Tài liệu Infrared Spectroscopy – Life and Biomedical Sciences Edited by Theophile Theophanides pptx

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY–

LIFE AND BIOMEDICAL

SCIENCES

Edited by Theophile Theophanides

Infrared Spectroscopy – Life and Biomedical Sciences

Edited by Theophile Theophanides

Published by InTech

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Copyright © 2012 InTech

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First published April, 2012

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Infrared Spectroscopy – Life and Biomedical Sciences, Edited by Theophile Theophanides

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-51-0538-1

Contents

Preface IX

Introductory Introduction to Infrared

Chapter Spectroscopy in Life and Biomedical Sciences 1

Theophile Theophanides

Section 1 Brain Activity and Clinical Research 3

Chapter 1 Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

in the Management of Patients in

Neonatal Intensive Care Units –

An Example of Implementation of a New Technology 5

Barbara Engelhardt and Maria Gillam-Krakauer

Chapter 2 Effects of Sleep Debt on Cognitive

Performance and Prefrontal Activity in Humans 25

Kenichi Kuriyama and Motoyasu Honma

Chapter 3 Applications of Near Infrared

Spectroscopy in Neurorehabilitation 41

Masahito Mihara and Ichiro Miyai

Chapter 4 The Use of Near-Infrared

Spectroscopy to Detect Differences

in Brain Activation According to

Different Experiences with Cosmetics 57

Masayoshi Nagai, Keiko Tagai,

Sadaki Takata and Takatsune Kumada

Chapter 5 Using NIRS to Investigate Social

Relationship in Empathic Process 67

Taeko Ogawa and Michio Nomura

Chapter 6 Introduction of Non-Invasive

Measurement Method by Infrared Application 79

Shouhei Koyama, Hiroaki Ishizawa,

Yuki Miyauchi and Tomomi Dozono

VI Contents

Chapter 7 Brain Activity and Movement Cognition –

Vibratory Stimulation-Induced Illusions of Movements 103

Shu Morioka

Chapter 8 Probing Brain Oxygenation Waveforms

with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) 111

Alexander Gersten, Jacqueline Perle,

Dov Heimer, Amir Raz and Robert Fried

Chapter 9 Comparison of Cortical Activation

During Real Walking and Mental Imagery of

Walking – The Possibility of Quickening Walking

Rehabilitation by Mental Imaginary of Walking 133

Jiang Yinlai, Shuoyu Wang, Renpeng Tan,

Kenji Ishida, Takeshi Ando and Masakatsu G. Fujie

Chapter 10 Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Assessment of Haemodynamic

Activation in the Cerebral Cortex – A Review in

Developmental Psychology and Child Psychiatry 151

Hitoshi Kaneko, Toru Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki Ito,

Kenji Nomura, Takashi Okada and Shuji Honjo

Section 2 Cereals, Fruits and Plants 165

Chapter 11 The Application of Near Infrared

Spectroscopy in Wheat Quality Control 167

Milica Pojić, Jasna Mastilović and Nineta Majcen

Chapter 12 Vis/Near- and Mid- Infrared Spectroscopy

for Predicting Soil N and C at a Farm Scale 185

Haiqing Yang and Abdul M. Mouazen

Chapter 13 The Application of

Near Infrared Spectroscopy for

the Assessment of Avocado Quality Attributes 211

Brett B. Wedding, Carole Wright, Steve Grauf and Ron D. White

Chapter 14 Time-Resolved FTIR Difference Spectroscopy

Reveals the Structure and Dynamics

of Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Triplets in

Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Complexes 231

Alexandre Maxime and Rienk van Grondelle

Section 3 Biomedical Applications 257

Chapter 15 The Role of β-Antagonists on the

Structure of Human Bone – A Spectroscopic Study 259

J. Anastassopoulou, P. Kolovou,

P. Papagelopoulos and T. Theophanides

Contents VII

Chapter 16 FT-IR Spectroscopy in Medicine 271

Vasiliki Dritsa

Chapter 17 Chemometrics of Cells and

Tissues Using IR Spectroscopy –

Relevance in Biomedical Research 289

Ranjit Kumar Sahu and Shaul Mordechai

Chapter 18 Characterization of Bone and

Bone-Based Graft Materials Using FTIR Spectroscopy 315

M.M. Figueiredo, J.A.F. Gamelas and A.G. Martins

Chapter 19 Brain-Computer Interface Using

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Rehabilitation 339

Kazuki Yanagisawa, Hitoshi Tsunashima

and Kaoru Sakatani

Chapter 20 Biopolymer Modifications for Biomedical Applications 355

M.S. Mohy Eldin, E.A. Soliman, A.I. Hashem and T.M. Tamer

Preface

In this book one finds the applications of Infrared Spectroscopy to Life and Biomedical

Sciences. It contains three sections and 20 chapters.

