Tài liệu FELINE DENTISTRY Oral Assessment, Treatment, and Preventative Care_2 docx

Treatment

Section II

151

Oral Assessment Instruments

and Materials

• Mouth props or gags, which can be placed between

the maxillary and mandibular canines or cheek teeth

to keep the mouth open during dental procedures

(placing spring loaded props between canines is

generally not recommended due to potential for iat￾rogenic damage to the teeth and/or temporoman￾dibular joints (fi gs. 6.2 a,b).

• Illuminated dental magnifi cation telescopes (fi g.

6.3 ).

• Dental mirror (fi g. 6.4 )

• Sterile instrument holders (fi gs. 6.5 a,b)

• Operator safety equipment (goggles, mask, gloves)

(fi g. 6.6 )

• Dental radiography (fi g. 6.7 )

unit for exposure

fi lm, digital sensor or CR phosphor plate

processor — analog (chairside, or automatic) or

digital

• Dental explorer (fi g. 6.8 )

• Periodontal probe (fi g. 6.9 )

• Charts for dental examination

• Dental models (fi gs. 6.10 a,b,c)

Oral Treatment and Prevention

Instruments and Materials

• Ultrasonic scaler with multiple tips (fi gs. 6.11 a,b)

• Polishing equipment — disposable polishing angle,

polishing paste (fi g. 6.12 )

• Gracey curette feline mini 1/2, 5/6, 9/10, 13/14

(Cislak)

• Molt periosteal elevator (fi gs. 6.13 a,b,c)

• Freer periosteal elevator (fi g. 6.14 )

Equipment

Chapter 6

Acquiring the proper equipment to perform feline den￾tistry is one of the wisest investments a practitioner can

make. There is no other branch of small animal practice

wherein a relatively modest fi nancial investment can

provide such benefi t to the patient, client, and practice

(fi g. 6.1 ).

Choosing how much equipment, materials, and edu￾cation to obtain is an individual decision. If feline den￾tistry is only a small part of the practice, the veterinarian

may want to acquire only basic equipment and materi￾als. If advanced dentistry is the goal, additional instru￾ments, materials, and training are needed.

Education Tools

• Veterinary Dental Techniques, Holmstrom et al.,

Saunders, 1999

• Veterinary Dentistry: Principles and Practice, Wiggs

and Loprise, Lippincott, 1998

• Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and

Techniques, Bellows, Blackwell, 2004.

• An Atlas of Veterinary Dental Radiology, DeForge

and Colmery, Iowa State University Press, 1999

• Atlas of Canine & Feline Dental Radiography;

Mulligan, Aller, and Williams; Veterinary Learning

Systems; 1998

• An Introduction to Veterinary Dentistry; Johnston;

an interactive multimedia CD - ROM dental educa￾tion course comprised of six chapters, including

video clips; www.vetschools.ac.uk

• The Journal of Veterinary Dentistry

• Veterinary Dentistry, Harvey and Emily, Mosby,

1993

• The Practice of Veterinary Dentistry: A Team Effort,

Bellows, Iowa State University Press, 1999

• Atlas of Dental Radiography in Dogs and Cats,

DuPont and DeBowes, Saunders, 2009.

152

Figure 6.1 Four - station dental operatory, All Pets Dental, Weston, Florida

(Midmark manufacturing case work and dental stations).

a

b Figure 6.2 a. Leopold mouth gag (Cislak). b. Proper placement of mouth

gag between canines.

Figure 6.3 Magnifi cation and illumination telescopes (Perioptix).

Figure 6.4 Dental mirror.

a

b

Figure 6.5 a. Sterile instrument pouch. b. Sterile extraction pack.

Figure 6.6 Operator safety equipment.

Figure 6.7 Intraoral radiology.

153

154

Figure 6.8 Dental explorer (Cislak).

Figure 6.9 Periodontal probe (Cislak).

a

b

c

Figure 6.10 Dental teaching models: a. Henry Schein. b. Columbia Denti￾form. c. Shipp Laboratories.

155

a

b

Figure 6.11 a. Ultrasonic scaler (Midmark). b. Piezoelectric tips.

156

Figure 6.12 Low - speed polishing handpiece with disposable polishing tip.

a b c

Figure 6.13 Molt periosteal elevators: a. Peri EX - 9 small (Cislak). b Peri

EX - 9 Large (Cislak). c. Peri EX - 7 Large (Cislak).

Figure 6.14 Freer periostal elevator (Cislak).

