Software Project Management

Information Technology / IT Management

This book presents all aspects of modern project management practices, from project

initiation to requirements gatherings to estimation techniques and software testing all

the way to customer management and supplier management … includes a wealth of

quality templates that practitioners can use to build their own tools. … equally useful to

students and professionals alike. … the perfect blend of theory and practice providing

ample advice to the reader at every stage on such topics as how to select a particular

software methodology over others or how to estimate project costs/efforts etc. … As

a seasoned software product development expert with over 20 years of experience, I

would say this book will find a slot on my desk.

—Maqbool Patel, PhD, SVP/CTO/Partner, Acuitec

To build reliable, industry-applicable software products, large-scale software project groups

must continuously improve software engineering processes to increase product quality,

facilitate cost reductions, and adhere to tight schedules. Emphasizing the critical components

of successful large-scale software projects, Software Project Management: A Process￾Driven Approach discusses human resources, software engineering, and technology to a

level that exceeds most university-level courses on the subject.

• Includes testing and quality assurance metrics

• Supplies in-depth coverage of process models and process improvement techniques

• Covers related standards from the Software Engineering Institute, IEEE, and ISO

• Features challenging practice questions with solutions

The book is organized into five parts. Part I defines project management with information on

project and process specifics and choices, the skills and experience needed, the tools available,

and the human resources organization and management that brings it all together. Part II

explores software life-cycle management. Part III tackles software engineering processes and

the range of processing models devised by several domestic and international organizations.

Part IV reveals the human side of project management with chapters on managing the team,

the suppliers, and the customers themselves. Part V wraps up coverage with a look at the

technology, techniques, templates, and checklists that can help your project teams meet

and exceed their goals. A running case study provides authoritative insight and insider

information on the tools and techniques required to ensure product quality, reduce costs,

and meet project deadlines.

ISBN: 978-1-4398-4655-1

9 781439 846551

90000

Software Project Management Ahmed

www.auerbach -publications.com

www.c rcp re s s.com

K12087

K12087cvr mech.indd 1 11/8/11 12:02 PM

Software

Project

Management

A Process-Driven Approach

Design and Safety Assessment

of Critical Systems

Marco Bozzano and

Adolfo Villafiorita

978-1-4398-0331-8

Implementing and Developing

Cloud Computing Applications

David E. Y. Sarna

978-1-4398-3082-6

Secure Java: For Web Application

Development

Abhay Bhargav and B. V. Kumar

978-1-4398-2351-4

Scrum Project Management

Kim H. Pries and Jon M. Quigley

978-1-4398-2515-0

Engineering Mega-Systems:

The Challenge of Systems

Engineering in the

Information Age

Renee Stevens

978-1-4200-7666-0

Certified Function Point

Specialist Examination Guide

David Garmus, Janet Russac, and

Royce Edwards

978-1-4200-7637-0

Enterprise Systems Engineering:

Advances in the Theory and

Practice

George Rebovich, Jr.

and Brian E. White

978-1-4200-7329-4

Process-Centric Architecture for

Enterprise Software Systems

Parameswaran Seshan

978-1-4398-1628-8

Secure and Resilient Software

Development

Mark S. Merkow and

Lakshmikanth Raghavan

978-1-4398-2696-6

Real Life Applications of

Soft Computing

Anupam Shukla, Ritu Tiwari,

and Rahul Kala

978-1-4398-2287-6

Product Release Planning:

Methods, Tools and Applications

Guenther Ruhe

978-0-84932620-2

Process Improvement and

CMMI® for Systems and Software

Ron S. Kenett and Emanuel Baker

978-14200-6050-8

Applied Software Product

Line Engineering

Kyo C. Kang, Vijayan Sugumaran,

and Sooyong Park

978-1-42006841-2

CAD and GIS Integration

Hassan A. Karimi and Burcu Akinci

978-1-4200-6805-4

Applied Software Product-Line

Engineering

Kyo C. Kang, Vijayan Sugumaran,

and Sooyong Park, eds.

