Tài liệu Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease Edited by Umashankar Lakshmanadoss pdf

NOVEL STRATEGIES IN

ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Edited by Umashankar Lakshmanadoss

Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease

Edited by Umashankar Lakshmanadoss

Published by InTech

Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech

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Notice

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors

and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the

accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no

responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any

materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Maja Bozicevic

Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic

Cover Designer InTech Design Team

First published February, 2012

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease, Edited by Umashankar Lakshmanadoss

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-51-0184-0

Contents

Preface IX

Part 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Overview of Coronary Artery Disease 3

Umashankar Lakshmanadoss

Part 2 Diagnostics of Ischemic Heart Disease 15

Chapter 2 Cardiac Biomarkers 17

Sadip Pant, Abhishek Deshmukh, Pritam Neupane,

M.P. Kavin Kumar and C.S. Vijayashankar

Chapter 3 Inflammatory Biomarkers in Ischemic Heart Disease 43

Mette Bjerre

Chapter 4 Measurement of Myocardial Contractility in

the Ischemic Heart – A Disease Immanent Uncertainty 63

Jens Broscheit

Chapter 5 Electrical Heart Instability Evaluation

in Conditions of Diastolic Heart Failure

Suffered by Coronary Heart Disease Patients 81

E.P. Tatarchenko, N.V. Pozdnyakova,

O.E. Morozova and E.A. Petrushin

Part 3 Pharmacotherapy of Ischemic Heart Disease 99

Chapter 6 Prehospital Thrombolysis: It’s All About Time 101

Raveen Naidoo and Nicholas Castle

Chapter 7 Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 123

Ajay Suri, Sophia Tincey, Syed Ahsan and Pascal Meier

Chapter 8 Platelet Activation in Ischemic Heart Disease:

Role of Modulators and New Therapies 135

Mahdi Garelnabi, Javier E. Horta and Emir Veledar

VI Contents

Chapter 9 Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion/Injury 163

Nermine Saleh and Magda Youssef

Part 4 Novel Treatment Strategies 187

Chapter 10 Connexin 43 Hemichannels and

Pharmacotherapy of Myocardial Ischemia Injury 189

Ghayda Hawat and Ghayath Baroudi

Chapter 11 Myocardial Ischemia: Alterations in

Myocardial Cellular Energy and Diastolic Function,

a Potential Role for D-Ribose 219

Linda M. Shecterle and J. A. St. Cyr

Chapter 12 Two Novel Approaches Providing Cardiac

Protection Against Oxidative Stress 229

Howard Prentice and Herbert Weissbach

Chapter 13 Hepatic Lipid Accumulation by High

Cholesterol Diet is Inhibited by

the Low Dose Fish Oil in Male C57BL/6J Mice 247

Satoshi Hirako, Miki Harada, Hyoun-Ju Kim,

Hiroshige Chiba and Akiyo Matsumoto

Chapter 14 Cardiac Protection with Targeted Drug Delivery

to Ischemic-Reperfused Myocardium 253

Michael Galagudza

Chapter 15 Topical Negative Pressure, Applied onto

the Myocardium, a Potential Alternative Treatment for

Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in the Future 275

Sandra Lindstedt, Malin Malmsjö,

Joanna Hlebowicz and Richard Ingemansson

Chapter 16 Ischemic Heart Disease, Diabetes

and Mineralocorticoid Receptors 287

Anastasia Susie Mihailidou

Part 5 Public Health Importance of Ischemic Heart Disease 299

Chapter 17 Cardiology Best Practice – Effective Health

Education Meets Biomedical Advances:

Reducing the Ultimate Knowledge Translation Gap 301

Elizabeth Dean, Zhenyi Li, Wai Pong Wong and Michael E. Bodner

Chapter 18 Inpatient Costs Associated with Ischemic Heart Disease

Among Adults Aged 18-64 Years in the United States 319

Guijing Wang, Zefeng Zhang, Carma Ayala,

Diane Dunet and Jing Fang

Contents VII

Chapter 19 Post-Myocardial Infarction Depression 333

Rousseau Guy, Thierno Madjou Bah and Roger Godbout

Chapter 20 Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase CYP2J2 G-50T

Polymorphism is an Independent Genetic Prognostic

Risk Factor and Interacts with Smoking Cessation

After Index Premature Myocardial Infarction 363

Ping-Yen Liu, Yi-Heng Li and Jyh-Hong Chen

Part 6 Miscellaneous 379

Chapter 21 Coronary Artery Aneurysms: An Update 381

Karina M. Mata, Cleverson R. Fernandes, Elaine M. Floriano,

Antonio P. Martins, Marcos A. Rossi and Simone G. Ramos

Chapter 22 Cardiac Function and Organ Blood Flow

at Early Stage Following Severe Burn 405

Rong Xiao and Yue-Sheng Huang

Chapter 23 Aging, Reactive Nitrogen Species and Myocardial

Apoptosis Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury 429

Huirong Liu, Ke Wang, Xiaoliang Wang, Jue Tian,

Jianqin Jiao, Kehua Bai, Jie Yang and Haibo Xu

Preface

To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study

books without patients is not to go to sea at all.

