Suy ngẫm về những phương pháp giáo dục của Nho giáo

l i UHM »U 0 PMC • D<LY Hpc

SUY NGAM VE NHU1VG PHirilNG PHAP GIAO DUG CUA NHO GIAO

Q ThS. L£ TH | THQ M - ThS. BUI VA N HA '

Nho gido Id hoc thuy^t chfnh tri - xd h§i, dpo

due do Khdng Tu 1551-479 fCN) sdng l$p

vd cd m$t d Vl^t Nam h> hdng ngdn ndm.

M^c do cd nhijng lue thdng - trdm, thjnh - suy,

mSl thdi mSl khde, nhung hoc thuy^t Nho gido

da trd thdnh bd p^dn quan trpng cd'u thdnh h$ tu

tudng cua xd h$l phong kl^n, ihdm sdu trong ddi

sd'ng tinh thdn cua ngudI Vl^t.

Myc dich Idn nhd't cuo Nho gido Id dijng hpc

thuy^t, tu tudng cuo minh de cdl tpo xd hdl, dua

xd hdl tu «vd dpo" din «(huu dpo", tt> lopn Ipe

6^r\ thdi binh, thjnh tr). Gido dye dupe cdc nhd

Nho col Id cdng cy UOM hl0u nhdt d l thi hdnh

trpn v?n myc dich ndy. Cho nSn, dO xudt phdt td

nhilu Ipp trudng, quan dllm ridng nhung cdc

nhd Nho diu thdng nhd't rdng bdn tinh cua con

ngudi cd thi thoy ddl dupe nhd sy gido dye,

gido hda, tu dudng doo dijc cuo bdn thdn. D l

gido dye cd higu qud, ede nhd Nho dd si> dyng

llnh hoot nhllu phuong phdp gido dye (PPGD)

khdc nhou. Dd Id:

1 . Nl u gucmg. E>dy Id PPGD md Nho gido

ddc bi§t col trpng. Theo Khd'ng Ti}, khdng cd

phuong phdp ndo hOu hl^u md Ipi khd thyc hl0n

odng ^drthdn vl gido". Cd cudc ddl minh, Khd'ng

Tl) vd Mpnh Ti> ludn tu dudng bdn thdn vd lay dd

Idm tdm guong d l hpc trd nol theo. Rleng ddl

vdi nhOng ngudi cdm quyin (Idnh dpo), phuong

phdp ndy cd gid trj ddc biet. Nho gido ddi hdi

bde qudn vuong phdi Id ngudi cd due, ludn tu

dudng dpo di>c vd dllu quan trpng Id phdi dem

cdl d6c dy Idm guong cho ddn, d l gido hda vd

gido dye ddn. Khdng Ti} dd chi rd: <tNiu c6 thi

stki minb ngay ihSng, IdjI cai trf ddn c6 gi Id

khd? I^dng thi sfja minh ngay ^6ng Igl c6 ^i

siki ngudi ngay thSng duac sao?" (1). 6ng cung

cho rdng, eon ngudi phdi ludn tu dudng r^ luy$n

dpo due, nhdt Id nhung kd Idm vua, bde qudn tu

d l ddn chOng noi theo: «Ngudl hl4n dem triidng

su6t khiin ngudi khdc trd nen sdng sud't. NgudI

Tap chi filao due so 29 5 tin i • lo/aoia)

ddl nay mang trf 6c tSl tdm Igl mud'n ngudi khdc

trd nSn sdng su6t?", ddng thdi khuyin mpl ngudi

vd hpc trd cuo minh rdng: <iChSng lo khdng cd

dia v/, chi lo sao cd du tdl due ai du<?c dia v\

dd. ChSng lo khdng ai blit tdl, chi mong Idm thi

ndo di ngudi hlit tdl thdr. COng vdy, theo Nho

gido, trong vl ^ dpy hpc, d l ngudi hpc cd cdi

due, cdl tri, ngudi thdy khdng chi cdn ludn trou

ddi phdm hpnh ciJa minh md edn phdi ndu guong

trong hpc tdp cho hpc trd noi theo. Vdi ede nhd

Nho, ngudi di hpc ngodi vi ^ 1 ^ thdy Idm gucmg

cdn nin 1 ^ ngudi khdc, ban bd Idm ddl trpng eho

minh d l hpc hdl, trou ddl dpo due vd tri thue - nhu

Khdng Ti} tung ndl; «Ba ngudi cung dl thi ndo

cung cd ki Idm thdy ta. C/ipn chS ihiSn cua ngudi

ta md theo, chS b6t ihlin md sOa dil df. Rd rdng,

PPGD bdng nSu guong theo quan niSm eOa Nho

gido hodn todn khde vdi phuong phdp dp ehl,

rdp khudn cuo cdc bde thl ^ tO trudc dd nhung loi

cung rd't gdn gOI v6l ngudi Vl§t ngdy nay.

2. «dn c6 tri tdn" (on cu d l blet mdl). Khdng

Tu dd khdng djnh, bdng phuong phdp ndy, ngudi

to cd thi Idm thdy cOa thlSn hp; ^On dliu cO di

blit dliu mdl, cd thi Idm thdy ngudi ta vd/.

NgudI hoc hdng ngdy cdn xem dl, xem Ipi dllu

dd hpc, ghl nhd trong Idng d l blit thim nhCrng

dllu mdl, ddng thdi dn Ipi ehuy^n xua di blit

viSc dd! nay vd mol sou. Da ed thdi ki, cd nhiJng

nhd gido, nhd qudn li nhdn mpnh phuemg phdp

ndy vd biln nd thdnh tinh thdn «h)eu cd", mong

tdm li sp cdl mdl, lo minh khdng Idm dupe cdl

mdl. Ddl vdi thi h$ trS ngdy nay, PPGD ndy van

chua dyng nhilu gid trj. Myc dtch cOa vl ^ hpe

Id dya vdo cdl cu d l sdng tpo nin cdi mdl; nhung

d l xdy n6n dupe nhung dllu mdl m§, trude ti€n

ngudi hpc phdi ed kiln thue nin tdng viTng chdc.

Chinh phuong phdp «(dn ed tri tdn" se glup ngudi

hpc cd dupe nln tdng dd.

* TnriinK Bfi lipc sir pMn hi tb^t Hnt Vii