978-1-4200-6841-2

Enterprise-Scale Agile Software

Development

James Schiel

978-1-4398-0321-9

Handbook of Enterprise Integration

Mostafa Hashem Sherif, ed.

978-1-4200-7821-3

Architecture and Principles of

Systems Engineering

Charles Dickerson, Dimitri N. Mavris,

Paul R. Garvey, and Brian E. White

978-1-4200-7253-2

Theory of Science and Technology

Transfer and Applications

Sifeng Liu, Zhigeng Fang,

Hongxing Shi, and Benhai Guo

978-1-4200-8741-3

The SIM Guide to Enterprise

Architecture

Leon Kappelman

978-1-4398-1113-9

Getting Design Right:

A Systems Approach

Peter L. Jackson

978-1-4398-1115-3

Software Testing as a Service

Ashfaque Ahmed

978-1-4200-9956-0

Grey Game Theory and Its

Applications in Economic

Decision-Making

Zhigeng Fang, Sifeng Liu,

Hongxing Shi, and Yi LinYi Lin

978-1-4200-8739-0

Quality Assurance of

Agent-Based and

Self-Managed Systems

Reiner Dumke, Steffen Mencke,

and Cornelius Wille

978-1-4398-1266-2

Modeling Software Behavior:

A Craftsman’s Approach

Paul C. Jorgensen

978-1-4200-8075-9

Design and Implementation of

Data Mining Tools

Bhavani Thuraisingham, Latifur Khan,

Mamoun Awad, and Lei Wang

978-1-4200-4590-1

Model-Oriented Systems

Engineering Science:

A Unifying Framework for

Traditional and Complex Systems

Duane W. Hybertson

978-1-4200-7251-8

Requirements Engineering for

Software and Systems

Phillip A. Laplante

978-1-4200-6467-4

Books on software and systems

development and engineering

from auerBach puBlications and crc press

Software

Project

Management

Ashfaque Ahmed

A Process-Driven Approach

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Version Date: 20111103

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4656-8 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been

made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid￾ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright

holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this

form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may

rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti￾lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy￾ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the

publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://

www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,

978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For

organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for

identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com

v

Contents

Preface................................................................................................................................. xix

Author............................................................................................................................... xxiii

PART I PROJECT MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS

1 Introduction to Software Project Management.............................................................3

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4

1.2 What Is Project Management?................................................................................. 4

1.3 What Is Software Project Management?.................................................................. 4

1.4 Importance of Software Projects.............................................................................. 7

1.5 Problems in Project Management............................................................................ 7

1.6 Processes in Software Projects.................................................................................. 9

1.7 Project Processes, People, and Technology..............................................................10

1.8 Successful Software Project Manager .....................................................................11

1.9 Project Management Processes .............................................................................. 12

1.9.1 Software Project Initiation........................................................................ 12

1.9.1.1 Software Application Development Project Initiation............... 12

1.9.1.2 Software Product Characteristics...............................................13

1.9.1.3 Software Product Development Project Initiation .....................14

1.9.1.4 Software Product Implementation Project Initiation .................15

1.9.2 Software Project Planning .........................................................................15

1.9.2.1 Components of Project Planning ...............................................16

1.9.3 Software Project Monitoring and Control .................................................17

1.9.4 Software Project Closure ...........................................................................17

1.10 Configuration and Version Control Management ..................................................17

1.11 Management Metrics..............................................................................................18

1.12 Case Study............................................................................................................. 20

1.12.1 Project Introduction ................................................................................. 20

1.12.2 Software Functionality ..............................................................................21

1.12.3 New Functionality in Release 6.0............................................................. 22

1.13 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................. 22

Exercises........................................................................................................................... 23

Review Questions............................................................................................................. 23

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................. 23

vi  ◾  Contents

2 Project Initiation Management...................................................................................25

2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................25

2.2 Define Project Charter .......................................................................................... 26

2.3 Define Project Scope ............................................................................................. 27

