Tài liệu Handbook of SPECIALTY ELASTOMERS pptx

Handbook of

SPECIALTY

ELASTOMERS

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page i 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page ii 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

Handbook of

SPECIALTY

ELASTOMERS

Edited by

Robert C. Klingender

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page iii 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-57444-676-0 (Hardcover)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted

material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are

listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author

and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the conse￾quences of their use.

No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any

electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying,

microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written

permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.

copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC)

222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that

provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a

photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and

are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Klingender, Robert C.

Handbook of specialty elastomers / Robert C. Klingender.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-57444-676-0 (alk. paper)

1. Elastomers--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.

TS1925.K46 2007

620.1’94--dc22 2007020182

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page iv 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

Contents

Preface.................................................................................................................... vii

Editor....................................................................................................................... ix

Contributors ........................................................................................................... xi

Chapter 1 Polychloroprene Rubber .................................................................... 1

Rudiger Musch and Hans Magg

Chapter 2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber....................................................... 39

Robert C. Klingender

Chapter 3 Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber .......................................................... 93

Robert W. Keller

Chapter 4 Fluoroelastomers, FKM, and FEPM ............................................. 133

Pascal Ferrandez

Chapter 5 Polyacrylate Elastomers—Properties and Applications ................ 155

Robert C. Klingender

Chapter 6 Ethylene=Acrylic (AEM) Elastomer Formulation Design............. 193

Lawrence C. Muschiatti, Yun-Tai Wu, Edward McBride,

and Klaus Kammerer

Chapter 7 Polyepichlorohydrin Elastomer ..................................................... 245

Robert C. Klingender

Chapter 8 Compounding with Chlorinated Polyethylene .............................. 289

Ray Laakso

Chapter 9 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene and Alkylated

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene...................................................... 301

Robert C. Klingender

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page v 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

v

Chapter 10 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Elastomers (EVM)

(ASTM Designation AEM) ........................................................... 343

Hermann Meisenheimer and Andrea Zens

Chapter 11 Polysulfide Elastomers................................................................... 369

Stephen K. Flanders and Robert C. Klingender

Chapter 12 Plasticizers, Process Oils, Vulcanized Vegetable Oils .................. 387

Peter C. Rand

Chapter 13 Vulcanization Agents for Specialty Elastomers ............................ 409

Robert F. Ohm

Chapter 14 Antioxidants for Specialty Elastomers .......................................... 429

Russell A. Mazzeo

Chapter 15 Processing Aids for Specialty Elastomers..................................... 477

Jerry M. Sherritt

Chapter 16 Considerations in the Design of a Rubber Formulation................ 493

Robert C. Klingender

Part A: Oil Field Elastomeric Products ....................................... 495

Robert C. Klingender

Part B: Life Prediction................................................................. 515

John Vicic

Part C: Compression, Transfer, and Injection Molding

of Specialty Elastomers................................................... 519

Robert W. Keller

Index..................................................................................................................... 543

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page vi 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

vi

Preface

The Handbook of Specialty Elastomers was conceived as a single reference source for

the rubber compounder with some experience in designing parts in the rubber

industry. The definition of specialty elastomers referenced in this publication is heat,

oil, fuel, and solvent-resistant polymers that include polychloroprene (CR), nitrile

rubber (NBR), hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR), fluoroelastomer (FKM), poly￾acrylate (ACM), ethylene acrylic elastomer (AEM), polyepichlorohydrin (CO, ECO),

chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), ethylene

vinyl acetate (EAM), and thiokol (T).

In addition to the information on the specialty elastomers, chapters on the more

important ingredients used with them are included. These are plasticizers, vulcan￾ization agents, antioxidants and antiozonants, and process aids.

The final chapter, in three sections, provides one example of industry require￾ments for rubber parts, considerations to be made concerning the life expectancy of

elastomer compounds and processing factors to be taken into account in the molding

operation of a rubber factory.

It is the desire of the editor and contributing authors that this book provide a

comprehensive insight into the process of designing rubber formulations based on

specialty elastomers.

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page vii 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

vii

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page viii 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

Editor

Robert C. Klingender, a graduate of the University of Toronto with a BASc

degree in chemical engineering, is retired after serving over 54 years in the rubber

industry. During that time he worked at Gutta Percha & Rubber Ltd., a mechanical

rubber goods manufacturer, as assistant chief chemist; Polysar Ltd., a synthetic rubber

producer, as technical service manager, technical service and sales district manager,

technical director of custom mixing; Goldsmith & Eggleton, a distributor for Nippon

Zeon, as vice president, technical products; and Zeon Chemicals, LLC, a synthetic

rubber producer in various technical sales and marketing functions. Bob’s career

focused on specialty elastomer applications in the mechanical and automotive

products industries.

Service to the rubber industry has been Klingender’s passion over the years,

having served in many capacities in the Rubber Division, ACS as well as the

Chicago, Wisconsin, Twin Cities and Northeast Ohio rubber groups.

In his various capacities, Klingender authored or coauthored over 15 technical

papers for the Rubber Division, ACS and various local rubber groups. In addition

he wrote some 25 technical bulletins and contributed a chapter on ‘‘Miscellaneous

Elastomers’’ to Rubber Technology, third edition, edited by Maurice Morton.

After retirement Robert has concentrated more on golf (with not too much

success), playing bridge, and gourmet cooking (a skilled rubber compounder can

also work well with food recipes).

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page ix 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

ix

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page x 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

Contributors

Pascal Ferrandez

DuPont Performance Elastomers, LLC

Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.

Stephen K. Flanders (Deceased)

Morton International, Inc.

Woodstock, Illinois, U.S.A.

Klaus Kammerer

DuPont Performance Elastomers

International S.A.

