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Tài liệu Autotools: A Practioner''''s Guide to GNU Autoconf, Automake, and Libtool pdf
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www.nostarch.com
THE FINEST IN GEEK ENTERTAINMENT ™
COMPUTERS/PROGRAMMING
SHELVE IN:
$44.95 ($56.95 CDN)
CREATING
PORTABLE
SOFTWARE JUST
GOT EASIER
CREATING
PORTABLE
SOFTWARE JUST
GOT EASIER
“I LIE FLAT.”
This book uses RepKover—a durable binding that won’t snap shut.
The GNU Autotools make it easy for developers to
create software that is portable across many Unix-like
operating systems. Although the Autotools are used
by thousands of open source software packages, they
have a notoriously steep learning curve. And good luck
to the beginner who wants to find anything beyond a
basic reference work online.
Autotools is the first book to offer programmers a tutorialbased guide to the GNU build system. Author John
Calcote begins with an overview of high-level concepts
and a quick hands-on tour of the philosophy and design
of the Autotools. He then tackles more advanced details,
like using the M4 macro processor with Autoconf,
extending the framework provided by Automake, and
building Java and C# sources. He concludes the book
with detailed solutions to the most frequent problems
encountered by first-time Autotools users.
You’ll learn how to:
• Master the Autotools build system to maximize your
software’s portability
• Generate Autoconf configuration scripts to simplify
the compilation process
• Produce portable makefiles with Automake
• Build cross-platform software libraries with Libtool
• Write your own Autoconf macros
Autotools focuses on two projects: Jupiter, a simple
“Hello, world!” program, and FLAIM, an existing,
complex open source effort containing four separate but
interdependent subprojects. Follow along as the author
takes Jupiter’s build system from a basic makefile to a
full-fledged Autotools project, and then as he converts
the FLAIM projects from complex hand-coded makefiles
to the powerful and flexible GNU build system.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
John Calcote is a senior software engineer and architect
at Novell, Inc. He’s been writing and developing portable
networking and system-level software for nearly 20 years
and is active in developing, debugging, and analyzing
diverse open source software packages. He is currently
a project administrator of the OpenSLP, OpenXDAS, and
DNX projects, as well as the Novell-sponsored FLAIM
database project.
AUTOTOOLS AUTOTOOLS
A PR ACTITIONER’S GUIDE TO
GNU AUTOCONF , AUTOMAKE , AND LIBTOOL
JOHN CALCOTE
CALCOTE AUTOTOOLS AUTOTOOLS
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AUTOTOOLS
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AUTOTOOLS
A Practitioner’s Guide to
GNU Autoconf, Automake,
and Libtool
by John Calcote
San Francisco
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AUTOTOOLS. Copyright © 2010 by John Calcote.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ISBN-10: 1-59327-206-5
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-206-7
Publisher: William Pollock
Production Editor: Ansel Staton
Cover and Interior Design: Octopod Studios
Developmental Editor: William Pollock
Technical Reviewer: Ralf Wildenhues
Copyeditor: Megan Dunchak
Compositor: Susan Glinert Stevens
Proofreader: Linda Seifert
Indexer: Nancy Guenther
For information on book distributors or translations, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. directly:
No Starch Press, Inc.
38 Ringold Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
phone: 415.863.9900; fax: 415.863.9950; [email protected]; www.nostarch.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Calcote, John, 1964-
Autotools : a practitioner's guide to GNU Autoconf, Automake, and Libtool / by John Calcote.
p. cm.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-206-7 (pbk.)
ISBN-10: 1-59327-206-5 (pbk.)
1. Autotools (Electronic resource) 2. Cross-platform software development. 3. Open source software.
4. UNIX (Computer file) I. Title.
QA76.76.D47C335 2010
005.3--dc22
2009040784
No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and
company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark
symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the
benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to any
person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the
information contained in it.
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For Michelle
But to see her was to love her;
Love but her, and love forever.