2.4 Define Project Objectives ...................................................................................... 28

2.5 Practical Considerations ........................................................................................ 28

2.6 Estimate Initial Project Size................................................................................... 29

2.7 Estimate Initial Project Effort and Costs ............................................................... 30

2.8 Estimate Initial Project Schedule............................................................................31

2.9 Create Initial Project Plan.......................................................................................31

2.10 Project Initiation in Iterative Model .......................................................................31

2.11 Stakeholder Influence.............................................................................................33

2.12 Quality Planning................................................................................................... 34

2.13 Feasibility Study .................................................................................................... 34

2.14 Project Division..................................................................................................... 34

2.15 Artifacts of Project Initiation..................................................................................35

2.16 Case Study..............................................................................................................35

2.16.1 Project Charter..........................................................................................35

2.16.2 Project Scope............................................................................................ 36

2.16.3 Project Objectives..................................................................................... 36

2.17 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................. 37

Exercises........................................................................................................................... 37

Review Questions............................................................................................................. 37

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................. 38

3 Software Project Effort and Cost Estimation..............................................................39

3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 39

3.2 Effort Estimation Techniques................................................................................ 40

3.2.1 Choosing a Suitable Effort Estimate Technique.........................................41

3.2.2 Function Point Analysis.............................................................................41

3.2.2.1 Function Point Analysis Usage................................................. 44

3.2.3 Wide Band Delphi.................................................................................... 44

3.2.4 COCOMO ...............................................................................................45

3.2.4.1 Basic COCOMO ......................................................................45

3.2.4.2 Intermediate COCOMO.......................................................... 46

3.2.4.3 Detailed COCOMO................................................................ 46

3.2.4.4 COCOMO Model Conclusion ................................................ 48

3.2.5 Effort Estimation for Waterfall Model–Based Planning ........................... 48

3.2.6 Effort Estimation for Iterations Model–Based Planning ........................... 49

3.3 Cost Estimation......................................................................................................51

3.3.1 Cost Factor Analysis..................................................................................52

3.3.2 Activity-Based Cost Estimation.................................................................53

3.3.3 Cost Estimation for Iterations-Based Planning......................................... 54

3.4 Schedule Estimation.............................................................................................. 54

3.4.1 Schedule Estimation for Waterfall Model–Based Planning ...................... 54

3.5 Resource Estimation...............................................................................................55

Contents  ◾  vii

3.6 Artifacts of Effort and Cost Estimates................................................................... 56

3.7 Practical Considerations in Effort and Cost Estimates........................................... 56

3.8 Effort and Cost in Product Development ...............................................................57

3.9 Case Study..............................................................................................................57

3.9.1 History ......................................................................................................57

3.9.2 Current Project......................................................................................... 58

3.9.3 Effort and Cost......................................................................................... 58

Exercises........................................................................................................................... 58

Review Questions..............................................................................................................59

Recommended Readings...................................................................................................59

4 Risk Management........................................................................................................61

4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................61

4.2 Causes of Risks...................................................................................................... 63

4.2.1 Quality Constraints.................................................................................. 63

4.2.2 Resource Unavailability............................................................................ 63

4.2.3 Disinterest ................................................................................................ 63

4.2.4 Attrition ................................................................................................... 64

4.2.5 Scope Creep.............................................................................................. 64

4.2.6 Cost Constraints....................................................................................... 64

4.2.7 Bad Negotiation ....................................................................................... 64

4.2.8 Unrealistic Estimate ................................................................................. 64

4.2.9 Human Error............................................................................................ 64

4.2.10 Poor Management .....................................................................................65

4.3 Risk Categories.......................................................................................................65

4.3.1 Budget Risks .............................................................................................65

4.3.2 Time (Schedule) Risks...............................................................................65

4.3.3 Resource Risks.......................................................................................... 66

4.3.4 Quality Risks ............................................................................................67

4.3.5 Technology Risks ......................................................................................67

4.4 Risk Analysis......................................................................................................... 68

4.5 Balancing Act........................................................................................................ 69

4.6 Project Risk Management in Agile Models............................................................ 70

4.7 Artifacts of Project Risk Management................................................................... 70

4.8 Practical Considerations for Risk Management..................................................... 70

4.9 Case Study............................................................................................................. 71