Geneva, Switzerland

Robert W. Keller

Consultant

Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.

Robert C. Klingender

Specialty Elastomer Consulting

Arlington Heights, Illinois, U.S.A.

Ray Laakso

The Dow Chemical Company

Plaquemine, Lousiana, U.S.A.

Hans Magg

Bayer Corporation

Leverkusen, Germany

Russell A. Mazzeo

Mazzeo Enterprises

Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Edward McBride

DuPont Packaging and Industrial

Polymers

Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.

Hermann Meisenheimer (Retired)

Bayer Corporation

Leverkusen, Germany

Rudiger Musch (Retired)

Bayer Corporation

Leverkusen, Germany

Lawrence C. Muschiatti

DuPont Performance Elastomers LLC

Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.

Robert F. Ohm

Lion Copolymer, LLC

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.

Peter C. Rand

Merrand International Corporation

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, U.S.A.

Jerry M. Sherritt (Retired)

Struktol Company

Barberton, Ohio, U.S.A.

John Vicic

Weatherford International, Inc.

Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

Yun-Tai Wu

DuPont Packaging and Industrial

Polymers

Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.

Andrea Zens

Bayer Corporation

Leverkusen, Germany

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page xi 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

xi

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C000 Final Proof page xii 23.10.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: TSuresh

1 Polychloroprene

Rubber

Rudiger Musch and Hans Magg

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 2

1.2 History, Polymerization, Structure, and Properties ......................................... 2

1.2.1 History ............................................................................................... 2

1.2.2 Chloroprene Monomer Production .................................................... 3

1.2.3 Polymerization and Copolymerization .............................................. 3

1.2.4 Structure and Structural Variables..................................................... 4

1.2.5 Structure and Properties..................................................................... 8

1.2.5.1 General Purpose Grades.................................................... 8

1.2.5.2 Precrosslinked Grades..................................................... 10

1.2.5.3 Sulfur-Modified Grades (S-Grades)................................ 10

1.2.6 Commercially Available CR Rubbers ............................................. 11

1.2.7 Compounding and Processing ......................................................... 14

1.2.7.1 Selection of Chloroprene Rubber Grades....................... 14

1.2.7.2 Blends with Other Elastomers ........................................ 14

1.2.7.3 Accelerators .................................................................... 15

1.2.7.4 Antioxidants, Antiozonants............................................. 17

1.2.7.5 Fillers .............................................................................. 19

1.2.7.6 Plasticizers ...................................................................... 21

1.2.7.7 Miscellaneous Compounding Ingredients....................... 23

1.2.8 Processing ........................................................................................ 24

1.2.9 Properties and Applications............................................................. 25

1.2.9.1 General............................................................................ 25

1.2.9.2 Physical Properties.......................................................... 25

1.2.9.3 Aging and Heat Resistance............................................. 26

1.2.9.4 Low-Temperature Flexibility .......................................... 27

1.2.9.5 Flame Retardance............................................................ 28

1.2.9.6 Resistance to Various Fluids .......................................... 29

1.2.9.7 Resistance to Fungi and Bacteria ................................... 29

1.2.10 Applications ..................................................................................... 29

1.2.10.1 Hoses ............................................................................... 29

1.2.10.2 Molded Goods................................................................. 32

1.2.10.3 Belting ............................................................................. 34

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C001 Final Proof page 1 22.10.2007 3:34pm Compositor Name: BMani

1

1.2.10.4 Extruded Profiles .............................................................. 34

1.2.10.5 Wire and Cable................................................................. 34

1.2.10.6 Miscellaneous ................................................................... 36

References............................................................................................................... 36

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Polychloroprene was one of the first synthetic rubbers and has played an important

role in the development of the rubber industry as a whole, a fact that can be attributed

to its broad range of excellent characteristics.

In terms of consumption, polychloroprene has become a most important specialty

rubber for non-tire applications.

1.2 HISTORY, POLYMERIZATION, STRUCTURE, AND PROPERTIES

1.2.1 HISTORY

The polychloroprene story started in 1925, with the synthesis of the monomer by Father

Nieuwland [1]. The first successful polymerization under economically feasible con￾ditions was discovered in 1932 by Carothers, Collins, and coworkers using emulsion

polymerization techniques [2]. In the same year DuPont began marketing the polymer

first under the trade name Duprene and since 1938 as Neoprene. A wide range of

polychloroprene grades has since been developed to meet changing market demands

1940 A breakthrough in 1939 due to the development of a copolymer

with sulfur (Neoprene GN) featuring more desirable viscosity and

processing behavior

1950 Soluble, sulfur-free homo- and copolymers using mercaptans as

chain transfer agents (M-grades) offering improved heat resistance

were invented and, in the case of copolymers, these had reduced

tendency to crystallization (DuPont)

1960 Precrosslinked grades for improved processability, in particular

where reduced nerve and die swell is of prime concern (DuPont)

1970 Precrosslinked and soluble grades with improved physical and mech￾anical properties (DuPont)

sulfur-modified grades with higher dynamic load-bearing capacity

and better heat stability (DuPont)

1980 Commercially successful soluble homo- and copolymers using special

Xanthogen-disulfides as chain modifiers (XD-grades) with improved

processability and vulcanizate properties (Bayer AG=Distugil);

soluble copolymers with excellent performance under adverse climatic

conditions (extremely slow crystallization with a higher service tem￾perature) (Bayer AG=Denki)

1990 Newly developed M- and XD-grades combining low-temperature

flexibility, improved heat resistance, and dynamic properties as well

as low mold fouling (Bayer AG)

Robert C. Klingender/Handbook of Specialty Elastomers DK4127_C001 Final Proof page 2 22.10.2007 3:34pm Compositor Name: BMani

2 Handbook of Specialty Elastomers