—Robert Burns
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BRIEF CONTENTS
Foreword by Ralf Wildenhues..........................................................................................xv
Preface .......................................................................................................................xvii
Introduction ..................................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1: A Brief Introduction to the GNU Autotools..........................................................1
Chapter 2: Understanding the GNU Coding Standards .....................................................19
Chapter 3: Configuring Your Project with Autoconf ...........................................................57
Chapter 4: More Fun with Autoconf: Configuring User Options ..........................................89
Chapter 5: Automatic Makefiles with Automake..............................................................119
Chapter 6: Building Libraries with Libtool .......................................................................145
Chapter 7: Library Interface Versioning and Runtime Dynamic Linking ...............................171
Chapter 8: FLAIM: An Autotools Example.......................................................................195
Chapter 9: FLAIM Part II: Pushing the Envelope...............................................................229
Chapter 10: Using the M4 Macro Processor with Autoconf ..............................................251
Chapter 11: A Catalog of Tips and Reusable Solutions for Creating Great Projects .............271
Index.........................................................................................................................313
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CONTENTS IN DETAIL
FOREWORD by Ra l f W i ldenhue s xv
PREFACE xvii
Why Use the Autotools? .........................................................................................xviii
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... xx
I Wish You the Very Best .......................................................................................... xx
INTRODUCTION xxi
Who Should Read This Book .................................................................................. xxii
How This Book Is Organized .................................................................................. xxii
Conventions Used in This Book ...............................................................................xxiii
Autotools Versions Used in This Book .......................................................................xxiii
1
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE GNU AUTOTOOLS 1
Who Should Use the Autotools? ................................................................................. 2
When Should You Not Use the Autotools? ................................................................... 2
Apple Platforms and Mac OS X ................................................................................. 3
The Choice of Language ........................................................................................... 4
Generating Your Package Build System ....................................................................... 5
Autoconf ................................................................................................................. 6
autoconf ........................................................................................................... 7
autoreconf ........................................................................................................ 7
autoheader ....................................................................................................... 7
autoscan ........................................................................................................... 7
autoupdate ....................................................................................................... 7
ifnames ............................................................................................................ 8
autom4te .......................................................................................................... 8
Working Together .............................................................................................. 8
Automake ................................................................................................................ 9
automake ....................................................................................................... 10
aclocal ........................................................................................................... 10
Libtool ................................................................................................................... 11
libtool ............................................................................................................. 12
libtoolize ........................................................................................................ 12
ltdl, the Libtool C API ........................................................................................ 12
Building Your Package ............................................................................................ 13
Running configure ............................................................................................ 13
Running make ................................................................................................. 15
Installing the Most Up-to-Date Autotools ..................................................................... 16
Summary ............................................................................................................... 18
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x Contents in Detail
2
UNDERSTAND ING THE GNU COD ING STANDARDS 19
Creating a New Project Directory Structure ................................................................ 20
Project Structure ..................................................................................................... 21
Makefile Basics ...................................................................................................... 22
Commands and Rules ....................................................................................... 23
Variables ........................................................................................................ 24
A Separate Shell for Each Command ................................................................. 25
Variable Binding ............................................................................................. 26
Rules in Detail ................................................................................................. 27
Resources for Makefile Authors .......................................................................... 32
Creating a Source Distribution Archive ...................................................................... 32
Forcing a Rule to Run ....................................................................................... 34
Leading Control Characters .............................................................................. 35
Automatically Testing a Distribution .......................................................................... 36
Unit Testing, Anyone? ............................................................................................. 37
Installing Products ................................................................................................... 38
Installation Choices .......................................................................................... 40
Uninstalling a Package ..................................................................................... 41
Testing Install and Uninstall ............................................................................... 42
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ........................................................................... 44
Supporting Standard Targets and Variables .............................................................. 45
Standard Targets ............................................................................................. 46