4.9.1 Risks on This Project................................................................................ 71

4.10 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................. 73

Exercises........................................................................................................................... 73

Review Questions............................................................................................................. 73

Recommended Readings...................................................................................................74

5 Configuration Management........................................................................................75

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 75

5.2 Configuration Management ...................................................................................76

5.3 Configuration Management Techniques ............................................................... 77

viii  ◾  Contents

5.4 Artifacts of Configuration Management................................................................ 79

5.5 Configuration Management Case Study................................................................ 80

5.5.1 Configuration Management for an Incremental Iteration

Development Environment....................................................................... 80

5.6 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................81

Exercises............................................................................................................................81

Review Questions............................................................................................................. 82

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................. 82

6 Project Planning..........................................................................................................83

6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 83

6.2 Project Planning Fundamentals............................................................................. 84

6.2.1 Top-Down Plan........................................................................................ 84

6.2.2 Bottom-Up Plan ....................................................................................... 86

6.2.3 Work Breakdown Structure...................................................................... 87

6.2.4 Resource Allocation.................................................................................. 87

6.2.5 Supplier Management Plan....................................................................... 88

6.2.6 Configuration Management Plan ............................................................. 89

6.2.7 Communication Management.................................................................. 89

6.2.8 Defect Prevention Strategy (Quality Assurance)....................................... 90

6.2.9 Project Duration....................................................................................... 90

6.2.10 Project Cost.............................................................................................. 90

6.2.11 Tool Management .....................................................................................91

6.2.12 Scope Management ...................................................................................91

6.2.13 Effort Estimate..........................................................................................91

6.2.14 Risk Management .....................................................................................91

6.3 Project Planning Techniques ..................................................................................91

6.3.1 Critical Path Method.................................................................................91

6.3.2 Goldratt’s Critical Chain Method .............................................................91

6.4 Project Planning Artifacts...................................................................................... 93

6.5 Project Planning in Agile Models .......................................................................... 93

6.5.1 Iteration Planning..................................................................................... 96

6.6 Planning at Project Management Office................................................................ 96

6.7 Case Study............................................................................................................. 97

6.7.1 Feature Selection ...................................................................................... 97

6.7.2 Heart of Planning..................................................................................... 98

6.8 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................. 99

Exercises......................................................................................................................... 100

Review Questions........................................................................................................... 100

Recommended Readings................................................................................................ 100

7 Project Monitoring and Control...............................................................................101

7.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................101

7.2 Project Monitoring ...............................................................................................102

7.2.1 Monitor against Project Plan ...................................................................102

7.2.2 Measure Task Progress and Status Reports..............................................103

7.2.3 Identify Deviations..................................................................................104

Contents  ◾  ix

7.2.4 Performance Indicators............................................................................105

7.2.5 Monitor against Project Schedule............................................................105

7.2.6 Periodic Measurement .............................................................................105

7.2.7 Earned Value Management......................................................................105

7.2.8 Measure Resource Utilization..................................................................108

7.2.9 Measure Resource Loading......................................................................108

7.2.10 Monitor Skills and Knowledge of Project Team.......................................108

7.2.11 Monitor Risks..........................................................................................109

7.2.12 Monitor Issues.........................................................................................109

7.2.13 Status Reports .........................................................................................109

7.3 Project Control Techniques ..................................................................................110

7.3.1 Resource Leveling....................................................................................110

7.3.2 Schedule Optimization............................................................................111

7.3.3 Corrective Actions against Deviations.....................................................112

7.3.4 Corrective Actions against Issues.............................................................113

7.3.5 Resource Optimization............................................................................113

7.4 Project Monitoring and Control Artifacts.............................................................113

7.5 Project Monitoring and Control in Iterative Model ..............................................114

7.5.1 Performance Measurements.....................................................................114

7.5.2 Risks........................................................................................................115

7.6 Case Study............................................................................................................115

7.6.1 Tracking Tools Used................................................................................115

7.6.2 Problems Encountered.............................................................................116

7.7 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................116

Exercises..........................................................................................................................117

