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Cabling

The Complete Guide to

Copper and Fiber-Optic

Networking

Fourth Edition

77076ffirs.indd 1 6/11/09 9:11:08 AM

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Cabling

The Complete Guide to

Copper and Fiber-Optic

Networking

Fourth Edition

Andrew Oliviero

Bill Woodward

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Acquisitions Editor: Agatha Kim

Development Editor: Stef Jones

Technical Editors: Charlie Husson, Paul Neveux

Production Editor: Elizabeth Campbell

Copy Editor: Liz Welch

Production Manager: Tim Tate

Vice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard Swadley

Vice President and Publisher: Neil Edde

Book Designers: Maureen Forys and Judy Fung

Compositor: Craig W. Johnson, Happenstance Type-O-Rama

Proofreader: Josh Chase, WordOne

Indexer: Nancy Guenther

Cover Designer and Illustrator: Richard Miller, Calyx Design

Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-0-470-47707-6

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechan￾ical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,

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fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accu￾racy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness

for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained

herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal,

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Oliviero, Andrew, 1966-

Cabling : the complete guide to copper and fiber-optic networking / Andrew Oliviero, Bill Woodward. — 4th ed.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-470-47707-6 (pbk.)

1. Telecommunication cables. 2. Copper wire. 3. Fiber optic cables. 4. Computer networks. I. Woodward, Bill. II. Title.

TK5103.15.O43 2009

621.382’3—dc22

2009016551

TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its

affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property

of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

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Dear Reader

Thank you for choosing Cabling: The Complete Guide to Copper and Fiber-Optic Networking, Fourth

Edition. This book is part of a family of premium quality Sybex books, all written by outstanding

authors who combine practical experience with a gift for teaching.

Sybex was founded in 1976. More than thirty years later, we’re still committed to producing con￾sistently exceptional books. With each of our titles we’re working hard to set a new standard for

the industry. From the paper we print on, to the authors we work with, our goal is to bring you the

best books available.

I hope you see all that reflected in these pages. I’d be very interested to hear your comments

and get your feedback on how we’re doing. Feel free to let me know what you think about this

or any other Sybex book by sending me an email at [email protected]. Or, if you think you’ve

found a technical error in this book, please visit http://sybex.custhelp.com. Customer feed￾back is critical to our efforts at Sybex.

Best regards,

Neil Edde

Vice President and Publisher

Sybex, an Imprint of Wiley

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In loving memory of my brother Maurice. I miss you.

And to my parents, Mario and Colomba, and my

brother Dominick. Thank you for all of your support,

encouragement and great memories throughout the

years. Although we are miles apart, you are with me

every step of the way.

—AO

To Marc K. Boustany, Biswa Bhattacharyya,

Matthew M. Tignor, and Nasrollah Fatehi for

making this project possible!

—BW

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Acknowledgments

First, I would like to thank David Barnett, David Groth, and Jim McBee, the authors of the last

edition of Cabling—The Complete Guide to Network Wiring. They provided a strong foundation

for this new edition. Thank you to the staff at John Wiley & Sons and Sybex for the opportunity

to work on this book. Specifically, I would like to thank Agatha Kim, Pete Gaughan, Stef Jones,

and Elizabeth Campbell for their support and patience. I thank our technical editor, Paul Neveux

of Superior Essex, for doing an excellent job on the editing process and making this book well bal￾anced. Thanks to Bill Woodward for helpful discussions before embarking on this work. Applause

goes to Herb Congdon of Tyco-AMP, and chair of TIA’s TR-42 committee, in managing the suc￾cessful revision leading to the ANSI/TIA-568-C series standard. I think anyone involved with

the revision of this standard would agree. I also thank John Kamino and Andy Ingles of OFS for

providing some of the figures used in Part 1. I would like to thank my employer OFS for their

support and encouragement on this project; specifically, my manager Pete Roberts. And finally,

thanks to all of my friends for their unfailing loyalty and interest in this project.

—Andrew Oliviero

Writing a book is a team effort that takes a dedicated group of professionals. I am very fortunate

to have been able to work with this team of talented and dedicated individuals.

First, I would like to especially thank Sybex for giving me the opportunity to write this

book. Special thanks to Acquisitions Editor Agatha Kim, Production Editor Elizabeth Campbell,

Developmental Editor Stef Jones, Editorial Manager Pete Gaughan, and Connor O’Brien and

Jenni Housh of the Editorial department for the outstanding job you did guiding me through

this project from start to finish.

Thanks to Chuck Schue, Randy Hall, Jim Moore, and Pat McGillvray at UrsaNav, Inc. for all

your support with this project.

Thanks, Charlie Husson, for the outstanding job with the technical edits. You are an excep￾tional engineer, great mentor, and friend. I have learned so much from you over the years and

look forward to working with you on future projects.

Many companies also provided technical information, equipment, and photographs. Special

thanks to Donald Stone from KITCO Fiber Optics, Harvey Stone and Mike Jones from MicroCare,

Mark Messer from Carlisle Interconnect Technologies, Manish Sharma from Corning Optical

Fiber, Ryan Spillane from Corning Cable Systems, Bob Scharf from Protokraft, Mark Roehm from

Amphenol Fiber Systems International, Chris Pegge from Stran Technologies, Scott Kale from

Norfolk Wire, Christine Pons from OptiConcepts, and Dave Edwards from W.R. Systems.

Dick Glass has been a friend, mentor, and co-worker for many years; he has spent many

hours guiding me through various writing projects. I feel very blessed to have met Dick and

greatly appreciate his guidance over the years and assistance with this project.

