Safety of Marine Transport

an informa business

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SAFETY OF MARINE TRANSPORT

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Safety of Marine Transport

Marine Navigation and Safety

of Sea Transportation

Editors

Adam Weintrit & Tomasz Neumann

Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland #

CRC Press

Taylor &. Francis Group

Boca Raton London New York Leiden

CRC Press is an im print of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

A B A LK EM A B O O K

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CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint o f the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.

Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information

herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or

persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands

e-mail: [email protected]

www.crcpress.com - www.taylorandfrancis.com

ISBN: 978-1-138-02859-3 (Pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-67261-8 (eBook PDF)

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Contents

List of reviewers........................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Safety ofMarine Transport. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................9

A. Weintrit & T. Neumann

Chapter 1. Human Resource Management and Maritime Crew M anning..............................................................................11

1.1. Sample Data from Shipping Companies: Women in the Turkish Seafarers Registry and Their Employment Situation........ 13

H. Yilmaz, E. Ba§ar & Ü. Özdemir

1.2. Attractions, Problems, Challenges, Issues and Coping Strategies ofthe Seafaring Career: MAAP Seafarers Perspectives....21

A.M. Baylon & EM.R. Santos

1.3. Plights and Concerns ofFilipino Seafarers on Board Vessels Traversing Horn ofAffica and Gulf ofAden: AMOSUP and

other Stakeholders Responses......................................................................................................................................................31

A.M. Baylon, EM.R. Santos & J.W. Vergara

1.4. Swedish Seafarers’ Occupational Commitment in Light ofGender and Family Situation.......................................................41

C. Hult & C. Österman

1.5. Web-based Databank for Assessment of Seafarers’ Functional Status During Sea Missions..................................................49

G. Varoneckas, A. Martinkenas, J. Andruskiene, A. Stankus, L. Mazrimaite & A. Livens

1.6. Implementation of CSR Aspects in Human Resources Management (HRM) Strategies ofMaritime Supply Chain’s Main

Involved Parties........................................................................................................................................................................... 55

T. Pawlik & S. Neumann

1.7. Analysis of Factors Influencing Latvian Seafarers’ Outflow Rate............................................................................................61

R. Gailitis

Chapter 2. Maritime Education and Training (M ET).................................................................................................................69

2.1. Investigation of Sea Training Conditions of Deck Cadets: a Case Study in Turkey................................................................ 71

S. Yildiz, Ö. Ugurlu & E. Yüksekyildiz

2.2. Sleep Quality, Anxiety and Depression Among Maritime Students in Lithuania: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study....... 77

J. Andruskiene, S. Barseviciene & G. Varoneckas

2.3. The Use ofthe Portuguese Naval Academy Navigation Simulator in Developing Team Leadership Skills............................83

IM.G. Bue, C. Lopes & Ä. Semedo

2.4. Paradigm Shift in Ship Handling and its Training..................................................................................................................... 89

S. G. Seo & K. Earl

2.5. Experimental Research with Neuroscience Tool in Maritime Education and Training (MET)................................................97

D. Papachristos & N. Nikitakos

Chapter 3. Sea Ports and Harbours.............................................................................................................................................105

3.1. Trends in Environmental Policy Instruments and Best Practices in Port Operations............................................................. 107

O.-P. Brunila, V. Kunnaala-Hyrkki & E. Hämäläinen

3.2. Decreasing Air Emissions in Ports - Case Studies in Ports..................................................................................................... 115

O.-P. Brunila, V. Kunnaala-Hyrkki & E. Hämäläinen

3.3. Port in a City - Effects ofthe Port............................................................................................................................................123

O.-P. Brunila, V. Kunnaala-Hyrkki & E. Hämäläinen

3.4. The Influence oflntemalizing the External Cost on the Competiveness of Sea Ports in the Same Container Loop............. 131

E. van Hassel, H. Meersman, E. Van de Voorde & T. Vanelslander

3.5. Development ofDry Ports: Significance ofMaritime Logistics on Improving the Iranian Dry Ports and Transit............... 139

A.H. Pour & H. Yousefi

3.6. A Study on Rapid Left-turn of Ship’s Head of Laden Cape-size Ore Carriers while Using Astern Engine in Harbor......... 145

