Tài liệu NOVEL ASPECTS ON CYSTICERCOSIS AND NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS ppt

NOVEL ASPECTS ON

CYSTICERCOSIS AND

NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS

Edited by Humberto Foyaca Sibat

Novel Aspects on Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3311

Edited by Humberto Foyaca Sibat

Contributors

Humberto Foyaca Sibat, Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés, Karen Nava-Castro, Romel Hernández￾Bello, Saé Muñiz-Hernández, Lorena López-Griego, Jhonatan A. Hernández-Valdés, Valeria López￾Salazar, Nelly Tiempos-Guzmán, Jorge Morales-Montor, Rachana Bhattarai, Hélène Carabin,

Christine Budke, Helena A. Ngowi, Samson Mukaratirwa, Faustin P. Lekule, Ndichu Maingi,

Charles Waiswa, Chummy Sikasunge, Sonia Afonso, Julienne Sumbu, Sylvia Ramiandrasoa, Mary

Louise Penrith, Arve Lee Willingham, Agnès Fleury, Edda Sciutto, Aline S. de Aluja, Carlos

Larralde, Sonia Agudelo, Gisela Maria Garcia, Jaime Fandiño, Randy Guerra, Cáris Nunes, Samuel

Carvalho de Aragão, Marcello Sato, Ronaldo Abraham, Arturo Carpio, Franklin Santillan, Maria

Milagros Cortez A., Glenda Rojas, Elizabeth Ferrer, Cruz Manuel Aguilar, Juan Carlos Durán, R.

Michael E. Parkhouse, María Carolina Salazar Campos, Ana Flisser, Arturo Carpio, Andrea Sylvia

Winkler, Alejandro L. Escalaya, Jorge G. Burneo, Kelesidis Theodoros

Published by InTech

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Copyright © 2013 InTech

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Notice

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and

not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy

of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for

any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials,

instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Dragana Manestar

Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad

Cover InTech Design Team

First published January, 2013

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com

Novel Aspects on Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis, Edited by Humberto Foyaca Sibat

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-51-0956-3

Contents

Preface IX

Section 1 Cysticercosis 1

Chapter 1 Introduction to Cysticercosis

and Its Historical Background 3

Humberto Foyaca Sibat and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés

Chapter 2 Neuroimmunoendocrine Interactions in Murine

Cysticercosis: From the Lab Bench Work to Its

Possible Applications in Controlling Porcine

Cysticercosis and Human Neurocysticercosis 39

Karen Nava-Castro, Romel Hernández-Bello,

Saé Muñiz-Hernández, Lorena López-Griego,

Jhonatan A. Hernández-Valdés, Valeria López-Salazar,

Nelly Tiempos-Guzmán and Jorge Morales-Montor

Chapter 3 The Burden of Cysticercosis 59

Rachana Bhattarai, Hélène Carabin and Christine Budke

Chapter 4 Agricultural Impact of Porcine

Cyisticercosis in Africa: A Review 77

Helena A. Ngowi, Samson Mukaratirwa, Faustin P. Lekule,

Ndichu Maingi, Charles Waiswa, Chummy Sikasunge,

Sonia Afonso, Julienne Sumbu, Sylvia Ramiandrasoa,

Mary Louise Penrith and Arve Lee Willingham

Chapter 5 Control of Taenia Solium Transmission

of Taeniosis and Cysticercosis in Endemic

Countries: The Roles of Continental Networks

of Specialists and of Local Health Authorities 93

Agnès Fleury, Edda Sciutto, Aline S. de Aluja, Carlos Larralde,

Sonia Agudelo, Gisela Maria Garcia, Jaime Fandiño, Randy Guerra,

Cáris Nunes, Samuel Carvalho de Aragão, Marcello Sato,

Ronaldo Abraham, Arturo Carpio, Franklin Santillan, Maria

Milagros Cortez A., Glenda Rojas, Elizabeth Ferrer, Cruz Manuel

Aguilar, Juan Carlos Durán and R. Michael E. Parkhouse

VI Contents

Chapter 6 Orbital Cisticercosis. A Challenger

for Neurologists, Ophthalmologists,

Neuro-Opthalmologists, and General Practitioners 113

Humberto Foyaca Sibat, María Carolina Salazar Campos

and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés

Chapter 7 What is a Low Frequency of the Disseminated

Cysticercosis Suggests that Neurocysticercosis

is Going to Disappear? 161

Humberto Foyaca Sibat and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés

Chapter 8 Uncommon Clinical Manifestations of Cysticercosis 199

Humberto Foyaca Sibat and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés

Section 2 Neurocysticercosis 253

Chapter 9 Epidemiology of Neurocysticercosis in Mexico:

From a Public Health Problem to Its Control 255

Ana Flisser

Chapter 10 Clinical Diagnoses of Neurocysticercosis 277

Arturo Carpio

Chapter 11 Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy 289

Arturo Carpio

Chapter 12 Epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in Sub-Saharan Africa 307

Andrea Sylvia Winkler

Chapter 13 Surgical Treatment of

Neurocysticercosis-Related Epilepsy 341

Alejandro L. Escalaya and Jorge G. Burneo

Chapter 14 Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis 349

Kelesidis Theodoros

Preface

Cysticercosis continues to be a gradually increasing health problem affecting millions

of people all over the world, mainly in developing countries where parasitic zoonoses

are more common and cysticercosis, as a leading cause, is endemic. Despite

cysticercosis is a potential eradicable disease, there is epidemiological evidence for an

increasing prevalence of cysticercosis throughout the world, and evidence of

increasing morbidity and mortality in many countries as a consequence of higher

incidence of parasitic zoonotic diseases, migration and globalization. Apart from that,

in some countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America, there are

communities who live, or have lived, either by choice (peoples living in voluntary

isolation) or by circumstance, without significant contact with globalized civilization,

therefore their current epidemiological situation is unknown and currently we don’t

even know how many people are infected by parasites.

At the present moment, there is a significant number of available books on

cysticercosis. However, we decided to edit this book to introduce novel aspects on

cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis which were not published before. Therefore, apart

from the classic issues that cannot be missing in any book about this topic, we

introduced novel aspects related with cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis as a leading

cause of epilepsy in developing countries. Of course, the publication of this book could

not have been possible without the ungrudging efforts put in by a large number of

individuals working in this field and people from many countries as well as ethnic,

religious and socioeconomic groups that coincidentally confluence in this publication.

In this book we focus on novel aspects of the historical background of this zoonotic

parasitic disease, we highlight that T solium infested man long before there was any

evidence of animal domestication which also served to declare that pigs are not guilty of

human cysticercosis. We also delivered new hypotheses, and novel clinical descriptions

and surgical ways of management. Because of the fact that the uncommon clinical

presentations of cysticercosis and orbital cysticercosis are probably currently

underestimated, and thus represent an area of legitimate concern, we dedicated two

chapters these topics. Other chapters written by well known researchers were dedicated

to the burden of cysticercosis, the control of T solium transmission of taeniosis and

cysticercosis in endemic countries including the roles of continental networks of

specialists and of local health authorities. The control of T solium transmission of

X Preface

taeniosis and cysticercosis in endemic countries, the roles of continental networks of

specialists and of local health authorities and the agricultural impact of porcine

cysticercosis in Africa which were never discussed in previous text book on cysticercosis

and neurocysticercosis. In this book we also bring all our readers up to date with the

impact and the latest scientific information in regard to epidemiology of

neurocysticercosis, clinical diagnoses of neurocysticercosis and epilepsy including our

experience in Sub-Saharan Africa, extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis addressed to

health professionals working in the more disadvantage places. Finally we discuss about

a novel surgical treatment of neurocysticercosis-related epilepsy.

Some chapters and the edition job were entirely made in a rural setting with a lot of

inconvenience but this edition is aimed at health care professionals including general

practitioners, family doctors, internists, neurologists, epileptologists, neurosurgeons,

psychiatrists, medical students, nursing students, and students of the professions

allied to medicine, among others.

Many abstracts were submitted for review from different parts of the world; about 25

% were selected for the first phase of this editorial process but unfortunately most of

abstracts related to neurocysticercosis and written by peoples do not specialized in this

field were rejected because of lack of basic and novel information. All material for this

first edition has been thoroughly revised, and updated. Many specialists have

provided expert advice on changes in their field and their help has been invaluable to

us in our efforts to keep the relevance of the book for our readership community. All

chapters were revised again by each author after submission; the final version was

peer-reviewed by experts and recommendations were implemented. Nevertheless,

some advices of contributors may differ from the approach of the editors or can be

even different from the medical community. However, we kept and supported it as a

part of our policy of respecting all scientific criteria, mainly for that work which still

remains controversial. On the other hand, we also encouraged each author as an

expert in the field, straight from the beginning to report their personal experience,

expertise, and results.

Knowing that authors from many countries may have different experience and

scientific results, in order to achieve a high degree of scientific content with a standard

level of acceptance, we took a detailed overview of all important novel information.

