Tài liệu Fear and Loathing in World Football docx

Fear and Loathing in

World Football

Gary Armstrong

Richard Giulianotti

BERG

Fear and Loathing in World Football

Global Sport Cultures

Eds. Gary Armstrong, Brunel University, Richard Giulianotti, University of Aberdeen,

and David Andrews, The University of Memphis

From the Olympics and the World Cup to eXtreme sports and kabbadi, the social

significance of sport at both global and local levels has become increasingly clear in

recent years. The contested nature of identity is widely addressed in the social sciences,

but sport as a particularly revealing site of such contestation, in both industrializing

and post-industrial nations, has been less fruitfully explored. Further, sport and sporting

corporations are increasingly powerful players in the world economy. Sport is now

central to the social and technological development of mass media, notably in

telecommunications and digital television. It is also a crucial medium through which

specific populations and political elites communicate and interact with each other on

a global stage.

Berg Publishers are pleased to announce a new book series that will examine and

evaluate the role of sport in the contemporary world. Truly global in scope, the series

seeks to adopt a grounded, constructively critical stance towards prior work within

sport studies and to answer such questions as:

• How are sports experienced and practiced at the everyday level within local settings?

• How do specific cultures construct and negotiate forms of social stratification (such

as gender, class, ethnicity) within sporting contexts?

• What is the impact of mediation and corporate globalization upon local sports

cultures?

Determinedly interdisciplinary, the series will nevertheless privilege anthropological,

historical and sociological approaches, but will consider submissions from cultural

studies, economics, geography, human kinetics, international relations, law, philosophy

and political science. The series is particularly committed to research that draws upon

primary source materials or ethnographic fieldwork.

Fear and Loathing in

World Football

Edited by

Gary Armstrong and Richard Giulianotti

GLOBAL SPORT CULTURES

Oxford • New York

First published in 2001 by

Berg

Editorial Offices:

150 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JJ, UK

838 Broadway, Third Floor, New York, NY 1003-4812 USA

© Gary Amstrong and Richard Giulianotti 2001

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means

without the written permission of Berg.

Berg is the imprint of Oxford International Publishers Ltd.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

British Library Cataloguing-in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 1 85973 458 8 (Cloth)

ISBN 1 85973 463 4 (Paper)

Typeset by JS Typesetting, Wellingborough, Northants.

Printed in the United Kingdom by Biddles Ltd, Kings Lynn.

