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BIOMASS NOW –

CULTIVATION AND

UTILIZATION

Edited by Miodrag Darko Matovic

Biomass Now – Cultivation and Utilization

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3437

Edited by Miodrag Darko Matovic

Contributors

Edmilson José Ambrosano, Heitor Cantarella, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Eliana Aparecida

Schammas, Fábio Luis Ferreira Dias, Fabrício Rossi, Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin, Takashi

Muraoka, Raquel Castellucci Caruso Sachs, Rozario Azcón, Juliana Rolim Salomé Teramoto, Jian

Yu, Michael Porter, Matt Jaremko, Viktor J. Bruckman, Shuai Yan, Eduard Hochbichler, Gerhard

Glatzel, Qingwu Xue, Guojie Wang, Paul E. Nyren, Miled El Hajji, Alain Rapaport, Jude Liu, Robert

Grisso, John Cundiff, Pengkang Jin, Xin Jin, Xianbao Wang, Yongning Feng, Xiaochang C. Wang,

Alessandra Trinchera, Carlos Mario Rivera, Andrea Marcucci, Elvira Rea, Małgorzata Makowska,

Marcin Spychała, María Gómez-Brandón, Marina Fernández-Delgado Juárez, Jorge Domínguez,

Heribert Insam, Duminda A. Gunawardena, Sandun D. Fernando, Maurício Emerenciano, Gabriela

Gaxiola, Gerard Cuzon, Ozden Fakioglu, T.P. Basso, T.O. Basso, C.R. Gallo, L.C. Basso, Moses

Isabirye, D.V.N Raju, M. Kitutu, V. Yemeline, J. Deckers, J. Poesen, Khanok Ratanakhanokchai,

Rattiya Waeonukul, Patthra Pason, Chakrit Tachaapaikoon, Khin Lay Kyu, Kazuo Sakka, Akihiko

Kosugi, Yutaka Mori, Martin Rulík, Adam Bednařík, Václav Mach, Lenka Brablcová, Iva

Buriánková, Pavlína Badurová, Kristýna Gratzová, Theocharis Chatzistathis, Ioannis Therios

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any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials,

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Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad

Cover InTech Design Team

First published April, 2013

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Biomass Now – Cultivation and Utilization, Edited by Miodrag Darko Matovic

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-51-1106-1

Contents

Preface IX

Section 1 Biomass Cultivation 1

Chapter 1 Crop Rotation Biomass and

Effects on Sugarcane Yield in Brazil 3

Edmilson José Ambrosano, Heitor Cantarella,

Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Eliana Aparecida Schammas,

Fábio Luis Ferreira Dias, Fabrício Rossi,

Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin, Takashi Muraoka,

Raquel Castellucci Caruso Sachs, Rozario Azcón

and Juliana Rolim Salomé Teramoto

Chapter 2 Generation and Utilization of Microbial Biomass

Hydrolysates in Recovery and Production

of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 33

Jian Yu, Michael Porter and Matt Jaremko

Chapter 3 Considerations for Sustainable Biomass Production

in Quercus-Dominated Forest Ecosystems 49

Viktor J. Bruckman, Shuai Yan,

Eduard Hochbichler and Gerhard Glatzel

Chapter 4 Biomass Production in

Northern Great Plains of USA –

Agronomic Perspective 75

Qingwu Xue, Guojie Wang and Paul E. Nyren

Chapter 5 Design of a Cascade Observer for

a Model of Bacterial Batch Culture

with Nutrient Recycling 97

Miled El Hajji and Alain Rapaport

Chapter 6 Harvest Systems and Analysis

for Herbaceous Biomass 113

Jude Liu, Robert Grisso and John Cundiff

VI Contents

Section 2 Bio-Reactors 151

Chapter 7 Biological Activated Carbon Treatment Process

for Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment 153

Pengkang Jin, Xin Jin, Xianbao Wang,

Yongning Feng and Xiaochang C. Wang

Chapter 8 Biomass Digestion to Produce Organic Fertilizers:

A Case-Study on Digested Livestock Manure 193

Alessandra Trinchera, Carlos Mario Rivera,

Andrea Marcucci and Elvira Rea

Chapter 9 Removal of Carbon and Nitrogen

Compounds in Hybrid Bioreactors 213

Małgorzata Makowska and Marcin Spychała

Chapter 10 Animal Manures:

Recycling and Management Technologies 237

María Gómez-Brandón, Marina Fernández-Delgado Juárez,

Jorge Domínguez and Heribert Insam

Chapter 11 Methods and Applications of Deoxygenation for

the Conversion of Biomass to Petrochemical Products 273

Duminda A. Gunawardena and Sandun D. Fernando

Section 3 Aquatic Biomass 299

Chapter 12 Biofloc Technology (BFT):

A Review for Aquaculture Application

and Animal Food Industry 301

Maurício Emerenciano, Gabriela Gaxiola and Gerard Cuzon

Chapter 13 Phytoplankton Biomass Impact

on the Lake Water Quality 329

Ozden Fakioglu

Section 4 Novel Biomass Utilization 345

Chapter 14 Towards the Production of Second Generation Ethanol

from Sugarcane Bagasse in Brazil 347

T.P. Basso, T.O. Basso, C.R. Gallo and L.C. Basso

Chapter 15 Sugarcane Biomass Production

and Renewable Energy 355

Moses Isabirye, D.V.N Raju, M. Kitutu,

V. Yemeline, J. Deckers and J. Poesen

Contents VII

Chapter 16 Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus Strain B-6 Multienzyme