T. G. Jeong, K.H. Son & S.W. Hong

Chapter 4. Port Facilities.............................................................................................................................................................. 151

4.1. A Geographical Perspective on LNG Facility Development in the Eastern Baltic Sea.......................................................... 153

D. Gritsenko & A. Serry

4.2. Influence o f“Suezmax” Tankers Size Increase on Mooring Ropes at Existing Terminals.................................................... 161

R. Mohovic, M. Baric & D. Mohovic

4.3. The Analysis ofDredging Project’s Effectiveness in the Port of Gdynia, Based on the Interference with Vessel Traffic....167

L. Smolarek & A. Kaizer

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Chapter 5. Ship's Propulsion, M ain Engine and Power Supply.............................................................................................173

5.1. Reliability of Fuel OilSystem Components Versus Main Propulsion Engine: An Impact Assessment Study........................175

M. Anantharaman, F. Khan, V. Garaniya & B. Lewarn

5.2. Impact ofElectricity Generator on a Small-Bore Internal Combustion Engine at Low and Medium Loads.........................181

P. Alszowiec, M. Luft & E. Szychta

5.3. A Comparative Approach ofElectrical Diesel Propulsion Systems........................................................................................185

A. Arsenie, R. Hanzu-Pazara, A. Varsami, R. Tromiadis & D. Lamba

5.4. Method ofDetermining Operation Region of Single-transistor ZVS DC/DC Converters.....................................................191

E. Szychta, M. Luft, D. Pietruszczak & L. Szychta

Chapter 6. Maritime Law and Policy ...........................................................................................................................................195

6.1. The Implementation of a New Maritime Labour Policy: the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006)............................197

F. Piniella, J. Gonzalez-Gil & F. Bernal

6.2. A New International Law to Protect Abandoned Seafarers: Amendments to MLC, 2006..................................................... 203

F. Bernal & F. Piniella

Chapter 7. Piracy............................................................................................................................................................................ 211

7.1. Effectiveness ofMeasures Undertaken in the Gulf of Guinea Region to Light Maritime Piracy...........................................213

K. Wardin & D. Duda

7.2. Counter Piracy Training Competencies Model.........................................................................................................................223

G. Mantzouris, N. Nikitakos & D. Huw

Chapter 8. Ship's Operations........................................................................................................................................................ 231

8.1. Experimental Study forthe Development ofa Ship Hull Cleaning Robot..............................................................................233

K. Watanabe, K. Ishii & K. Takashima

8.2. Assessment ofVariations of Ship’s Deck Elevation Due to Containers Loading in Various Locations on Board............... 241

P. Krata

8.3. Tworty Box to Reduce Empty Container Positionings............................................................................................................ 249

U. Malchow

8.4. Consideration on Dynamic Modelling of Ship Squat.............................................................................................................. 259

J. Artyszuk

Chapter 9. Safety o f Transport......................................................................................................................................................267

9.1. State of Safety in the Polish Land Transport............................................................................................................................269

J. Mikulski

9.2. Surveys ofthe Influence ofTelematics on the Land Transport Safety....................................................................................275

J. Mikulski

9.3. Approaches and Regulations Regarding Significant Modifications in Transportation and Nuclear Safety...........................283

N. Petrek & H.P. Berg

9.4. Optimization ofthe Transport Service ofPishing Vessels at Ocean Pishing Grounds........................................................... 293

S.S. Moyseenko & L.E. Meyler

9.5. Selected Transport Problems ofDangerous Goods in the European Union and Poland........................................................ 297

G. Nowacki, C. Krysiuk & A. Niedzicka

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List of reviewers

Prof. Teresa Abramowicz-Gerigk, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

Prof. Anatoli Alop, Estonian Maritime Academy, Tallin, Estonia

Prof. Ted Bagfeldt, Kalmar Maritime Academy, Linnaeus University, Sweden

Prof. Eugen Barsan, Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Prof. Angelica Baylon, Maritime Academy o f Asia & the Pacific, Philippines

Prof. Christophe Berenguer, Grenoble Institute of Technology, Saint Martin d'Heres, France