We all tried to keep the high prestige of our Editorial Company as a main priority and

we declare our happiness in writing this book in the electronic era with a full-text

website allowing us to display our scientific messages to an even larger global

readership, apart from all benefits of print format.

Our aim has been to produce a reference book in which this information would be

presented in an integrated and rapidly accessible format. With regards to

pharmacological treatment of cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis we agree that medical

treatment should be driven by “evidence-based” clinical-imagenologic and serological

Preface XI

approach, but we did not exclude any “experience-based” approach from expert

contributors and from the disadvantaged regions.

Every effort has been made to check the drug dosages given in this book. Despite

dosages from all medication were double checked, it is important for our readership to

scrutinize last information sheets about new dosages, side-effects, contraindications

before administering any of the drugs listed. We all attempted to bring in valuable

updated information about the treatment of cysticercosis/taeniosis/neurocysticercosis

and other related problems to our readership.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We sincerely thank INTECH Open Access Publisher that unconditionally supported

our initiative in editing this book. Special thanks should be given to my editorial

process managers and beautiful friends Ms Dragana Manestar and Natalia Reinic for

their kind attention, great inspiration, constant encouragement, and professional

support which are highly appreciated. For understanding my long nights at the

computer, I’d like to thank my wife Lourdes de Fátima, who was worked with me on

this project; to my first daughter Zayra Susana and my Mon whom died long ago but

they continue inspiring me from wherever they are; to my second daughter Lorna

Maria who is a good lawyer and encourages me all the time to continue moving

forward, and to my children Fatima Susana Adolfina (3 years old) and Thabo

Humberto Jorge (4 years old) for helping me to find peace of mind, persistence and

hope every time I needed. Their request to me for playing games at home also helped

me to relax and later to find new ideas. My father, my sisters, nephews, nieces, aunts,

uncles, cousins and almost all members of my family contributed to this project in one

way or another - to all of them: Thanks a lot.

Many thanks also to family, relatives, and friends of all the collaborators for their

patience and tolerance of the lost evenings, nights, weekends, and holidays.

Of course, without financial support most of medical studies are not possible.

Therefore, I am very grateful from Ms. Noluntu Funani representing The Medical

Research Council of South Africa.

A special thanks goes to Walter Sisulu University (WSU) which was established on 1

July, 2005 in terms of the Higher Education Act No 101 of 1997, as amended. WSU, a

comprehensive university, resulted from the merger of the former University of

Transkei (Unitra); Border Technikon and Eastern Cape Technikon. The new university

was named in honour of an icon of the South African liberation struggle and close

comrade of Nelson Mandela, the late Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu. Special thanks to

Professor LR van Staden, Administator of WSU, Prof Kaya Mfenyana, Head: Office of

Vice Chancellor and member of the Joint Technical Task Team of the Department of

Higher Education and Training and the Department of Health, Prof. SVS

Ngubentombi, Acting Deputy Vice Chancellor Academic Affairs & Research. Dr CA

XII Preface

van der Merwe, Interim Deputy Vice Chancellor Planning, Quality Assurance &

Development, Prof. GE Ekosse Director: Research Development (WSU), Prof. NE

Sokhela, Dean of Faculty of Health Sciences (WSU), Prof JE Iputo Director of the

School of Medicine (WSU), Prof. A Awotedu Chairman of the Department of Medicine

(WSU), and Dr. TM Madiba Head: Clinical Governance of Mthatha Hospital Complex.

A biggest special thanks should be given to Dr. M. Xamlashe the Chief Executive

Officer of Mthatha Hospital Complex for his personal support, and his dedication to

our hospital and all peoples working here.

In the end, I extend my deepest sense of appreciation to Dr. Roberto Morales Ojeda,

Minister of Public Health of Cuba, Dr. Roberto Gonzalez Martin Vice-Minister of the

Cuban Ministry of Health, Dr. Luisa Maria Diaz National Director of Postgraduate and

Dr. Jorge Delgado Bustillo Deputy Head of National Unit of International

Collaboration (CMH), Prof. PhD Nereyda Cantelar de Francisco, Prof. Susana Vázquez

PhD, DrSc PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for Dengue and its Vector "Pedro Kourí"

Tropical Medicine Institute, Dr. PhD Reinaldo Menendez and Lic. Maribel Chao also

from the National Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kouri.

Finally, I would like to highlight my deepest sense of appreciation to all my friends,

colleagues, collaborators and patients.

Prof. Humberto Foyaca Sibat

Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha

South Africa

Section 1

Cysticercosis