Standard Variables .......................................................................................... 46
Adding Location Variables to Jupiter .................................................................. 47
Getting Your Project into a Linux Distro ..................................................................... 48
Build vs. Installation Prefix Overrides ........................................................................ 50
User Variables ....................................................................................................... 52
Configuring Your Package ...................................................................................... 54
Summary ............................................................................................................... 55
3
CONF IGUR ING YOUR PROJECT W ITH AUTOCONF 57
Autoconf Configuration Scripts ................................................................................. 58
The Shortest configure.ac File .................................................................................. 59
Comparing M4 to the C Preprocessor ....................................................................... 60
The Nature of M4 Macros ....................................................................................... 60
Executing autoconf ................................................................................................. 61
Executing configure ................................................................................................ 62
Executing config.status ............................................................................................ 63
Adding Some Real Functionality ............................................................................... 64
Generating Files from Templates .............................................................................. 67
Adding VPATH Build Functionality ............................................................................ 68
Let’s Take a Breather .............................................................................................. 70
An Even Quicker Start with autoscan ........................................................................ 71
The Proverbial autogen.sh Script ........................................................................ 73
Updating Makefile.in ....................................................................................... 75
Initialization and Package Information ...................................................................... 76
AC_PREREQ ................................................................................................... 76
AC_INIT ......................................................................................................... 76
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR ...................................................................................... 77
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Contents in Detail xi
The Instantiating Macros ......................................................................................... 78
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS ................................................................................... 83
Using autoheader to Generate an Include File Template ....................................... 84
Back to Remote Builds for a Moment ......................................................................... 87
Summary ............................................................................................................... 88
4
MORE FUN WITH AUTOCONF:
CONF IGUR ING USER OPT IONS 89
Substitutions and Definitions .................................................................................... 90
AC_SUBST ...................................................................................................... 90
AC_DEFINE .................................................................................................... 91
Checking for Compilers .......................................................................................... 91
Checking for Other Programs .................................................................................. 93
A Common Problem with Autoconf ........................................................................... 95
Checks for Libraries and Header Files ....................................................................... 98
Is It Right or Just Good Enough? ....................................................................... 101
Printing Messages .......................................................................................... 106
Supporting Optional Features and Packages ........................................................... 107
Coding Up the Feature Option ........................................................................ 109
Formatting Help Strings .................................................................................. 112
Checks for Type and Structure Definitions ................................................................ 112
The AC_OUTPUT Macro ....................................................................................... 116
Summary ............................................................................................................. 117
5
AUTOMATIC MAKEFILES
WITH AUTOMAKE 119
Getting Down to Business ...................................................................................... 120
Enabling Automake in configure.ac .................................................................. 121
A Hidden Benefit: Automatic Dependency Tracking ........................................... 124
What’s in a Makefile.am File? ............................................................................... 125
Analyzing Our New Build System .......................................................................... 126
Product List Variables ..................................................................................... 127
Product Source Variables ................................................................................ 132
PLV and PSV Modifiers ................................................................................... 132
Unit Tests: Supporting make check .......................................................................... 133
Reducing Complexity with Convenience Libraries ..................................................... 134
Product Option Variables ................................................................................ 136
Per-Makefile Option Variables ......................................................................... 138
Building the New Library ....................................................................................... 138
What Goes into a Distribution? .............................................................................. 140
Maintainer Mode ................................................................................................. 141
Cutting Through the Noise ..................................................................................... 142
Summary ............................................................................................................. 144
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xii Contents in Detail
6
BUILDING LIBRARIES WITH LIBTOOL 145
The Benefits of Shared Libraries ............................................................................. 146
How Shared Libraries Work .................................................................................. 146
Dynamic Linking at Load Time ......................................................................... 147
Automatic Dynamic Linking at Runtime ............................................................. 148
Manual Dynamic Linking at Runtime ................................................................. 149
Using Libtool ........................................................................................................ 150
Abstracting the Build Process ........................................................................... 150
Abstraction at Runtime .................................................................................... 151
Installing Libtool ................................................................................................... 152