SIR WILLIAM OSLER

Ischemic heart disease continues to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in

both developed and developing countries, and remains one of the most important

public health problems. The continuous rise in the prevalence of disorders such as

obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension is driving the ever-increasing

number of incidences of ischemic heart disease. In recent years we have seen

remarkable advances in the understanding of ischemic heart disease in areas such as

epidemiology, risk assessment, risk factor reduction, pathophysiology, early detection,

biochemical markers, imaging and in treatments. Nevertheless, the importance of

prevention and personal responsibility in controlling the disease has also attracted

great attention. As we all know, cardiovascular medicine is an ever-growing field;

ongoing research has led to new discoveries in management, leading to improvements

in the outcomes of the patients with cardiovascular diseases.

The first edition of this book will provide a comprehensive overview of ischemic heart

disease, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation,

diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis. Also

discussed are current treatment options, protocols and diagnostic procedures, as well

as the latest advances in the field. The book will serve as a cutting-edge point of

reference for the basic or clinical researcher, and any clinician involved in the

diagnosis and management of ischemic heart disease. This book is essentially designed

to fill the vital gap existing between these practices to provide a textbook that is

substantial and readable, compact and reasonably comprehensive, and to provide an

excellent blend of “basics to bedside and beyond” in the field of ischemic heart

disease.

With increasing life expectancy and increasing prevalence of the disease, patients with

ischemic heart disease are being taken care of by various health care providers. I

sincerely hope that this textbook will meet the needs of nurses, healthcare providers,

medical students, clinicians, physician scientists and, of course, patients. With this

X Preface

information easily accessible via the internet, no one is deprived of the pioneering

technology and ongoing research. I am thrilled to present the various chapters like

epidemiology, diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and its complications, management

of ischemic heart disease and its risk factors and complications. Chapters discussing

translational research and novel treatment strategies will be really exciting for those

interested in basic science research.

I gratefully acknowledge the invaluable organisational skills of the publisher InTech,

the timely and invaluable assistance of publishing process manager Ms Maja

Bozicevic, designer, technical editors, information technology staff and finally the

marketing representatives who are working constantly to promote the book on various

platforms. I sincerely applaud all the contributing authors for their excellence, hard

work and commitment in respect of their chapters. They have taken time from their

personal and professional lives to complete this task and I thank them profusely for it.

I believe that this book will provide valuable information for all healthcare providers

who are trying to make a positive difference in our fellow human beings' lives.

Let's love humanity through love of our profession.

Umashankar Lakshmanadoss MD

Formerly Director, Inpatient Medicine Consult Service,

JHBMC, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,

Baltimore, MD,

USA

Division of Cardiology, Guthrie Clinic,

Sayre, PA,

USA

Dedication

This book is dedicated to my mother Mrs Jana, my wife Mrs Priya for constant

support, encouragement and fond memories without which this textbook would not

have been possible, and to my nieces Karnika, Rithisha, Deepshika and Trisha for

making my life more joyous.

Part 1

Introduction

1

Overview of Coronary Artery Disease

Umashankar Lakshmanadoss

Formerly Director, Inpatient Consult Service,

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD

Division of Cardiology, Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, PA

USA

1. Introduction

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death and disability in developed

countries. Although CAD mortality rates have declined over the past four decades in the

United States (and elsewhere), CAD remains responsible for about one-third of all deaths in

individuals over age 35 [1,2]. It has been estimated that nearly one-half of all middle-aged

men and one-third of middle-aged women in the United States will develop some

manifestation of CAD.

2. Prevalence

The 2010 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics update of the American Heart Association

reported that 17.6 million persons in the United States have CAD, including 8.5 million with

myocardial infarction (MI) and 10.2 million with angina pectoris [2]. The reported

prevalence increases with age for both women and men. In a 2009 report that used National

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, MI prevalence was compared

by sex in middle-aged individuals (35 to 54 years) during the 1998 to 1994 and 1999 to 2004

time periods [3]. Although MI prevalence was significantly greater in men than women in

both time periods (2.5 versus 0.7 and 2.2 versus 1.0 respectively), there were trends toward a

decrease in men and an increase in women. Data from NHANES (and other databases) that

rely on self-reported MI and angina from health interviews probably underestimate the

actual prevalence of advanced CAD.

This is likely as advanced occlusive coronary artery disease often exists with few symptoms

or overt clinical manifestations. Silent ischemia, which is thought to account for 75 percent

of all ischemic episodes [4], may be brought to light by electrocardiographic changes (ST

segment depression) on an exercise test, ambulatory 24 hour electrocardiographic recording,

or periodic routine electrocardiogram (ECG).

3. Global trends

Heart disease mortality has been declining in the United States and in regions where

economies and health care systems are relatively advanced, but the experience is often quite

different around the world [5]. Coronary artery disease is the number one cause of death in