Prof. Heinz Peter Berg, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Salzgitter, Germany

Prof. Tor Einar Berg, Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute, Trondheim, Norway

Prof. Vitaly Bondarev, Baltic Fishing Fleet State Academy, Kaliningrad, Russia

Prof. Neil Bose, Australian Maritime College, University o f Tasmania, Launceston, Australia

Prof. Alfred Brandowski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Prof. Zbigniew Burciu, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Prof. Doina Carp, Constanta Maritime University, Romania

Prof. Shyy Woei Chang, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Taiwan

Prof. Andrzej Chudzikiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Prof. German de Melo Rodriguez, Polytechnic University o f Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain

Prof. Boleslaw Domanski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

Prof. Eamonn Doyle, National Maritime College o f Ireland, Cork Institute o f Technology, Cork, Ireland

Prof. Branislav Dragovic, University o f Montenegro, Kotor, Montenegro

Prof. Daniel Duda, Polish Naval Academy, Polish Nautological Society, Poland

Prof. Billy Edge, North Carolina State University, US

Prof. Akram Elentably, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Prof. Alberto Francescutto, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Prof. Jens Froese, Jacobs University Bremen, Germany

Prof. Masao Furusho, Kobe University, Japan

Prof. Wieslaw Galor, Maritime University o f Szczecin, Poland

Prof. Peter Gäspär, Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungarian Academy o f Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

Prof. Aleksandrs Gasparjans, Latvian Maritime Academy, Latvia

Prof. Avtandil Gegenava, Georgian Maritime Transport Agency, Maritime Rescue Coordination Center, Georgia

Prof. Andrzej Grzelakowski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Prof. Marek Grzybowski, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

Prof. Jerzy Hajduk, Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland

Prof. Esa Hämäläinen, University of Turku, Finland

Prof. Toshio Iseki, Tokyo University o f Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan,

Prof. Marianna Jacyna, Warsaw University o f Technology, Poland

Prof. Ales Janota, University o f Zilina, Slovakia

Prof. Jung Sik Jeong, Mokpo National Maritime University, South Korea

Prof. Tae-Gweon Jeong, Korean Maritime University, Pusan, Korea

Prof. Miroslaw Jurdzinski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Prof. Kalin Kalinov, Nikola Y. Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria

Prof. Eiichi Kobayashi, Kobe University, Japan

Prof. Lech Kobylinski, Polish Academy o f Sciences, Gdansk University o f Technology, Poland

Prof. Serdjo Kos, University o f Rijeka, Croatia

Prof. Pentti Kujala, Helsinki University o f Technology, Helsinki, Finland

Prof. Shashi Kumar, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, New York

Prof. Alexander Kuznetsov, Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia

Prof. Bogumil Lqczynski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Prof. Andrzej Lewinski, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland

Prof. Miroslaw Luft, University o f Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland

Prof. Zbigniew Lukasik, University o f Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland

Prof. Tihomir Lukovic, University o f Dubrovnik, Croatia

Prof. Margareta Lützhöft, Australian Maritime College, Launceston, Australia

Prof. Melchor M. Magramo, John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University, Iloilo City, Philippines

Prof. Michael Ekow Manuel, World Maritime University, Malmoe, Sweden

Prof. Jerzy Matusiak, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland

Prof. Jerzy Merkisz, Poznan University o f Technology, Poznan, Poland

Prof. Jerzy Mikulski, University o f Economics in Katowice, Poland

Prof. Daniel Seong-Hyeok Moon, World Maritime University, Malmoe, Sweden

Prof. Waclaw Morgas, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland

Prof. Junmin Mou, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China

Prof. Rudy R. Negenborn, Delft University o f Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Prof. Nikitas Nikitakos, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece

Prof. Gabriel Nowacki, Military University o f Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Mr. David Patraiko, The Nautical Institute, UK

Prof. Vytautas Paulauskas, Maritime Institute College, Klaipeda University, Lithuania

Prof. Jan Pawelski, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Prof. Thomas Pawlik, Bremen University o f Applied Sciences, Germany

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Prof. Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, Maritime University o f Szczecin, Poland

