness of subtle malnutrition present in pediatric patients in

general as well as in underprivileged children of large cities and the hospitalized pediatric patient population.

We now know that specific nutrient deficiency (e.g., zinc essential fatty acids) can occur in virtually any pedi￾atric patient as well as in unique patient populations such as premature infants, food faddists, or families

obsessed with weight reduction. Thus, the increased awareness of nutrition as an important component of the

practice of pediatrics has prompted the creation of this book.

The purpose of this text is to offer a comprehensive review of general concepts of nutrition as they pertain

to pediatrics as well as relevant information on the nutritional management of specific disease states. Accord￾ingly, the text is divided into four major sections. In the first, general concepts of nutrition, such as nutrient

requirements, nutritional assessment, and prevention of disease, are presented. In the second section, a sys￾temic approach to the pathophysiology of nutrition as it pertains to other disciplines—immunology,

endocrinology, pharmacology, and gastroenterology—is developed. The third and largest section comprehen￾sively covers specific disease states and is directed at the nutritional management of these conditions, which

include diabetes, cystic fibrosis, and anemias. A special effort has been made to provide updated information

on the unique nutritional needs of patients with these diseases. These chapters are augmented by appropriate

appendix material describing special diets and requirements of patients. In the final section, which presents an

approach to nutritional support of pediatric patients, a major effort is directed at updating the reader on the

more recent information about breast-feeding. Following a practical discussion concerning problems of nurs￾ing mothers, this section addresses enteric and parenteral support of pediatric patients with special needs for

nutritional support. In short, this book serves as a comprehensive reference text for the practicing pediatrician,

pediatric trainee, and subspecialist requiring nutritional information.

We want to thank our many authors selected to write chapters on subjects for which they have special exper￾tise. By developing a specific format for the textbook and then selecting the most appropriate authors in their

fields to develop the topics, we have provided the most comprehensive and updated text on pediatric nutrition

presently available.

W. Allan Walker

John B. Watkins

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

xi

Jane Allen, PhD, DipNutrDiet

Department of Pediatrics and Child Health

University of Sidney

Sidney, Australia

Exocrine Pancreatic Disease Including Cystic Fibrosis

Magdalena Araya, MD, PhD

Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos

(INTA)

University of Chile

Santiago, Chile

Community Nutrition and its Impact on Developing

Countries (The Chilean Experience)

Mona Bajaj-Elliott, BSc, PhD

Department of Adult and Pediatric Gastroenterology

Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry

London, England

Gene Expression

Susan S. Baker, MD, PhD

Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Center

Children’s Hospital of Buffalo

State University of New York at Buffalo

Buffalo, New York

Protein-Energy Malnutrition in the Hospitalized

Patient

Frederick C. Battaglia, MD

Department of Pediatrics

University of Colorado School of Medicine

Aurora, Colorado

Amino Acid Nutrition in Utero: Placental Function

and Metabolism

Lori J. Bechard, MEd, RD, LD

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Boston, Massachusetts

Body Composition and Growth

Hilton Bernstein, MD

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Department of Pediatrics

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

Fetal Nutrition and Imprinting

Julie Bines, MD, FRACP

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Royal Children’s Hospital

University of Melbourne

Melbourne, Australia

Enteral Nutrition

Maureen M. Black, PhD

Department of Pediatrics

University of Maryland School of Medicine

Baltimore, Maryland

Brain Development

Nancy E. Blazar, RD, LD

Private Practice

Cleveland, Ohio

Adolescence: Healthy and Disordered Eating

Jean-Louis Bresson, MD

Centre D’Investigation Clinique

Hôpital Necker des Enfants Malades

Paris, France

Energy Metabolism and Requirements In Health

and Disease

Ellen Butensky, RN, MSN, PNP

Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital and Research Center at Oakland

Oakland, California

Nutritional Anemias

Benjamin Caballero, MD, PhD

Center for Human Nutrition

Department of International Health

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Baltimore, Maryland

International Nutrition

Susan J. Carlson, MMSc, RD, CSP, LD, CNSD

Department of Food and Nutrition Services

University of Iowa Hospital

Iowa City, Iowa

The Term Infant

CONTRIBUTORS

xii Contributors

Leticia Castillo, MD

Department of Anesthesia

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Macronutrient Requirements for Growth:

Protein and Amino Acids

Lingtak-Neander Chan, PharmD, BCNSP

Department of Pharmacy and Medicine

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, Illinois

Drug Therapy and the Role of Nutrition

Tien-Lan Chang, MD

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Standard and Specialized Enteral Formulas

Sharon B. Collier, MEd, RD, LD

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Boston, Massachusetts

Special Diets

Susanna Cunningham-Rundles, PhD

Division of Immunology

New York Hospital

The Weill Medical College of Cornell University

New York, New York

Malnutrition and Host Defenses

Cancer Prevention

Richard J. Deckelbaum, MD

Institute of Human Nutrition

Columbia University College of Physicians and

Surgeons

New York, New York

Macronutrient Requirements for Growth:

Fat and Fatty Acids

Sarah D. deFerranti, MD, MPH

Department of Cardiology

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease

Christopher Duggan, MD, MPH

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachuetts

Acute Diarrhea

Failure to Thrive: Malnutrition in the Pediatric

Outpatient Setting

Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD

Frances Stern Nutrition Center

Department of Medicine

New England Mecical Center

Tufts University Schools of Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts

Community Nutrition and Its Impact on Children:

Developed Countries

Ewa Elenberg, MD

Division of Pediatric Nephrology

Massachusetts General hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Persistent Renal Failure

Karen E. Erickson, MPH

Department of Nutrition

University of North Carolina School of

Public Health

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Dietary Supplements (Nutraceuticals)

Wafaie W. Fawzi, MD, DrPH

Department of Nutrition

Harvard School of Public Health

Boston, Massachusetts

Vitamins

Samuel J. Foman, MD

Foman Infant Nutrition Unit

University of Iowa

Iowa City, Iowa

The Term Infant

Maria-Luisa Forchielli, MD, MPH, FACG

Department of Pediatrics

University Bologna Medical School

Bologna, Italy

Enteral Nutrition

Jill C. Fulhan, MPH, RD, LD, IBCLC

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Boston, Massachusetts

Human Milk: Nutritional Properties

Contributors xiii

Kevin J. Gaskin, MD, FRACP

Department of Pediatrics and Child Health

University of Sidney

Sidney, Australia

Exocrine Pancreatic Disease Including Cystic Fibrosis

Randall M. Goldblum, MD

Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology

Department of Pediatrics

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, Texas

Protective Properties of Human Milk

Armond S. Goldman, MD

Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology

Department of Pediatrics

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, Texas

Protective Properties of Human Milk

Catherine M. Gordon, MD, MSc

Divisions of Adolescent Medicine and Endocrinology

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Adolescence: Bone Disease

Kathleen S. Gorman, PhD

Feinstein Center for a Hunger Free America

University of Rhode Island

Providence, Rhode Island

Nutrition and the Behavior of Children

Oliver Goulet, MD, PhD

Department de Pediatric

Gastroenterology et Nutrition

Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades

Paris, France

Chronic Diarrhea and Intestinal Transplantation

Richard J. Grand, MD

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Gastrointestinal Development: Implications for

Infant Feeding

Kathleen M. Gura, PharmD, BCNSP, FASHP

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health

Sciences

Boston, Massachusetts

Drug Therapy and the Role of Nutrition

Colleen Hadigan, MD, MPH

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Pediatric HIV Infection

K. Michael Hambidge, MD, ScD

Center for Human Nutrition

Department of Pediatrics

University of Colorado Health Science Center

Denver, Colorado

Trace Elements

Gina Hardiman, RD, LD

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Boston, Massachusetts

Nutritional Assessment

Nutritional Requirements

Enteral Products

Paul Harmatz, MD

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital and Research Center at Oakland

Oakland, California

Nutritional Anemias

William W. Hay Jr, MD

Division of Perinatal Medicine

University of Colorado School of Medicine

Denver, Colorado

Development of the Fetus: Carbohydrate and

Lipid Metabolism

Catherine Hayes, DMD, DMSc

Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology

Harvard University School of Dental Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts

Function and Nature of the Components in the

Oral Cavity

Kristy M. Hendricks, DSc, RD

Department of Community Health and Nutrition

Tufts University School of Medicine

Boston, Massachusetts

Community Nutrition and Its Impact on Children:

Developed Countries

Weaning: Pathophysiology, Practice, and Policy

Robert B. Heuschkel, MBBS, MRCPCH

Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology

Royal Free Hospital

University College Medical School

London, England

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

xiv Contributors

Daniel J. Hoffman, PhD

Department of Nutritional Science

Rutgers University

New Brunswick, New Jersey

Energy and Substrate Regulation in Obesity

Alison G. Hoppin, MD

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Evaluation and Management of Obesity

Julie R. Ingelfinger, MD

Division of Pediatric Nephrology

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Persistent Renal Failure

Tom Jaksic, MD, PhD

Department of Surgery

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

The Critically Ill Child

Patrick J. Javid, MD

Department of Surgery

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

The Critically Ill Child

Deirdre A. Kelly, MD, FRCP, FRCPI, FRCPCH

The Liver Unit

Birmingham Children’s Hospital, NHS Trust

University of Birmingham School of Medicine

Birmingham, England

Acute and Chronic Liver Disease

John A. Kerner Jr, MD

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Lucille Salter Packard Children’s Hospital

Stanford University School of Medicine

Palo Alto, California

Parenteral Nutrition

Brian D. Kineman, MS

Food Science and Human Nutrition

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa

Food Safety

Caleb K. King, MD, PhD

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nephrology

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Acute Diarrhea

Ronald E. Kleinman, MD

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Standard and Specialized Enteral Formulas

Nancy F. Krebs, MD, MS

Center for Human Nutrition

Department of Pediatrics

University of Colorado Health Science Center

Denver, Colorado

Trace Elements

Roland Kupka, BS

Department of Nutrition

Harvard School of Public Health

Boston, Massachusetts

Vitamins

Roberta D. Laredo, RD, LD, CDE

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Boston, Massachusetts

Diabetes Mellitus

Ronald M. Lauer, MD

Division of Pediatric Cardiology

University of Iowa School of Medicine

Iowa City, Iowa

The Prudent Diet: Preventive Nutrition

Robert M. Lawrence, MD

Department of Pediatrics

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

Approach to Breast-Feeding

Ruth Lawrence, MD

Breastfeeding and Human Lactation Study Center

University of Rochester Medical Center

Rochester, New York

Approach to Breast-Feeding

Carine M. Lenders, MD, MS

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Children’s Hospital Boston

Harvard Medical School

Boston, Massachusetts

Nutritional Epidemiology

Evaluation and Management of Obesity