Adding Shared Libraries to Jupiter .......................................................................... 152
Using the LTLIBRARIES Primary ......................................................................... 153
Public Include Directories ................................................................................ 153
Customizing Libtool with LT_INIT Options .......................................................... 157
Reconfigure and Build .................................................................................... 161
So What Is PIC, Anyway? ............................................................................... 164
Fixing the Jupiter PIC Problem ......................................................................... 167
Summary ............................................................................................................. 170
7
LIBRARY INTERFACE VERSIONING AND
RUNTIME DYNAMIC LINKING 171
System-Specific Versioning .................................................................................... 172
Linux and Solaris Library Versioning ................................................................. 172
IBM AIX Library Versioning ............................................................................. 173
HP-UX/AT&T SVR4 Library Versioning .............................................................. 176
The Libtool Library Versioning Scheme .................................................................... 176
Library Versioning Is Interface Versioning .......................................................... 177
When Library Versioning Just Isn’t Enough ........................................................ 180
Using libltdl ......................................................................................................... 181
Necessary Infrastructure ................................................................................. 181
Adding a Plug-In Interface ............................................................................... 183
Doing It the Old-Fashioned Way ..................................................................... 184
Converting to Libtool’s ltdl Library .................................................................... 188
Preloading Multiple Modules ........................................................................... 192
Checking It All Out ........................................................................................ 193
Summary ............................................................................................................. 194
8
FLAIM: AN AUTOTOOLS EXAMPLE 195
What Is FLAIM? ................................................................................................... 196
Why FLAIM? ....................................................................................................... 196
An Initial Look ...................................................................................................... 197
Getting Started .................................................................................................... 199
Adding the configure.ac Files .......................................................................... 199
The Top-Level Makefile.am File ........................................................................ 202
The FLAIM Subprojects .......................................................................................... 204
The FLAIM Toolkit configure.ac File .................................................................. 205
The FLAIM Toolkit Makefile.am File .................................................................. 212
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Contents in Detail xiii
Designing the ftk/src/Makefile.am File ............................................................. 215
Moving On to the ftk/util Directory .................................................................. 217
Designing the XFLAIM Build System ........................................................................ 218
The XFLAIM configure.ac File .......................................................................... 219
Creating the xflaim/src/Makefile.am File ......................................................... 222
Turning to the xflaim/util Directory ................................................................... 223
Summary ............................................................................................................. 227
9
FLAIM PART II: PUSHING THE ENVELOPE 229
Building Java Sources Using the Autotools ............................................................... 230
Autotools Java Support ................................................................................... 230
Using ac-archive Macros ................................................................................ 233
Canonical System Information ......................................................................... 234
The xflaim/java Directory Structure .................................................................. 234
The xflaim/src/Makefile.am File ...................................................................... 235
Building the JNI C++ Sources .......................................................................... 236
The Java Wrapper Classes and JNI Headers ..................................................... 237
A Caveat About Using the JAVA Primary .......................................................... 239
Building the C# Sources ........................................................................................ 239
Manual Installation ........................................................................................ 242
Cleaning Up Again ........................................................................................ 243
Configuring Compiler Options ............................................................................... 243
Hooking Doxygen into the Build Process ................................................................. 245
Adding Nonstandard Targets ................................................................................ 247
Summary ............................................................................................................. 250
10
USING THE M4 MACRO PROCESSOR WITH AUTOCONF 251
M4 Text Processing .............................................................................................. 252
Defining Macros ............................................................................................ 253
Macros with Arguments .................................................................................. 255
The Recursive Nature of M4 .................................................................................. 256
Quoting Rules ............................................................................................... 258
Autoconf and M4 ................................................................................................. 259
The Autoconf M4 Environment ......................................................................... 260
Writing Autoconf Macros ...................................................................................... 260
Simple Text Replacement ................................................................................ 260
Documenting Your Macros .............................................................................. 263
M4 Conditionals ............................................................................................ 264
Diagnosing Problems ............................................................................................ 268
Summary ............................................................................................................. 269
11
A CATALOG OF TIPS AND REUSABLE SOLUTIONS
FOR CREATING GREAT PROJECTS 271
Item 1: Keeping Private Details out of Public Interfaces .............................................. 272
Solutions in C ................................................................................................ 273
Solutions in C++ ............................................................................................ 273
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