Prof. Francisco Piniella, University o f Cadiz, Spain

Prof. Tomasz Praczyk, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland

Prof. Refaat Rashad, Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport in Alexandria, Egypt

Prof. Miroslaw Siergiejczyk, Warsaw University o f Technology, Poland

Prof. Wojciech Slqczka, Maritime University o f Szczecin, Poland

Prof. Leszek Smolarek, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland

Prof. Joanna Soszynska-Budny, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

Prof. Jac Spaans, Netherlands Institute of Navigation, The Netherlands

Prof. Janusz Szpytko, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

Prof. Marek Szymonski, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland

Prof. El Thalassinos, University o f Piraeus, Greece

Prof. Vladimir Torskiy, Odessa National Maritime Academy, Ukraine

Prof. Eddy Van de Voorde, University of Antwerp, Belgium

Capt. Rein van Gooswilligen, Netherlands Institute o f Navigation

Prof. Nguyen Van Thu, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Prof. Dang Van Uy, Vietnam Maritime University, Hai Phong City, Vietnam

Prof. George Yesu Vedha Victor, International Seaport Dredging Limited, Chennai, India

Prof. Vladimir A. Volkogon, Kaliningrad State Technical University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation

Prof. Kazimierz Witkowski, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

Prof. Franqois-Charles Wolff, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France

Prof. Adam Wolski, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland

Prof. Min Xie, City University of Hong Kong

Prof. Homayoun Yousefi, Chabahar Maritime University, Iran

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Safety ofMarine Transport

Introduction

A. Weintrit & T. Neumann

Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland

Polish Branch of the Nautical Institute

The contents of the book are partitioned into nine

separate chapters: Human resource management and

maritime crew manning (covering the subchapters

1.1 through 1.7), MET - Maritime Education and

Training (covering the chapters 2.1 through 2.5), Sea

ports and harbours (covering the chapters 3.1

through 3.6), Port facilities (covering the chapters

4.1 through 4.3), Ship's propulsion, main engine and

power supply (covering the chapters 5.1 through

5.4), Maritime low and policy (covering the chapters

6.1 and 6.2), Piracy (covering the chapters 7.1 and

7.2), Ship’s operations (covering the chapters 8.1

through 8.4), and Safety of transport (covering the

chapters 9.1 through 9.5).

In each of them readers can find a few

subchapters. Subchapters collected in the first

chapter, titled ‘Human resource management and

maritime crew manning’, describe: sample data from

shipping companies: women in the Turkish seafarers

registry and their employment situation, attractions,

problems, challenges, issues and coping strategies of

the seafaring career: MAAP seafarers perspectives,

plights and concerns of Filipino seafarers on board

vessels traversing Horn of Africa and Gulf of Aden:

AMOSUP and other stakeholders responses,

Swedish seafarers’ occupational commitment in

light of gender and family situation, web-based

databank for assessment of seafarers’ functional

status during sea missions, implementation of CSR

aspects in Human Resources Management (HRM)

strategies of maritime supply chain’s main involved

parties, and analysis of factors influencing Latvian

seafarers’ outflowrate.

In the second chapter there are described

problems related to Maritime Education and

Training (MET): investigation of sea training

conditions of deck cadets: a case study in Turkey,

sleep quality, anxiety and depression among

maritime students in Lithuania: cross-sectional

questionnaire study, the use of the Portuguese Naval

Academy navigation simulator in developing team

leadership skills, paradigm shift in ship handling and

its training, and experimental research with

neuroscience tool in Maritime Education and

Training (met).

Third chapter is about vessel’s sea ports and

harbours development. The readers can find some

information about trends in environmental policy

instruments and best practices in port operations,

decreasing air emissions in ports - case studies in

ports, port in a city - effects of the port, the

influence of internalizing the external cost on the

competiveness of sea ports in the same container

loop, development of dry ports: significance of

maritime logistics on improving the Iranian dry

ports and transit, and a study on rapid left-tum of

ship’s head of laden cape-size ore carriers while

using astem engine in harbour.

The fourth chapter deals with port facilities. The

contents of the fourth chapter are partitioned into

three subchapters: a geographical perspective on

LNG facility development in the Eastern Baltic Sea;

influence of “Suezmax” tankers size increase on

mooring ropes at existing terminals; and the analysis

of dredging project's effectiveness in the Port of

Gdynia, based on the interference with vessel traffic.