Review Questions............................................................................................................117

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................117

8 Project Closure..........................................................................................................119

8.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................119

8.2 Source Code Management................................................................................... 120

8.3 Project Data Management....................................................................................121

8.4 Project Closure in Iterative Model ....................................................................... 122

8.5 Lessons Learned .................................................................................................. 122

8.6 Resource Release ................................................................................................. 123

8.7 Data Structures ................................................................................................... 123

8.8 Case Study........................................................................................................... 124

8.9 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................125

Exercises..........................................................................................................................125

Review Questions............................................................................................................125

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................125

PART II SOFTWARE LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT

9 Introduction to Software Life-Cycle Management...................................................129

9.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................129

9.2 Software Engineering Management......................................................................131

x  ◾  Contents

9.3 Software Life-Cycle Management Processes .........................................................132

9.3.1 Software Life Cycle in Waterfall Model...................................................132

9.3.2 Software Life Cycle in Iterative Model.....................................................132

9.3.2.1 Moving from Waterfall Model................................................ 134

9.3.3 Software Life Cycle in Concurrent Engineering Model .......................... 134

9.3.4 Software Life-Cycle Processes..................................................................135

9.3.4.1 Software Requirements........................................................... 136

9.3.4.2 Software Design ......................................................................137

9.3.4.3 Software Build.........................................................................138

9.3.4.4 Software Testing......................................................................138

9.3.4.5 Software Release......................................................................140

9.3.4.6 Software Maintenance.............................................................140

9.4 Software Life-Cycle Metrics .................................................................................141

9.5 Work Products......................................................................................................141

9.6 Quality Assurance................................................................................................142

9.7 Case Study............................................................................................................142

9.8 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................143

Exercises..........................................................................................................................143

Review Questions............................................................................................................143

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................143

10 Software Requirement Management.........................................................................145

10.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................145

10.2 Software Requirements Development...................................................................146

10.2.1 Develop Requirements.............................................................................149

10.2.2 Requirement Development Tasks ............................................................149

10.3 Software Requirements Management...................................................................149

10.3.1 Requirement Change Control .................................................................150

10.3.2 Requirement Problems Diagnosis............................................................150

10.4 Requirement Life-Cycle Management ..................................................................151

10.4.1 Requirement Development and Management in Waterfall Model...........151

10.4.2 Iterative Model ........................................................................................152

10.5 Software Requirements Practical Strategy ............................................................153

10.6 Software Requirements Artifacts..........................................................................154

10.7 Software Requirements Quality Control ..............................................................154

10.8 Case Study............................................................................................................155

10.8.1 Major Components of Appointment Scheduling .....................................155

10.8.2 Loading/Unloading Time Calculation ....................................................156

10.8.3 Quality Assurance...................................................................................156

10.9 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................157

Review Questions............................................................................................................157

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................157

11 Software Design Management..................................................................................159

11.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................159

11.2 Software Design Fundamentals............................................................................160

11.2.1 Design Types...........................................................................................161

Contents  ◾  xi

11.2.2 Design Standards.....................................................................................161

11.2.3 Design Activities......................................................................................161

11.3 Software Design Methods ....................................................................................161

11.3.1 Top Down ...............................................................................................161

11.3.2 Bottom Up ..............................................................................................162

11.4 Design Version Control ........................................................................................163

11.4.1 Subversions..............................................................................................163

11.5 Design Characteristics..........................................................................................163

11.6 Software Design Techniques ................................................................................164

11.6.1 Prototypes ...............................................................................................165

11.6.2 Structural Models....................................................................................165

11.6.3 Object-Oriented Design ..........................................................................165

11.6.4 Systems Analysis......................................................................................166

11.6.5 Entity Relationship Models .....................................................................166

11.6.6 Design Reuse...........................................................................................166

11.7 Software Design for Internet ................................................................................167

11.8 Software Design Quality ......................................................................................167

11.9 Concurrent Engineering in Software Design........................................................168

11.10 Design Life-Cycle Management ...........................................................................168

11.11 Module Division (Refactoring).............................................................................168

11.12 Module Coupling .................................................................................................170