Equipment 157

• Winged - tipped elevators (fi gs. 6.15 a,b,c,d,e)

• Extraction forceps (fi gs. 6.16 a,b)

• Caries curette (fi g. 6.17 )

• Root tip elevator (fi gs. 6.18 a,b)

• High - speed/low - speed delivery system (Ultima

Dental) (fi g. 6.19 a)

• High - speed, low - speed handpiece with contra angle

attachment (fi gs. 6.19 b,c)

• Assortment of burs: round, inverted, pear, fi ssure

(fi g. 6.20 )

• Home care products

Figure 6.15 a – d. Wing - tipped elevators (EXW1 - 4 Cislak). e. Short - handle, wing - tipped elevator set (Miltex).

a b c d

e

a

b Figure 6.16 a and b. Extraction forceps (Cislak).

Figure 6.17 Caries curette (Cislak).

a b

Figure 6.18 a and b. Root tip elevators (Cislak).

158

159

a

b

c

Figure 6.19 a. High - /low - speed delivery system (Ultima Dental). b. High -

speed handpiece. c. Low - speed handpiece with contra angle and polishing

attachment (circled) (Midmark manufacturing whip style).

Figure 6.20 Assorted high - speed burs.

160 Feline Dentistry

Endodontic Instruments and Materials

• K - fi les 21 mm long, width sizes 8 to 40

• 23 gauge and 27 gauge blunted endodontic needles

• Sodium hypochlorite solution

• Root canal conditioner, fi le lubricant

• Mixing slab and spatula

• Paper points: 30 mm long, various widths

• Gutta percha

• Spreaders: small

• Pluggers: small

• Zinc oxide – eugenol or non - eugenol endodontic

canal sealer (Sealapex - Kerr)

• Calcium hydroxide powder and paste

• College tipped pliers

• Etching gel

• Bonding resin and brush

• Composite restorative

• Plastic matrix strips

• Curing light

Orthodontic Instruments and Materials

• Orthodontic buttons

• Bracket cement

• Elastics — Masel chain

Power Scaling

Professional calculus and plaque removal (scaling) is

performed by using hand instruments or scalers powered

by electricity, compressed air, or gas while the cat is

anesthetized. Powered scalers increase the speed and

effi ciency of teeth cleaning.

There are three types of power - driven scalers: sonic,

ultrasonic, and rotary. Because of the potential for iatro￾genic damage to the gingiva, dental hard tissues and the

pulp, techniques for rotary scaling are not discussed in

this text.

Sonic Scaler

The sonic (subsonic) scaler is attached to the high - speed

outlet of an air - or gas - driven delivery system. Sonic

scalers have a wide amplitude (0.5 mm) compared to

ultrasonic scalers (0.01 – 0.05 mm). This wider amplitude

may result in greater cementum removal when the scaler

is used subgingivally compared to the ultrasonic scaler

equipped with a periodontal tip for subgingival use.

Additionally, sonic scaler tips vibrate at low frequencies

ranging between 3,000 – 9,000 CPS (ultrasonic 20,000 –

50,000 CPS). The lower frequency is best used to

remove plaque and fresh calculus. Most cats requiring

scaling present with chronic calculus and plaque

accumulation.

The sonic scaler unit requires continuous air pressure

of 40 psi. A relatively large compressor ( > 1 hp) is needed

for power. If the delivery system is oxygen - , nitrogen -

or carbon dioxide – driven, use of sonic scalers can

consume large volumes of gas, which might not be

fi nancially feasible. Daily lubrication is necessary for

maintenance.

Ultrasonic Scaler

Ultrasonic scalers are classifi ed as magnetostrictive or

piezoelectric. Magnetostrictive units use ferromagnetic

stacks or ferrite rods to produce tip vibration. Ferromag￾netic stacks are strips of laminated nickel attached with

solder. When the operator wants to remove plaque and

calculus from above the gingiva, the standard P - 10 or

beavertail insert is selected. When subgingival use is

planned, magnetostrictive thin, long subgingival After -

Five (Hu - Friedy) and SLI Slimline (Dentsply Cavitron)

inserts can be used safely.

When an alternating electrical current is supplied to a

wire coil in the magnetostrictive handpiece, a magnetic

fi eld is created around the stack or rod transducer,

causing the tip to constrict and relax. This vibration

energizes the water as it passes over the tip, producing

a scouring effect to remove plaque, calculus, and stains.

Bubbles are created which implode, affecting bacterial

cell walls in the gingival sulcus. The water mist also

cools the tip and irrigates debris.

A piezoelectric scaler is activated by dimensional

changes in crystals housed within the handpiece as elec￾tricity is passed over the surface of the crystals. The

resultant vibration produces tip movement (fi g. 6.21 ).