The fifth chapter deals with ship's propulsion,

main engine and power supply. The contents of the

fifth chapter are partitioned into four: reliability of

fuel oil system components versus main propulsion

engine: an impact assessment study, impact of

electricity generator on a small-bore internal

combustion engine at low and medium loads, a

comparative approach of electrical diesel propulsion

systems, and method of determining operation

region of single-transistor ZVS DC/DC converters.

In the sixth chapter there are described problems

related to maritime low and policy: the

implementation of a new maritime labour policy: the

Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006), and a

new international law to protect abandoned

seafarers: amendments to MLC, 2006.

The seventh chapter deals with piracy problem.

The contents of the seventh chapter concerns

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effectiveness of measures undertaken in the Gulf of

Guinea Region to fight maritime piracy, and counter

piracy training competencies model.

Eighth chapter is about ship’s operations. The

readers can find some information about

experimental study for the development of a ship

hull cleaning robot, assessment of variations of

ship’s deck elevation due to containers loading in

various locations on board, Tworty box to reduce

empty container positioning, and consideration on

dynamic modelling of ship squat.

The ninth chapter deals with safety in transport in

general. The contents of the ninth chapter are

partitioned into five: state of safety in the Polish

land transport, surveys of the influence of telematics

on the land transport safety, approaches and

regulations regarding significant modifications in

transportation and nuclear safety, optimization of the

transport service of fishing vessels at ocean fishing

grounds, and selected transport problems of

dangerous goods in the European Union and Poland.

Each chapter was reviewed at least by three

independent reviewers. The Editor would like to

express his gratitude to distinguished authors and

reviewers of chapters for their great contribution for

expected success of the publication. He

congratulates the authors and reviewers for their

excellent work.

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Human Resource Management and Maritime Crew Manning

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Human Resource Management and Maritime Crew Manning

Safety o f Marine Transport—Marine Navigation and Safety o f Sea Transportation — A. Weintrit & T. Neumann (eds.)

Sample Data from Shipping Companies: Women in the Turkish Seafarers

Registry and Their Employment Situation

H. Yilmaz, E. Ba§ar & Ü. Özdemir

Karadeniz Technical University, Maritime Transportation & Management Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey

ABSTRACT: Throughout history, women have struggled to gain a place and establish their presence in social

life. Mostly, they have continued their life in the position of carrying out family responsibilities. When

women want to get involved in the business world, they are facing some problems arising from dogmatic

thinking and prejudices, especially among the professions with "male-dominated" judiciary. Maritime

profession, one of the oldest professions in the world, was also regarded as a single-gender area until the 20th

century. However, in recent years, economical and political changes in the world, equal opportunity in

education and incentive works of the International Maritime Organization have led women to work as

seafarers. Although female seafarers constitute 2% of the world seafarers, this ratio is higher in developed

countries than that of undeveloped or developing countries. In Turkey, women have played an active role and

gained an apparent identity in the maritime sector since the 2000s. According to 2012 data, Turkey is ranks

the 15th in the world maritime trade with more than 24 million deadweight tonnage and manages 1879

vessels. In Turkey, many studies related to the employment of seafarers are carried out as in the whole world.

However, studies on the employment of women seafarers should be paid more attention. In this study, a

questionnaire was carried out with the personnel department managers in Turkish shipping companies.

Employment, career, educational status of female seafarers and the general difficulties they face were

revealed.

1 INTRODUCTION

It is known that millions of women and men are

pushed to certain job groups and worked with low

wages because of their gender, skin colour, ethnic

reasons or religion, without taking into account their

abilities or qualifications, all over the world.

Protection against discrimination is part of the

fundamental human rights and equalizing the

conditions of the employees in the workplace brings

significant economic benefits. For the employers,

this means more work force, higher quality and for

the workers it means easier access to training and

higher salaries. The benefits of a globalised

economy are better allocated in an equalitarian

society and they generate a higher social stability

and a wider support from people in the favour of

economic development (Popescu and Varsami,

2010).

