Tài liệu Long Shot ppt

Long Shot

Long Shot

vaccines for national defense

K endall Hoyt

h arvar d u niv ersit y press

Cambridge, Massachusetts

London, England 2012

Copyright © 2012 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hoyt, Kendall, 1971–

Long shot : vaccines for national defense / Kendall Hoyt.

â•…â•…p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-674-06158-3 (alk. paper)

1. Vaccination—United States. 2. Vaccines—Government policy—United States.

3. Biological weapon—Safety measures—Government policy—United States. I. Title.

[DNLM: 1. History, 20th century—United States. 2. Vaccines—history—United

States 3. Biological Warfare Agents—United States. 4. Security Measures—United

States. QW 11 AA1]

RA638.H69 2011

614.4'7—dc23â•…â•…â•…2011026672

For Eli and Rhys

Contents

Introduction 1

1 Disease, Security, and Vaccines 11

2 Historical Patterns of Vaccine Innovation 32

3 Vaccine Development during World War II 49

4 Wartime Legacies 81

5 The End of an Era 110

6 Biodefense in the Twenty-First Century 142

7 The Search for Sustainable Solutions 160

Appendices

Vaccine License Data, 1903–1999 180

Developmental History of Vaccines

Licensed in the United States, 1903–1999 230

Military Contributions to Licenses

Representing Innovative Activity 244

Notes 251

Acknowledgments 287

Index 289

Text Acronyms

ADM Advanced Development and Manufacturing

AEB Army Epidemiology Board

AEI American Enterprise Institute

AFEB Armed Forces Epidemiology Board

AMS Army Medical Graduate School

ARTP Army Specialized Training Units

BARDA Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority

BICIED Board for the Investigation and Control of Influenza and

other Epidemic Diseases

BIO Biotechnology Industry Organization

BLA Biologic License Application

BOB Bureau of Biologics

BW Biological Weapons

BWC Biological Toxin and Weapons Convention

CDC Centers for Disease Control

CBER Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research

cGMP Current Good Manufacturing Practices

CHPPM Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine

CMR Committee on Medical Research

CWS Chemical Warfare Service

DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DHS Department of Homeland Security

DMAT Disaster Medical Assistance Team

DMS Division of Medical Sciences

DOD Department of Defense

DOE Department of Energy

DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EPICON Epidemiological Consultation

x Text Acronyms

FDA Food and Drug Administration

FOIA Freedom of Information Act

FFRDC Federally Funded Research and Development Center

GOCO Government Owned Company Operated

GMP Good Manufacturing Practices

HHS Health and Human Services

IND Investigational New Drug

IOM Institute of Medicine

IP Intellectual Property

JDO Joint Development Office

JVAP Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program

LSI Lead System Integrator

MAP Molecular Anatomy Program

MCM Medical Countermeasure

NAS National Academy of Sciences

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NBSB National Biodefense Science Board

NCI National Cancer Institute

NDRC National Defense Research Committee

NHSS National Health Security Strategy

NIAID National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases

NIE National Intelligence Estimate

NIH National Institutes of Health

NRC National Research Council

NSC National Security Council

OSRD Office of Scientific Research and Development

OSS Office of Strategic Services

OTA Office of Technology Assessment

PAHPA Pandemic All-Hazards Preparedness Act

PhRMA Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association

PHEMCE Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures

Enterprise

PHS Public Health Service

PPP Public Private Product Development Partnership

RFP Request for Proposals

SAB Science Advisory Board

SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

SGO Surgeon General’s Office

SNS Strategic National Stockpile

UPMC University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

USAMRIID U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious

Diseases

UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission

VRC Vaccine Research Center

VTEU Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit

WBC War Bureau of Consultants

Text Acronyms xi

WHO World Health Organization

WRAIR Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

WRS War Research Service

Archive Acronyms

AP Aventis Pasteur Archives, Swiftwater, PA

MA Merck Archives, Whitehouse Station, NJ

NA National Archives, University of Maryland, College

Park, MD

NAS National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Biological

Warfare Files, Washington, DC

LC Library of Congress, Vannevar Bush Papers,

Washington, DC

WR Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joseph Smadel

Reading Room Collection, Silver Spring, MD

Long Shot