When choosing an ultrasonic scaler, frequency, tip

motion, and potential iatrogenic injury must be consid￾ered. Magnetostrictive advocates claim elliptical tip

motion is most effective because it generates pathogen -

destroying cavitation bubbles 360 degrees around the

tip. In contrast, the piezo design creates bubbles only at

the two ends of the back - and - forth cycle. The sonic

scaler does not produce cavitation bubbles.

Frequency

Frequency is the number of times the scaler tip vibrates

each second. A variety of frequencies are available

within the three types of ultrasonic technologies. The

higher frequencies (above 40,000 CPS) may provide

greater effi ciency.

Ultrasonic scaling units are also available in manual -

tuning or auto - tuning models. Some researchers feel that

Equipment 161

compares the tip in use with an original. A loss of one

millimeter of the tip equals a 25% loss of effi ciency. A

two millimeter loss of the tip equals a 50% loss in effi -

ciency and the tip should be replaced.

The magnetostrictive types of ultrasonic tips are

changed with a pull - out/push - in action. O - rings are

used in the handpiece and on the instrument to provide

a tight fi t and a seal to prevent water leakage.

Piezocelectric scalers require a wrench to unscrew one

tip and to replace it with another.

Magnetostrictive inserts and piezoelectric tips should

be cleaned and sterilized after each use. To clean, rinse

thoroughly or immerse in an ultrasonic instrument -

cleaning unit for 20 minutes. After removal, rinse the

inserts with tap water and dry before packaging and

sterilizing in a steam autoclave or gas sterilizer.

Virtually all brands of magnetostrictive inserts of the

same frequencies are interchangeable. Most 30 kHz units

will operate only with 30 kHz inserts (a 25 kHz insert

will not fi t into the handle). Most piezoelectric scalers

use tips designed specifi cally for each brand of scaler,

which creates a problem if the manufacturer goes out of

business.

Power Scaling Technique

Follow these steps for the sonic/ultrasonic technique:

1. Hold the handpiece lightly in a modifi ed pen grasp;

i.e., the scaler is held in the dominant hand

with the pads of the index fi nger and thumb oppo￾site to each other on the handle closest to the

working end. The thumb and index fi nger are not

touching, thereby creating a tripod effect with

the middle fi nger placed along the shank of the

instrument. This tripod effect balances the instru￾ment in the operator ’ s hand to provide stability and

control by keeping the index fi nger and thumb

separated.

2. The ultrasonic instrument should be grasped

lightly, not tightly. It should feel balanced in the

hand, with minimal pull from the handpiece cord.

The handpiece, not the hands, must be allowed to

do the work. The handpiece is balanced on the

index or middle fi nger. A modifi ed pen grasp is not

as important in holding the ultrasonic or sonic

scaler as it is with hand instruments. To decrease

stress on the hand from the pull on the handpiece

cord, the cord may be looped over the little fi nger

(fi g. 6.22 ) .

3. Use eye, ear, and respiratory protection.

4. Hold the fulcrum or fi nger rest at a distance further

from the tooth than with hand instruments, because

the tips do not have cutting edges.

Figure 6.21 Piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler.

better cavitation is achieved at low power settings if the

scaler is slightly mistuned. Because auto - tuned scalers

perfectly tune to the insert ’ s frequency, a manually

tuned scaler would be preferred.

Tip Activity and Surfaces

The activity of piezoelectric scalers is limited to the last

3 mm of the tip. Magnetostrictive metal stack tips are

active at the last 4 mm of tip; the magnetostrictive ferrite

rod scaler is active a full 12 mm of the tip.

The most powerful surfaces of the magnetostrictive

stack scaler tip are the underside and the top; the lateral

sides are the least active. To prevent trauma to the tooth

surface, only the lateral sides should be used against the

tooth or within the gingival sulcus. The ferroceramic

(ferrite) rod tip is equally active on all sides.

Tip Replacement

Tip wear is critical to the effi ciency of the scaling proce￾dure. Tip wear can be evaluated using a chart which

162 Feline Dentistry

Figure 6.22 Proper fi nger position.

Figure 6.23 Adjusted mist for ultrasonic scaling.

High/Low Speed Delivery Systems

Compressed air or gas can be used to power handpieces

for polishing, tooth sectioning, endodontics, restoration,

and oral surgery. The advantages over motorized

systems lie in the capability of precise cutting at higher

speed, and water cooling to prevent thermal damage to

the pulp and surrounding bone.