Complex: A Novel System for Biomass Utilization 369

Khanok Ratanakhanokchai, Rattiya Waeonukul,

Patthra Pason, Chakrit Tachaapaikoon, Khin Lay Kyu,

Kazuo Sakka, Akihiko Kosugi and Yutaka Mori

Chapter 17 Methanogenic System of a Small Lowland

Stream Sitka, Czech Republic 395

Martin Rulík, Adam Bednařík, Václav Mach, Lenka Brablcová,

Iva Buriánková, Pavlína Badurová and Kristýna Gratzová

Chapter 18 How Soil Nutrient Availability Influences Plant Biomass and

How Biomass Stimulation Alleviates Heavy Metal Toxicity

in Soils: The Cases of Nutrient Use Efficient Genotypes

and Phytoremediators, Respectively 427

Theocharis Chatzistathis and Ioannis Therios

Preface

The increase in biomass related research and applications is driven by overall higher

interest in sustainable energy and food sources, by increased awareness of potentials

and pitfalls of using biomass for energy, by the concerns for food supply and by

multitude of potential biomass uses as a source material in organic chemistry, bringing

in the concept of bio-refinery. The present, two volume, Biomass book reflects that

trend in broadening of biomass related research. Its total of 40 chapters spans over

diverse areas of biomass research, grouped into 9 themes.

The first volume starts with the Biomass Sustainability and Biomass Systems sections,

dealing with broader issues of biomass availability, methods for biomass assessment

and potentials for its sustainable use. The increased tendency to take a second look at

how much biomass is really and sustainably available is reflected in these sections,

mainly applied to biomass for energy use. Similarly, Biomass for Energy section

specifically groups chapters that deal with the application of biomass in the energy

field. Notably, the chapters in this section are focused to those applications that deal

with waste and second generation biofuels, minimizing the conflict between biomass

as feedstock and biomass for energy. Next is the Biomass Processing section which

covers various aspects of the second-generation bio-fuel generation, focusing on more

sustainable processing practices. The section on Biomass Production covers short￾rotation (terrestrial) energy crops and aquatic feedstock crops.

The second volume continues the theme of production with the Biomass Cultivation

section, further expanding on cultivation methods for energy, the feedstock crops and

microbial biomass production. It is followed by the Bio-reactors section dealing with

various aspects of bio-digestion and overall bio-reactor processes. Two more chapters

dealing with aquatic microbial and phytoplankton growth technologies are grouped

into the Aquatic Biomass section, followed by the Novel Biomass Utilization section

which concludes the second volume.

I sincerely hope that the wide variety of topics covered in this two-volume edition will

readily find the audience among researchers, students, policy makers and all others

with interest in biomass as a renewable and (if we are careful) sustainable source of

organic material for ever wider spectrum of its potential uses. I also hope that further

X Preface

exploration of second-generation energy sources from biomass will help in resolving

the conflict of biomass for food and biomass for energy.

Miodrag Darko Matovic

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering,

Queen's University, Kingston,

Canada

Section 1

Biomass Cultivation

Chapter 1

© 2013 Ambrosano et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits

unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Crop Rotation Biomass and

Effects on Sugarcane Yield in Brazil

Edmilson José Ambrosano, Heitor Cantarella, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano,

Eliana Aparecida Schammas, Fábio Luis Ferreira Dias, Fabrício Rossi,

Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin, Takashi Muraoka, Raquel Castellucci Caruso

Sachs, Rozario Azcón and Juliana Rolim Salomé Teramoto

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53825

1. Introduction

Healthy soils are vital to a sustainable environment. They store carbon, produce food and

timber, filter water and support wildlife and the urban and rural landscapes. They also

preserve records of ecological and cultural past. However, there are increasing signs that the

condition of soils has been neglected and that soil loss and damage may not be recoverable

[1]. Soil is a vital and largely non-renewable resource increasingly under pressure. The

importance of soil protection is recognized internationally.

In order to perform its many functions, it is necessary to maintain soil condition. However,

there is evidence that soil may be increasingly threatened by a range of human activities,

which may degrade it. The final phase of the degradation process is land desertification

when soil loses its capacity to carry out its functions. Among the threats to soil are erosion, a

decline in organic matter, local and diffuse contamination, sealing, compaction, a decline in

bio-diversity and salinisation.

The authors in [2] made the interesting observation when study of nine great groups of New

Zealand soils, that although many soil quality indicators will be different between soil types

differing in clay and organic mater contents, land use had an overriding effect on soil

quality: agricultural systems could be clearly differentiated from managed and natural

forests, and grass land and arable land were also clearly separated.

Regular additions of organic matter improve soil structure, enhance water and nutrient

holding capacity, protect soil from erosion and compaction, and support a healthy

community of soil organisms. Practices that increase organic matter include: leaving crop