Thanks to the host of people behind the scenes who I did not mention for all your efforts to

make this book the best that it can be.

Last but not least, thank you to my family—to the love of my life, my beautiful wife Susan,

for making this possible; and to my children, Mike, Brandon, Eric, Nathan, and Kathryn, for

your patience, inspiration, encouragement, and prayers. I am the luckiest man alive to have all of

you in my life.

—Bill Woodward

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About the Authors

Andrew Oliviero is Senior Product Manager of optical fiber products at OFS (formerly Lucent

Technologies), a supplier of optical fiber, cable apparatus and specialty products. He is respon￾sible for developing global product strategies for the Enterprise, FTTX, Metro, Long Haul, and

Submarine markets. Andrew is presently focused on new product development for single-mode

fiber and is leading OFS’s product development teams in developing advanced bend-insensitive

single-mode fiber for Central Office and FTTX applications

Andrew began his career in Research and Development and has worked in single-mode

and multimode optical fiber Product Management, Research & Development, Engineering

and Manufacturing Operations for the last fourteen years with OFS, Lucent Technologies, and

SpecTran Corp.

Andrew has presented world-wide at a variety of seminars, conferences and symposiums and

is involved in the development of optical fiber and cabling architecture standards in TIA, IEC, ISO

and IEEE. He is an active member of TIA’s TR-42 committee where he was involved in the develop￾ment of the ANSI/TIA-568-C standard, 10Gbps Multimode fiber specifications and measurement

processes. He has held the Chair position of TIA’s Fiber Optic LAN Section in 2007.

Andrew holds a B.S.E and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from University of Pennsylvania

and University of Massachusetts.

Bill Woodward is a principal electrical engineer with UrsaNav, Inc. an engineering services

company. Bill has been teaching fiber optics and other technical courses since 1992. He has more

than 25 years of experience in the operation, maintenance, troubleshooting and repair of elec￾tronic and electrical systems.

Bill is licensed in the Commonwealth of Virginia as a professional electrical engineer.

He is a member of SAE International and serves on three committees within the Aerospace

Avionic Systems Division. He is vice-chairman of the AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics

Committee, co-chairman of the AS-3B Fiber Optic Supportability Subcommittee, and chairman

of the AS-3B2 Education and Design Working Group. He recently received SAE International’s

Technical Standards Board Outstanding Contribution Award. He is also a member of the

Electronics Technicians Association (ETA) International; he has served three tours as chairman

of the ETA and currently chairs the Fiber Optic Committee.

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Contents at a Glance

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii

Part I • LAN Networks and Cabling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1  •  Introduction to Data Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 2  •  Cabling Specifications and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Chapter 3  •  Choosing the Correct Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Chapter 4  •  Cable System and Infrastructure Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Chapter 5  •  Cabling System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Chapter 6  •  Tools of the Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Chapter 7  •  Copper Cable Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Chapter 8  •  Fiber-Optic Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Chapter 9  •  Wall Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Chapter 10  •  Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Chapter 11  •  Network Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Chapter 12  •  Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Chapter 13  •  Cabling System Design and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Chapter 14  •  Cable Connector Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Chapter 15  •  Cable System Testing and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Chapter 16  •  Creating a Request for Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

Chapter 17  •  Cabling @ Work: Experience from the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

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x | Contents at a Glance

Part II • Fiber-Optic Cabling and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Chapter 18  •  History of Fiber Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Chapter 19  •  Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

Chapter 20  •  Basic Principles of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Chapter 21  •  Optical Fiber Construction and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Chapter 22  •  Optical Fiber Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Chapter 23  •  Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Chapter 24  •  Fiber-Optic Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

Chapter 25  •  Splicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Chapter 26  •  Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

Chapter 27  •  Fiber-Optic Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Chapter 28  •  Fiber-Optic Detectors and Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

Chapter 29  •  Passive Components and Multiplexers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

Chapter 30  •  Passive Optical Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

Chapter 31  •  Cable Installation and Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

Chapter 32  •  Fiber-Optic System Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

Chapter 33  •  Test Equipment and Link/Cable Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

Chapter 34  •  Troubleshooting and Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871

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Contents at a Glance | xi

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

Appendix A  •  The Bottom Line Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899

Appendix B  •  Cabling Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951

Appendix C  •  Registered Communications Distribution Designer (RCDD)

Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957

Appendix D  •  Home Cabling: Wiring Your Home for Now and the Future . . . . . . 963

Appendix E  •  Overview of IEEE 1394 and USB Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

Appendix F  •  The Electronics Technicians Association, International (ETA)

Certifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057

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Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii

Part I • LAN Networks and Cabling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1  •  Introduction to Data Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The Golden Rules of Data Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The Importance of Reliable Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The Cost of Poor Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Is the Cabling to Blame? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby: The Legacy of Proprietary Cabling Systems . . . . . . . . 6

Proprietary Cabling Is a Thing of the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

The Need for a Comprehensive Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Cabling and the Need for Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Types of Communications Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Cable Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Plenum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Riser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

General Purpose ......................................................... 24

Limited Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Cable Jackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Wire Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Twists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Wire Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Solid Conductors vs. Stranded Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Cable Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Cable Length vs. Conductor Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Data Communications 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Bandwidth, Frequency, and Data Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

What a Difference a dB Makes! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Speed Bumps: What Slows Down Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Hindrances to High-Speed Data Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Attenuation (Loss of Signal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Noise (Signal Interference) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Types of Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) ............................................... 47

Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Equal-Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Pair-to-Pair Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Power-Sum Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Alien Crosstalk (AXT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

External Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

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