The compressor provides pressurized air for the air -

water syringe and handpieces. Compressor size is

important. The required capacity of the compressor is

related to the number of operatories and handpieces

used at the same time in the practice. The compressor

must be large enough to maintain pressure of 30 – 40 psi

at a fl ow rate of 3 cubic feet per minute. When the com￾pressor is too small, it will run almost continuously

during use and may overheat. If a sonic scaler or more

than one station is used, a minimum of a 1 hp compres￾sor is recommended.

Compressors are either air - or oil - cooled. Air - cooling

reduces the amount of contaminants (oil) in the line, but

can be noisier and usually more expensive than oil -

cooling. Modifi ed refrigerator oil – cooled compressors

( “ silent ” compressors) are commonly used in smaller

5. Adjust water spray to deliver a steady drip with a

small mist halo (fi g. 6.23 ) .

6. Apply light pressure to the tip working in a coro￾nal - to - apical direction. The sound waves should do

most of the work. Effi ciency decreases with

increased pressure.

7. Pass the side of the working end over calculus and

plaque in short, light vertical strokes. The scaler

should not be used on a single tooth for too long to

avoid iatrogenic damage. Heavy lateral pressure

should be avoided.

8. Keep the lateral surface working end in constant

motion. Leaving it in one place too long increases

the amount of tooth material removed and can

cause thermal damage to the pulp. Never hold the

tip perpendicular to the surface of the tooth. This

will either etch or groove the surface.

9. Specially designed subgingival periodontal tips

may be used subgingivally. To avoid iatrogenic

injury, decrease the power with subgingival use.

10. After ultrasonic tooth cleaning is completed, use air

from the air/water syringe to gently blow the gin￾gival margin away from the tooth and examine the

tooth surface for missed calculus.

Equipment 163

self - contained delivery systems. Unfortunately, when

using an oil - cooled compressor, small particles of oil

become mixed with the compressed air, which might

contaminate tooth surfaces, interfering with

restoration.

Compressors for dental delivery systems are attached

either to the unit (self - contained) or located remotely

in a nearby cabinet, closet, attic or outside the clinic.

The advantages of remote compressors include the

following:

• Less noise occurs in the operatory.

• Multiple stations may be attached to one

compressor.

• Less storage is required in the immediate operatory

area.

The storage or air tank holds air compressed by the

compressor. This stored air is used to power the dental

handpieces and air/water syringe. Air tanks come in

many sizes. The larger the tank size, the less “ work ” the

compressor needs to do. Pressure inside the air storage

tank varies by manufacturer between 80 – 120 psi. When

maintenance pressure is reached, the compressor turns

off. When the tank pressure drops below 60 psi, the

compressor turns on to refi ll the tank with compressed

air.

The assembly delivery system (control panel) contains

the air/water supply syringe, tubing for the handpieces,

pressure gauge(s), switches for turning water on and off,

needle valve to adjust water fl ow and a switch to change

from the high - to low - speed handpiece. The control

panel may be part of a cart or mounted on the dental

table (fi gs. 6.24 a,b).

The foot pedal starts and stops the system and in some

units controls handpiece speed.

Nitrogen - Powered Delivery Systems

Some delivery systems use nitrogen to power hand￾pieces. Nitrogen, an inert gas, can provide clean, oil - free

power, which may extend the handpiece life. Because

power is directly delivered from gas cylinders, compres￾sors and air storage tanks are not necessary. There is no

electrical requirement and no compressor noise. Addi￾tionally, nitrogen - driven delivery systems require less

maintenance than air - driven units. The typical cost of

nitrogen is less than US$1.50 per procedure. Nitrogen is

not recommended to power air - driven sonic scalers

because of the large volume of gas needed (fi gs. 6.25 a,b).

A three - way air/water syringe is part of the delivery

system. The syringe produces a stream of air, water or

a spray, for rinsing debris from the teeth and drying as

needed during dental procedures (fi g. 6.26 ).

Dental handpieces are precision - built mechanical

devices designed for use with rotary instruments, such

as burs, stones, wheels, and discs. Handpieces can be

classifi ed according to the revolutions per minute (RPM)

or speed at which they operate. Handpieces that run

under 100,000 RPM are classifi ed as slow speeds. Models

running at 20,000 – 100,000 RPM are classifi ed as slow -

speed type II mid speed. Low speed is a subcategory of

slow speed. The handpieces commonly used in veteri￾nary medicine run less than 20,000 RPM and are classi￾fi ed as slow - speed type III low speeds.

The (s)low - speed (straight) handpiece commonly

used in veterinary dentistry:

• Rotates at 5,000 – 20,000 RPM

• Contains forward and reverse controls

• Operates with high torque

a

b

Figure 6.24 a. Control panel, air/water syringe, handpieces, and ultrasonic

scaler (Midmark). b. Nitair II (CBi).