The regulations of The International Labour

Organization (ILO) about equality secure

discrimination elimination from all fields of work

and society. Since 1919, ILO has developed an

international regulation work system focused on

increasing men and women chances in obtaining a

good and productive job in freedom, equity, security

and dignity conditions regardless of the working

domain. In the today worldwide economy, the

international work regulations are an essential

component of the international framework and they

have as main purpose to ensure that everybody (men

and women) profits from the world economy growth

(Popescu and Varsami, 2010).

Women represent at least 1/3 of the world of

labor. More than 50% of women are economically

active in more than 90 countries. Despite the

importance of women in the national economy and

their income to the family, social protection is

insufficient neither for them nor for their families.

Due to the special operating conditions, marine

transportation industry is one of the sectors which

needs to be analyzed in protecting benefits of

women. Female seafarers constitute 2% of the world

seafarers (URL-1).

In Turkey, women have begun to show

themselves in various branches of the maritime

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sector since the 1980s and their existence in the

sector has showed a rapid increase especially after

2000. Women's employment in commercial vessels

and the acceptance of female students to maritime

schools have been realized.

According to data from the year 2012, Turkey

ranked the fifteenth in the world maritime trade with

more than 24 million deadweight tonnage

management (URL-4). Management of 1879 ships is

performed in Turkey (Maritime Trade 2012

Statistics, 2013). They are registered in both

international and national record (150 GT and over)

and have total capacity of more than 10 million

DWT (URL-2,3). The total number of seafarers

registered in Turkish Seafarers' Registry is 178134

and 2246 of them are female seafarers. 45677 of

them are the officers and 132457 of them are ratings.

However, the number of active employees are 36254

as officers and 83316 as ratings (e-Maritime

Database, 2013).

2 FEMALE SEAFARERS REGISTERED IN

TURKISH SEAFARERS REGISTRY

According to the 2013 year-end data, there are 2246

women seafarers registered in Turkish Seafarers'

Registry. Turkish female seafarers' mean ages and

distribution of competences are shown in Tablel.

Competencies of female seafarers and the mean

age data are shown in Fig 2 separately for each

proficiency level. In Fig 3, the mean age data of the

registered female seafarers are classified by

departments. The number of people in each

proficiency level are shown inFig4.

Table 1. Female seafarers recorded in Turkish Seafarers’

Registry

Rank Age Period Mean Age Nr.

Figure 1. Female seafarers recorded in Turkish Seafarers’

Registry

E.Of.: Electric Officer, E.Op.: Electric Operator

Oceangoing Master 30-40 32,5 22

Oceangoing Chief Officer 26-39 32 55

Oceangoing Watchkeeping Officer 22-47 27,76 124

Master 41-57 48,17 6

Chief Officer 36-73 50 3

Watchkeeping Officer 24-36 26,92 13

Restricted. Master 32-41 35,5 4

Restricted Watchkeeping Officer 27-61 40,6 10

Deck Cadet 17-54 22,16 423

Shipping Clerk 35-68 53,29 14

Boatswain 55 55 1

Ableseaman (Ableseafarer deck) 20-68 45,35 123

Ordinary Seaman 17-67 36,46 367

(Ordinary seaferer deck)

Deck Boy 22-73 39,68 284

Cook 22-67 40,46 97

Steward 20-69 33,88 520

Doctor 37-55 44,67 3

Nurse 29-53 39 5

Oceangoing ChiefEngineer 31-34 32,33 6

Oceangoing Second Engineer 30-34 32,33 3

Oceangoing Watchkeeping Eng. 27-34 28,79 19

Chief Engineer 41-71 59 2

Engineer Officer 24-25 24,5 2

Engine Cadet 18-30 22,78 18

Electrician/Electronic Officer/ 22-41 31,75 4

Electronic Operator

Donkeyman 54 54 1

Wiper 27-65 41,17 12

Oiler/Motorman 29-54 39,55 11

(Ableseafarer engine)

Yacht Master 21-69 37,85 40

Unknown record 21-60 39,87 54

Total 2246

Figure 2. Registered female seafarers’ mean age by all

competencies

WATCH.: Watchkeeping, E.OF.: Electric Officer, E.OP.:

Electric Operator

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