The three sections are:

Brain Activity and Clinical Research The 10 chapters that are included in this section

skillfully describe the application of MIRS and NIRS to such new areas of research in

medicine like management of patients in neonatal intensive care, effects of sleep dept

on cognitive performance in humans, neurorehabilitation, brain activity, social

relations, non invasive measurements, cortical activation, brain oxygenation and

haemodynamic activation.

The second section, Cereals, Fruits and Plants includes 4 chapters. In this section one

can find applications of MIRS and NIRS in food industry and research, in quality

control of wheat, in farms in order to predict the amounts of nitrogen and carbon at a

farm scale, for assessing avocado quality control and in research to determine, for

example the structure and dynamics of carotenoid and chlorophyll triplets in

photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes.

Finally, the third and last section of this book, Biomedical Applications contains 6

chapters of MIRS and NIRS on medical applications, such as the role of β-antagonists

on the structure of human bone, characterization of bone-based graft materials , brain

computer interface in rehabilitation a review of FT-IR on medical applications,

biomedical research in cells and biopolymer modifications for biomedical applications.

This book of Infrared Spectroscopy on Life and Biomedical Sciences is a state-of-the art

publication in research and technology of FT-IR as applied to medicine.

Theophile Theophanides

National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering Department,

Radiation Chemistry and Biospectroscopy, Zografou Campus, Zografou, Athens

Greece

Introductory Chapter

Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy

in Life and Biomedical Sciences

Theophile Theophanides

National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering Department,

Radiation Chemistry and Biospectroscopy, Zografou Campus, Zografou, Athens

Greece

1. Introduction

By 1950 IR spectroscopy was applied to more complicated molecules such as proteins by

Elliot and Ambrose [1]. The studies showed that IR spectroscopy could also be used to study

complex biological molecules, such as proteins, DNA and membranes and thus, IR could be

also used as a powerful tool in biosciences [2, 3].

The FT-IR spectra of very complex biological or biomedical systems, such as, atheromatic

plaques and carotids were studied and characterized as it will be shown in chapters of this

book. From the interpretation of the spectra and the chemistry insights very interesting and

significant conclusions could be reached on the healthy state of these systems. It is found that

FT-IR can be used for diagnostic purposes for several diseases. Characteristic absorption bands

of proteins, amide bands, O-P-O vibrations of DNA or phospholipids, disulfide groups, e.t.c.

can be very significant and give new information on the state of these molecules.

Furthermore, with the addition of micro-FT-IR spectrometers one can obtain IR spectra of

tissue cells, blood samples, bones and cancerous breast tissues [4-7]. Samples in solution can

also be measured accurately. The spectra of substances can be compared with a store of

thousands of reference spectra. IR spectroscopy is useful for identifying and characterizing

substances and confirming their identity since the IR spectrum is the “fingerprint” of a

substance.

Therefore, IR has also a forensic purpose and is used to analyze substances, such as, alcohol,

drugs, fibers, hair, blood and paints [8-12].In the sections that are given in the book the

reader will find numerous examples of such applications.

2. References

[1] Elliot and E. Ambrose, Nature, Structure of Synthetic Polypeptides 165, 921 (1950)

[2] D.L.Woernley, Infrared Absorption Curves for Normal and Neoplastic Tissues and

Related Biological Substances, Current Research, Vol. 12, , 1950 , 516p

[3] T. Theophanides, J. Anastassopoulou and N. Fotopoulos, Fifth International Conference on

the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dodrecht,

1991,409p

2 Infrared Spectroscopy – Life and Biomedical Sciences

[4] J. Anastassopoulou, E. Boukaki, C. Conti, P. Ferraris, E.Giorgini, C. Rubini, S. Sabbatini,

T. Theophanides, G. Tosi, Microimaging FT-IR spectroscopy on pathological breast

tissues, Vibrational Spectroscopy, 51 (2009)270-275

[5] Conti, P. Ferraris, E. Giorgini, C. Rubini, S. Sabbatini, G. Tosi, J. Anastassopoulou, P.