Contents

Acknowledgements ix

Notes on the Contributors xi

Introduction Fear and Loathing: Introducing Global Football

Oppositions 1

Gary Armstrong and Richard Giulianotti

Part I The Break-Up of Britain: Power

and Defiance in Football

1 Can’t Live With Them. Can’t Live Without Them:

Reflections on Manchester United

Carlton Brick 9

2 Cruel Britannia? Glasgow Rangers, Scotland and

‘Hot’ Football Rivalries

Richard Giulianotti and Michael Gerrard 23

3 Real and Imagined: Reflections on Football Rivalry

in Northern Ireland

Alan Bairner and Peter Shirlow 43

4 The Lion Roars: Myth, Identity and Millwall

Fandom

Garry Robson 61

Part II Fighting for Causes: Core

Identities and Football Oppositions

5 ‘Those Bloody Croatians’: Croatian Soccer Teams,

Ethnicity and Violence in Australia, 1950–99

Roy Hay 77

6 Football, Ethnicity and Identity in Mauritius: Soccer

in a Rainbow Nation

Tim Edensor and Frederic Augustin 91

v

7 ‘Team Loyalty Splits the City into Two’: Football,

Ethnicity and Rivalry in Calcutta

Paul Dimeo 105

8 Basque Football Rivalries in the Twentieth Century

John Walton 119

Part III Fragmentary Nationality: Civic

Identities and Football Oppositions

9 Players, Patrons and Politicians: Oppositional

Cultures in Maltese Football

Gary Armstrong and Jon P. Mitchell 137

10 Viking and Farmer Armies: The Stavanger-Bryne

Norwegian Football Rivalry

Hans Hognestad 159

11 Competition and Cooperation: Football Rivalries

in Yemen

Thomas B. Stevenson and Abdul Karim Alaug 173

12 ‘The Colours Make Me Sick’: America FC and

Upward Mobility in Mexico

Roger Magazine 187

13 Three Confrontations and a Coda: Juventus of

Turin and Italy

Patrick Hazard and David Gould 199

Part IV The Others Abroad: Modernity

and Identity in Club Rivalries

14 Olympic Mvolyé: The Cameroonian Team that

Could Not Win

Bea Vidacs 223

15 Treacheries and Traditions in Argentinian Football

Styles: The Story of Estudiantes de La Plata

Pablo Alabarces, Ramiro Coelho and Juan Sanguinetti 237

16 Ferencváros, Hungary and the European Champions

League: The Symbolic Construction of Marginality

and Exclusion

János Bali 251

Contents

vi

7 ‘Team Loyalty Splits the City into Two’: Football,

Ethnicity and Rivalry in Calcutta

Paul Dimeo 105

8 Basque Football Rivalries in the Twentieth Century

John Walton 119

Part III Fragmentary Nationality: Civic

Identities and Football Oppositions

9 Players, Patrons and Politicians: Oppositional

Cultures in Maltese Football

Gary Armstrong and Jon P. Mitchell 137

10 Viking and Farmer Armies: The Stavanger-Bryne

Norwegian Football Rivalry

Hans Hognestad 159

11 Competition and Cooperation: Football Rivalries

in Yemen

Thomas B. Stevenson and Abdul Karim Alaug 173

12 ‘The Colours Make Me Sick’: America FC and

Upward Mobility in Mexico

Roger Magazine 187

13 Three Confrontations and a Coda: Juventus of

Turin and Italy

Patrick Hazard and David Gould 199

Part IV The Others Abroad: Modernity

and Identity in Club Rivalries

14 Olympic Mvolyé: The Cameroonian Team that

Could Not Win

Bea Vidacs 223

15 Treacheries and Traditions in Argentinian Football

Styles: The Story of Estudiantes de La Plata

Pablo Alabarces, Ramiro Coelho and Juan Sanguinetti 237

16 Ferencváros, Hungary and the European Champions

League: The Symbolic Construction of Marginality

and Exclusion

János Bali 251

Contents

vi

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Acknowledgements

Invaluable assistance in the completion of this book has been provided by the

following people to whom we are greatly indebted: Gerry Finn, Andrew Blakie,

Tony Mangan, Eduardo Archetti, Matti Goksoyr, Rosemary Harris and David

Russell. Sincere thanks for their secretarial skills are due to Sally Scott, Alison

Moir and Karen Kinnaird. For a meticulous proof reading we thank Keith

Povey. Our thanks are especially due to those who commissioned and assisted

in the production of this work at Berg publishing, particularly Kathryn Earle,

Katie Joice, Sara Everett, and Paul Millicheap. Last but not least we thank

our partners Hani Armstrong and Donna McGilvray for their patience and

support throughout the duration of this work.

ix

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Notes on Contributors

Pablo Alabarces is Professor and Researcher at the University of Buernos Aires,

Argentina. He is co-author of Cuestión de Pelotas (1996) and editor of Deporte

y Sociedad (1998) and Peligro de Gol (2000). He is coordinating a working

group of Latin American social scientists on sport and society.

Abdul Karim Alaug, a long-time al-Fatuah member and supporter, holds an

M.A. in anthropology from Brown University. His thesis focused on the

acculturation of Yemeni immigrants in Detroit, Michigan. He is completing

Women’s Organization in the Republic of Yemen for the doctoral degree in

Women in Development at Tilburg University (Netherlands). He is on the

faculty of the Empirical Research and Women’s Studies Center, Sana’a

University.

Gary Armstrong lectures in the Department of Sport Sciences at Brunel

University, England. He has written Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score

(1998), Blade Runners: Lives in Football (1998), and has co-edited (with

Richard Giulianotti) Entering The Field: New Perspectives on World Football

(1997) and Football Cultures and Identities (1999).

Frederic Augustin is a social worker and a former social science student at

the University of Mauritius.

Alan Bairner is a Professor in Sports Studies at the University of Ulster at

Jordanstown. He has written widely on sport, politics and society. He is co￾author of Sport, Sectarianism and Society in a Divided Ireland (1993), and

joint editor of Sport in Divided Societies (1997). His latest book is titled Sport,

Nationalism and Globalization: European and North American Perspectives

(2000). He follows the fortunes of Cliftonville FC.

Janos Bali lectures in Ethnological Studies at Budapest University, in the

Department of Ethnography and Cultural Anthropology. He is particularly

interested in the role that sport, and particularly football, plays in the symbolic

construction of national identity. His other interests are Middle-East and

European Peasantry and the transition from the traditional peasant economy

xi

into profit-orientated repoduction. He is currently working on his thesis titled,

‘From Peasants into Agrarian Enterpreneurs: An Economic Anthropological

Case Study in a North-Hungarian Raspberry-Producing Village’.

Carlton Brick is currently completing his doctorate on the discursive politics

of contemporary football fandom at the University of Surrey, Roehampton.

He has published widely on such issues as commodification and regulation

within football. He is also a founding member of the football supporters civil

rights campaign, Libero and is editor of the football fanzine, Offence. He

currently lives in East London and, of course, supports Manchester United.

Ramiro Coelho is a research assistant at the University of Buenos Aires. He is

currently undertaking an ethnographic study of the ‘barras bravas’ fandom

phonomena in Buenos Aires football. Graduating in Communication Studies

he subsequently worked in adult education.

Paul Dimeo lectures in Sport Studies at University College, Northampton.

His doctoral research at the University of Strathclyde explored questions of

racism, identity and ethnicity in Scottish football. Since then he has been

researching various aspects of football in South Asia. He is currently co-editing

(with Jim Mills) a special issue of the journal, Soccer and Society, to be published

in 2001, also to be published as a book entitled, Soccer and South Asia: Empire,

Nation, Diaspora.