11.13 Case Study............................................................................................................170

11.13.1 Software Design for Loading Calculation................................................170

11.13.2 Quality Assurance...................................................................................172

11.14 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................172

Review Questions............................................................................................................173

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................173

12 Software Construction..............................................................................................175

12.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................175

12.2 Coding Standards.................................................................................................176

12.2.1 Modularity ..............................................................................................177

12.2.2 Clarity .....................................................................................................177

12.2.3 Simplicity ................................................................................................177

12.2.4 Reliability ................................................................................................177

12.2.5 Safety.......................................................................................................177

12.2.6 Maintainability........................................................................................178

12.3 Coding Framework ..............................................................................................178

12.4 Reviews (Quality Control)....................................................................................178

12.4.1 Deskchecks (Peer Reviews)......................................................................179

12.4.2 Walkthroughs..........................................................................................179

12.4.3 Code Reviews..........................................................................................179

12.4.4 Inspections ..............................................................................................179

12.5 Coding Methods ..................................................................................................179

12.5.1 Structured Programming.........................................................................180

12.5.2 Object-Oriented Programming................................................................180

12.5.3 Automatic Code Generation....................................................................180

xii  ◾  Contents

12.5.4 Software Code Reuse...............................................................................180

12.5.5 Test-Driven Development........................................................................181

12.5.6 Pair Programming ...................................................................................181

12.6 Configuration Management .................................................................................181

12.7 Unit Testing .........................................................................................................182

12.8 Integration Testing ...............................................................................................182

12.9 Software Construction Artifacts...........................................................................183

12.10 Software Construction in Iterative Model ............................................................183

12.11 Case Study............................................................................................................183

12.11.1 Continuous Integration ...........................................................................184

12.12 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................184

Review Questions............................................................................................................185

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................185

13 Software Testing........................................................................................................187

13.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................187

13.2 Problems with Traditional Development Model ...................................................188

13.3 Verification and Validation...................................................................................189

13.4 Test Strategy and Planning...................................................................................190

13.4.1 Test Prioritization....................................................................................190

13.4.2 Risk Management ...................................................................................190

13.4.3 Effort Estimation.....................................................................................191

13.4.3.1 Test Point Analysis ..................................................................192

13.5 Test Automation...................................................................................................192

13.5.1 Test Case Execution Automation.............................................................193

13.5.2 Test Case Management Automation........................................................193

13.6 Test Project Monitoring and Control....................................................................193

13.6.1 Test Case Design .....................................................................................194

13.6.1.1 Test Types................................................................................194

13.6.2 Test Case Management............................................................................194

13.6.3 Test Bed Preparation ...............................................................................194

13.6.4 Test Case Execution.................................................................................195

13.6.5 Defect Tracking.......................................................................................195

13.7 Test Reporting......................................................................................................196

13.8 Test Artifacts........................................................................................................196

13.8.1 Management Artifacts.............................................................................196

13.9 Practical Considerations .......................................................................................196

13.10 Software Testing in Iterative Model......................................................................197

13.11 Case Study............................................................................................................197

13.12 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................198

Review Questions............................................................................................................198

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................199

14 Product Release and Maintenance............................................................................201

14.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................201

14.2 Product Release Management.............................................................................. 202

14.3 Product Implementation...................................................................................... 203

Contents  ◾  xiii

14.4 User Training ...................................................................................................... 203

14.5 Maintenance Introduction................................................................................... 204

14.6 Maintenance Types.............................................................................................. 204

14.6.1 Corrective............................................................................................... 205

14.6.2 Adaptive................................................................................................. 205

14.6.3 Perfective................................................................................................ 205

14.6.4 Preventive............................................................................................... 205

14.7 Maintenance Cost ............................................................................................... 205

14.8 Maintenance Process ........................................................................................... 206

14.9 Maintenance Life Cycle....................................................................................... 207

14.10 Maintenance Techniques..................................................................................... 208

14.10.1 Reengineering......................................................................................... 208

14.10.2 Reverse Engineering ............................................................................... 208

14.10.3 Forward Engineering.............................................................................. 208

14.11 Case Study........................................................................................................... 209