Arapantoni, E. Boukaki, S FT-IR, T. Theophanides, C. Valavanis, FT-IR

Microimaging Spectroscopy:Discrimination between healthy and neoplastic human

colon tissues , J. Mol Struc. 881 (2008) 46-51.

[6] M. Petra, J. Anastassopoulou, T. Theologis & T. Theophanides, Synchrotron micro-FT-IR

spectroscopic evaluation of normal paediatric human bone, J. Mol Structure, 78

(2005) 101

[7] P. Kolovou and J. Anastassopoulou, “Synchrotron FT-IR spectroscopy of human bones.

The effect of aging”. Brilliant Light in Life and Material Sciences, Eds. V. Tsakanov

and H. Wiedemann, Springer, 2007 267-272p.

[8] Conti, P. Ferraris, E. Giorgini, C. Rubini, S. Sabbatini, G. Tosi, J. Anastassopoulou, P.

Arapantoni, E. Boukaki, S FT-IR, T. Theophanides, C. Valavanis, FT-IR

Microimaging Spectroscopy:Discrimination between healthy and neoplastic human

colon tissues , J. Mol Struc. 881 (2008) 46-51.

[9] T. Theophanides, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Biological Molecules, NATO Advanced

Study Institute, D. Reidel Publishing Co. Dodrecht, 1978,372p.

[10] T. Theophanides, C. Sandorfy) Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules, NATO Advanced

Study Institute, D. Reidel Publishing Co. Dodrecht, 1984 , 646p

[11] T. Theophanides Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, D. Reidel Publishing Co.

Dodrecht, 1984.

[12] T. Theophanides, Inorganic Bioactivators, NATO Advanced Study Institute, D. Reidel

Publishing Co. Dodrecht, 1989, 415p

Section 1

Brain Activity and Clinical Research

1

Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in

the Management of Patients in Neonatal

Intensive Care Units – An Example of

Implementation of a New Technology

Barbara Engelhardt and Maria Gillam-Krakauer

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN

USA

1. Introduction

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic technique which uses the NIR region

of the electromagnetic spectrum to gain information about natural samples through their

absorption of NIR light. This method is used in several branches of science. In medicine, it

was first used in adult patients, who were placed on by-pass during cardiac surgery to

follow cerebral oxygenation, cerebral rSO2 (rSO2-c,) and thereby perfusion and

metabolism of the brain. Its many other possibilities soon became apparent. Although the

brain remains the main organ of interest in patients of all ages, other tissues are being

studied as well. Aside from cardiac surgery clinicians in specialties such as sports

medicine, plastic surgery (to assess flap viability), and neonatology apply NIRS in clinical

settings. (Feng et al., 2001)

By the late 1980’s the first studies on monitoring of regional oxygenation in the neonatal

brain were published. (Delpy et al., 1987; Edwards et al., 1988) In 2004 on average one new

article on NIRS was published in Pub Med every day. (Ferrari et at, 2004) Monitoring of vital

signs in the ICUs has scientific and patient care related goals. One may be able to gain better

understanding of physiology and be alerted to changes in patient status to be able to

respond immediately.

The vulnerability of the neonate, especially of the newborn brain, to changes in oxygenation

is an ever present concern as it is linked to long-term outcome. For that reason

neonatologists are obligated to find ways to monitor their patients to be ahead of evolving

pathology and avoid the severe impact of negative events.

As early as 1999 the NINDS and NIH hosted a workshop for experts in the fields of

neurology and neonatology to discuss the use of NIRS for cerebral monitoring in infants.

The panel determined that the best NIRS instrument should be selected and used in

longitudinal, blinded studies. Obtained data would need to be compared with short term,

intermediate and long term outcomes. The questions the panel suggested to investigate

were the predictive value of NIRS and its usefulness in leading to timely interventions

and prevention of long term injury. (www.ninds.nih.gov/news_andevents/proceedings/