Tim Edensor lectures in Cultural Studies at Staffordshire University. He has

written Tourists at the Taj (1998). Recent work includes articles on walking in

the countryside and in the city, and an edited book, Reclaiming Stoke-on-Trent:

Leisure, Space and Identity in the Potteries (2000). He is currently working on

a book titled National Identities and Popular Culture.

Mike Gerrard is a teaching assistant in the Department of Sociology at the

University of Aberdeen, Scotland. As an undergraduate and postgraduate

student he was based in the Department of Cultural History at the University

of Aberdeen. His doctorate which was completed and awarded in 1998

examined religious movements.

Richard Giulianotti is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of

Aberdeen. He is author of Football: A Sociology of the Global Game (1999),

and co-editor of several books with Gary Armstrong including Entering the

Field. New Perspectives in World Football (1997), and Football Cultures and

Identities (1999). He is currently working on a monograph on sport, and a

collection on football in Africa.

Notes on Contributors

xii

David Gould is a doctoral candidate in the Department of History at the

University of Reading. His work is concerned with the nature of the relation￾ship between organized sport and the Fascist government during Mussolini’s

period of rule in Italy. Several research trips to Italy have enabled him to

follow present-day Italian football.

Roy Hay teaches sports history at Deakin University in Victoria, Australia.

He is the author of books on social policy and has written articles on the

social history of soccer. He is currently working with Dr Bill Murray on a

history of Australian soccer. He is President of the Australian Society for Sports

History and of the Victorian branch of the Australian Soccer Media

Association.

Patrick Hazard, a graduate of social anthropology at University College

London, is conducting postgraduate research into migrant identities in Turin,

Italy.

Hans Hognestad is an anthropologist who conducted ethnographic field work

with the supporters of Heart of Midlothian FC between 1992 and 1995. He

spent three years subsequently working for UNESCO as a cultural attaché.

He currently works as a lecturer at the Norwegian University for Physical

Education and Sport.

Roger Magazine is Professor of Anthropology in the Department of Social

and Political Sciences at the Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico City,

Mexico. A former Fulbright scholar, he received his doctorate in anthropology

from Johns Hopkins University, USA in 1999. His dissertation was entitled

Stateless Contexts: Street Children and Soccer Fans in Mexico City.

Jon P. Mitchell trained in Social Anthropology at Sussex and Edinburgh

Universities and since 1997 has been lecturer in Social Anthropology in the

School of Cultural and Community Studies, University of Sussex. His doctoral

research was based in Malta, and covered issues of national and local identity,

ritual and religion, history, memory and the public sphere. Since then he has

published on issues as diverse as football, tourism and masculinity. He jointly

edited (with Paul Clough, University of Malta) Powers of Good and Evil:

Commodity, Morality and Popular Belief (2000), which explores the relationship

between economic and religious change. His monograph Ambivalent

Europeans: Ritual, Memory and the Public Sphere will be published in summer

2001.

Notes on Contributors

xiii

Garry Robson is a research fellow in the Department of Sociology and

Anthropology at the University of East London. He received his PhD in

sociology from Goldsmiths College, University of London, in 1998. He is

the author of No One Likes Us, We Don’t Care: The Myth and Reality of Millwall

Fandom (2000). He is currently working on a book on middle-class gentri￾fication and the future of London.

Juan Sanguinetti is a research assistant at the University of Buenos Aires.

Graduating in Communications , subsequent post–graduate research examined

the nature of social assistance in poor neighbourhoods in Buenos Aires. His

current employment involves ethnographic research into the ‘barras bravas’

of the Buenos Aires football clubs .

Peter Shirlow is a Senior Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of

Ulster at Coleraine. His work on the political economy of Ireland has been

published in the journals; Antipode, Capital and Class, Political Geography,

Space and Polity, Area and Recluse. He is editor of Development Ireland (1995)

and Who Are the ‘People’? (1997). He follows the fortunes of Linfield FC.

Thomas B. Stevenson holds a PhD in anthropology from Wayne State

University. He first went to Yemen in 1978 and has completed five fieldwork

projects, the latest in 1998. The author of Social Change in a Yemeni Highlands

Town (1985) and Studies on Yemen: 1975–1990 (1994), he has published on

sports, migration and family. He teaches at Ohio University’s regional

university and is an honorary member of al-Sha’b Ibb.

Bea Vidacs will complete her PhD in Anthropology at the CUNY Graduate

Center in summer 2001. She carried out nineteen months of field research in

Cameroon on the social and political significance of football; her research

addresses both the issues of construction of national and ethnic identities

and sport’s role in legitimizing or challenging these conditions as they manifest

themselves in the lives of Cameroonian football people.

John K. Walton is Professor of Social History at the University of Central

Lancashire, Preston, UK. His interest in Basque football has grown out of an

initial project on tourism and identities in San Sebastian and the Basque

Country. He has also worked on, among other things; Lancashire, the social

history of fish and chips and English seaside resorts, especially Blackpool.

His most recent books are Blackpool, (1998), and The British Seaside: Holidays

and Resorts in the Twentieth Century (2000).

Notes on Contributors

xiv