14.11.1 Software Release..................................................................................... 209

14.11.2 Software Maintenance............................................................................ 209

14.12 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................... 209

Review Questions............................................................................................................210

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................210

PART III SOFTWARE ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

15 Process Standards Introduction................................................................................213

15.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................213

15.2 Root Cause of Problems in Software Projects .......................................................214

15.3 Solutions for Problems in Software Projects..........................................................215

15.4 Standard Process for Software Projects.................................................................216

15.4.1 Process Tailoring .....................................................................................217

15.5 Standard Process across Software Projects ............................................................217

15.6 Program Management..........................................................................................219

15.7 Portfolio Management......................................................................................... 220

15.8 Statistical Process Control on Software Projects...................................................221

15.9 Cost of Nonstandard Processes............................................................................ 222

15.10 Organization Training......................................................................................... 222

15.11 Software Project Abandonment........................................................................... 223

15.12 Defect Prevention................................................................................................ 223

15.13 Software Project without Process......................................................................... 225

15.14 Process Improvement........................................................................................... 226

15.15 Final Word .......................................................................................................... 227

Review Questions........................................................................................................... 227

Recommended Readings................................................................................................ 227

16 Software Process Standards and Process Improvement............................................229

16.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 229

16.2 CMMI Standards................................................................................................ 230

16.2.1 CMMI Standards in a Nutshell...............................................................231

xiv  ◾  Contents

16.3 ISO Standards......................................................................................................233

16.3.1 ISO Standards in a Nutshell....................................................................233

16.4 IEEE Standards....................................................................................................233

16.4.1 IEEE Standards in a Nutshell..................................................................235

16.5 Rational Unified Process ......................................................................................235

16.5.1 RUP in a Nutshell ...................................................................................235

16.6 Agile Methodologies.............................................................................................235

16.6.1 Extreme Programming in a Nutshell (Table 16.5) .................................. 238

16.7 Test Process Improvement Techniques................................................................. 238

16.7.1 Deming’s PDCA Technique................................................................... 239

16.7.2 Test Maturity Model .............................................................................. 239

16.7.2.1 Level 1: Initial Level ............................................................... 240

16.7.2.2 Level 2: Definition.................................................................. 240

16.7.2.3 Level 3: Integration................................................................. 240

16.7.2.4 Level 4: Management and Measurement ................................ 240

16.7.2.5 Level 5: Optimize................................................................... 240

16.7.2.6 Further Developments in TMM............................................. 240

16.7.3 Test Process Improvement .......................................................................241

16.7.4 Critical Testing Process ...........................................................................241

16.7.5 Systematic Test and Evaluation Process .................................................. 242

16.7.6 Process Improvement Life Cycle............................................................. 243

16.8 Process Standard Certifications ........................................................................... 244

16.8.1 Benefits of Certification.......................................................................... 244

16.8.2 How to Apply for a Certification .............................................................245

16.8.2.1 Certification Requirements......................................................245

16.8.2.2 Time and Cost of Certification................................................245

16.8.3 Future of Certifications ...........................................................................245

Review Questions............................................................................................................245

Recommended Readings................................................................................................ 246

17 Process Selection.......................................................................................................247

17.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................247

17.2 History of Plan-Driven Model............................................................................. 248

17.3 Strengths of Plan-Driven Model...........................................................................249

17.4 Limitations of Plan-Driven Model........................................................................249

17.5 History of Agile Methods.....................................................................................250

17.6 Strengths of Agile Methods..................................................................................250

17.7 Limitations of Agile Methods...............................................................................251

17.8 Once and for All...................................................................................................252

17.9 Best Practices for Process Selection...................................................................... 254

17.10 Converting Traditional to Agile Model ................................................................256

17.11 Case Study............................................................................................................258

Exercise...........................................................................................................................259

Review Questions............................................................................................................259

Recommended Readings.................................................................................................259